Wt/sco/du

See also: Wt/sco/Appendix:Variations o "du"

Alemannic German

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /du/

Pronoun

du

1. thoo, ye

Declension

Alemannic German personal pronoons

		nominative	accusative	dative	possessive
1st person seengular		ich, i	mich, mi	mir, mer	miin
2nt person seengular	familiar	du	dich	dir	diin
	polite	Si		Ine, Ene	Ire
3rd person seengular	m	er	in	im	siin
	f	si		ire
	n	es		im	siin
1st person plural		mir	öis		öise
2nt person plural		ir	öi		öie
3rd person plural		si		ine, ene	ire

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Amanab

Noun

du

1. a kynd o bird

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Breton

Etymology

Frae Proto-Brythonic *duβ, frae Proto-Celtic *dubus, frae Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdyː/

Adjective

du

1. black
2. swalt
3. stairved

Noun

du m

1. black

Mutation

  Mutation o du  

Breton consonant mutation
	unmutatit	saft	aspirate	Wt/sco/haurd	mixed
seengular	du	zu	unchynged	tu	tu
plural	d{{{3}}}	z{{{3}}}	unchanged	t{{{3}}}	t{{{3}}}

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Cornish

Etymology

Frae Proto-Brythonic *duβ, frae Proto-Celtic *dubus, frae Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

Pronunciation

• (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [dyː]
• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [diˑʊ]

Adjective

du

1. black

Mutation

  Mutation o du  

Cornish consonant mutation
unmutated	saft	aspirate	haurd	mixed	mixed efter 'th
du	dhu	unchanged	tu	tu	tu

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Dens

Etymology 1

Frae Old Danish thu, frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /du/, [d̥u]

Pronoon

du (objective dig)

1. (personal) thoo, ye (2nt person seengular subject pronoon, informal)

See an aa

Danish personal pronouns

Number	Person	Inflection	Nominative	Accusative	Possessive	Reflexive	Reflexive possessive
Singular	First	common	jeg	mig	min
		neuter			mit
		plural			mine
	Seicont	common	du	dig	din
		neuter			dit
		plural			dine
		formal	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	masculine	han	ham	hans	sig	sin
		feminine	hun	hende	hendes
		common	den	den	dens
		neuter	det	det	dets		sit
		plural					sine
Plural	First	—	vi	os	vores
		common			vor
		neuter			vort
		plural			vore
	Seicont	–	I	jer	jeres
		formal	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	–	de	dem	deres	sig

Etymology 2

Frae Old Danish dughæ, frae Old Norse duga.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duː/, [d̥uːˀ]

Verb

du (imperative du, present dur or duer, past duede, past participle duet)

1. be guid
2. be fit

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Dena'ina

Particle

du

1. interrogative paurticle (placed at the end o the sentence tae mak a quaisten)

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Dutch

Etymology

Frae Middle Dutch du, frae Old Dutch thū, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronoun

du

1. (obsolete or dialectal) Seicont-person seengular, subjective; thoo.

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Elfdalian

Etymology

Frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate wi Swadish du.

Pronoun

du

1. ye (seengular), thoo

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Esperanto

Esperanto cardinal numbers

<  1	2	3  >
Cardinal : du     Ordinal : dua     Adverbial : due     Multiplier : duobla     Fractional : duona

Etymology

Frae Laitin duo, frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /du/

• Audio

  (file)

Numeral

du

1. (cardinal) twa (2)

Derived terms

• duo

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French

Etymology

Frae Old French del.

Pronunciation

• audio

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /dy/
• (Quebec) IPA^(key): /dz(y)/
• Homophones: dû, due, dues, dus, dûs

Contraction

du

1. Contraction o de + le (o the)
2. Contraction o de + le; forms the pairtitive airticle

Uisage notes

• The partitive airticle signifies "some", but it eften is nae translatit in Inglis, Dutch, or German.

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Gaikundi

Noun

du

1. man

Forder readin

• Gaikundi-Ontena Organised Phonology Data (2011)

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German

Alternative forms

• Du

Etymology

Frae Old High German du (akin tae Old Saxon thu an Inglis thou), itsel frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

• (standard, generally) IPA^(key): /duː/

• audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uː

• (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA^(key): /də/
• In colloquial speech in Germany, the /d/ can assimilate tae a precedin coronal whan the wird is unstressed. This ayeweys happens efter the seicont person seengular verb endin, except in purposefully enunciatit speech.

Pronoun

du

1. thoo, ye (seengular familiar)

Uissage notes

• Du is the informal seicont person pronoon. In polite leid, the third person plural Sie (ayeweys caipitalised) is uised.
• As a semplifee'd rule ane can say that du is uised amang friends, relatives, an young fowk up tae 25~30 years. Du is ayeweys uised tae address childer up tae 14~16 years, as weel as gods, ainimals, an ither craiturs.
• Uissage an aa depends a lot on the settin in which fowk meet: twa unacquaintit, middle-aged persons are quite likely tae uise du whan thay meet, for example, in a pub, but much less sae whan thay meet in the street.
• Uissage varies in different pairts o the German-speakin warld. For example, strangers mey cry ilk ither du mair readily in Berlin nor in Munich.

Inflection

German personal pronoons

		nominative	accusative	genitive	dative	possessive
1st person seengular		ich	mich	meiner († mein)	mir	mein
2nt person seengular (familiar)1		du	dich	deiner († dein)	dir	dein
3rd person seengular	m	er	ihn	seiner († sein)	ihm	sein
	f	sie		ihrer	ihr
	n	es		seiner († sein)	ihm	sein
1st person plural		wir	uns	unser	uns	unser
2nt person plural (familiar)1		ihr	euch	euer	euch	euer
3rd person plural		sie		ihrer	ihnen	ihr
polite address	naiturally: 2nt person sg. or pl.; grammatically: 3rd person pl.	Sie		Ihrer	Ihnen	Ihr

¹Eften caipitalised, especially in letters

Derived terms

• duzen
• Du n

Further reading

• Wt/sco/du in Duden online

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Gothic

Romanization

du

1. Romanization o 𐌳𐌿

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Hunsrik

Etymology

Frae Old High German du (akin tae Old Saxon thu an Inglis thou), itsel frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tuː/, /tə/

Pronoun

du

1. thoo, ye

   Du bist aarich scheen.

   Ye are sae beautifu.

Inflection

Hunsrik personal pronoons

	nominative		accusative		dative
	Proclitic	Enclitic	str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.
1st person singular	ich	-ich	mich		meer	mer
2nt person seengular (informal)	du	-du, -de	dich		deer	der
3rd person singular (m)	er, där	-er	ihn	en	ihm	em
3rd person singular (f)	sie, die	-se	sie / ihns	se	eer	re
3rd person seengular (n)	es, das	's	es		ihm	em
1st person plural	meer	mer	uns		uns
2nt person plural	deer	der	eich		eich
3rd person plural	sie, die	-se	sie	se	denne

Forder readin

• Online Hunsrik Dictionary

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Ido

Ido cardinal numbers

<  1	2	3  >
Cardinal : du     Ordinal : duesma     Adverbial : dufoye     Multiplier : duopla     Fractional : duima
Ido Wikipedia article on du

Etymology

Frae Esperanto du, frae French deux, Spaingie dos, Italian due, ultimately frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Numeral

du

1. (cardinal) twa (2)

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Interlingue

Numeral

du

1. twa

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Kurdish

Etymology

Frae Proto-Iranian *duu̯a (compare Persie دو (do), Pashto دوه (dwa), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀 (duua)), frae Proto-Indo-Iranian (compare Sanskrit द्व (dvá), Marathi दोन (don), Hindi दो (do)/Urdu دو (do), Punjabi ਦੋ (dō)), frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (compare Russian два (dva), Lithuanian du, Greek δύο (dýo), Spaingie dos, Inglis two, Scots twa).

Numeral

du

1. (cardinal) twa (2)

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Ligurian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /du/

Contraction

du

1. contraction o de + u (o the).
2. contraction o de + u, forms the pairtitive airticle.

Uissage notes

• The pairtitive airticle signifies "some", but it eften is nae translatit in Inglis, Scots, Dutch, or German.

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Lithuanie

Etymology

Frae Proto-Baltic *duwō, frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Latvian divi. Cognate tae Laitin duo.

Numeral

du m (feminine dvi)

1. (cardinal) twa (2)

Declension

    declension o du

	masculine		feminine
nominative	du		dvi
genitive	dviejų		dviejų
dative	dviem		dviem
accusative	du		dvi
instrumental	dviem		dviem
locative	dviejuose		dviejose

    forms o du

	masculine		feminine
quantitative	du		dvi
plural	dveji		dvejos
collective	dvejetas		dvejeta
ordinal	antras		antra

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Lojban

Etymology

Derived frae dunli.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdu/

Cmavo

du (rafsi dub or du'o)

1. (identity selbri) x₁ equals x₂, x₃, x₄, ...

   li pa su'i vo du li mu

   one plus four equals five

See also

• dunli

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Lawer Sorbian

Etymology

Frae Proto-Slavic *jьdǫ (first-person seengular) an *jьdǫtь (third-person plural), inflectit forms o *jьti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /du/

Verb

du

1. first-person singular present of hyś
2. third-person plural present of hyś

Synonyms

• (first-person seengular): źom

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Luxembourgish

Etymology

Frae Proto-Germanic *þū.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duː/

Pronoun

du

1. seicont-person seengular, informal, nominative: ye, thoo

   Wéi al bass du? ― Hou auld are ye?

Declension

Luxembourgish personal pronouns

	nominative		accusative		dative		reflexive
	str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.
1st person singular	ech	—	mech	—	mir	mer	mech
2nt person singular (informal)	du	de	dech	—	dir	der	dech
2nt person singular (formal)	Dir	—	Iech	—	Iech	—	Iech
3rd person singular (m)	hien	en	en	—	him	em	sech
3rd person singular (f)	si / hatt	se / et	si / hatt	se / et	hir / him	— / em	sech
3rd person singular (n)	et	't	et	't	him	em	sech
1st person plural	mir	mer	eis / ons	—	eis / ons	—	eis / ons
2nt person plural	dir	der	iech	—	iech	—	iech
3rd person plural	si	—	si	—	hinnen	–	sech

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Mandarin

Romanization

du

1. Nonstaundart spellin o dū.
2. Nonstaundart spellin o dú.
3. Nonstaundart spellin o dǔ.
4. Nonstaundart spellin o dù.

Uissage notes

• Scots transcriptions o Mandarin speech eften fail tae distinguish atween the creetical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin leid, uisin wirds such as this ane withoot the appropriate indication o tone.

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Middle Dutch

Etymology

Frae Old Dutch thū, frae Proto-Germanic *þū.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dyː/, /dy/
• (Limburg) IPA^(key): /duː/, /du/

Pronoun

du

1. thoo, ye (seengular, informal)

   Synonyms: gi

Uissage notes

This pronoon begoud tae be replaced bi gi in formal address during the Middle Dutch period, an eventually fell oot o uise awthegither.

Inflection

Middle Dutch personal pronoons

	seengular					plural
	1st	2nt	3rd			1st	2nt	3rd
			masc.	fem.	neut.
nominative	ic	du	hi	si	het	wi	gi	si
accusative	mi	di	hem, hen	haer		ons	u	hem, hen
dative					hem, hen
genitive	mijn	dijn	sijn	haer	sijn	onse	uwe	haer

Descendants

• Limburgish: doe

Further reading

• “du”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
• “du”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929

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Middle Low German

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duː/

Etymology

Frae Old Saxon thū, frae Proto-Germanic *þū.

Pronoun

dû

1. thoo, ye (seicont person seengular nominative)

Declension

Middle Low German personal pronoons

		nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
1st person seengular		ik (ek)	mî (mê, mik, mek)		mîn (mîner)
2nt person seengular		dû	dî (dê, dik, dek)		dîn (dîner)
3rd person seengular
	m	hê (hî, hie)	ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn)	ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
	n	it (et)
	f	sê (sî, sie, sü̂)		ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
1st person plural		wî (wê, wie)	uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik)		unser (ûser)
2nt person plural		gî (jê, î)	jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik)		jûwer (ûwer)
3rd person plural		sê (sî, sie)		em, öm, jüm (en)	ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
For an explanation o the forms in brackets see here.

Descendants

• du

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Norman

Etymology

Frae Laitin dux, ducem.

Noun

du m

1. duke

Related terms

• duchie

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North Frisian

Etymology

Frae Proto-Germanic *dōną. Cognates include Mooring North Frisian düünj an Wast Frisian dwaan.

Verb

du

1. (Föhr-Amrum) tae dae
2. (Föhr-Amrum) tae gie

Conjugation

Conjugation o du

infinitive I	du
infinitive II	tu duen
past pairteeciple	den
imperative seengular	du
imperative plural	du'em
	present	past
1st-person seengular	ik du	ik ded, diad
2nt-person seengular	dü deest	dü dedst, diadst
3rd-person seengular	hi/hat/at dee	hi/hat/at ded, diad
1st-person dual	wat du	wat ded, diad
2nd-person dual	jat du	jat ded, diad
1st-person plural	wi du	wi ded, diad
2nt-person plural	jam du	jam ded, diad
3rd-person plural	jo du	jo ded, diad
	perfect	pluperfect
1st-person seengular	ik haa den	ik hed den
2nt-person seengular	dü heest den	dü hedst den
3rd-person seengular	hi/hat/at hee den	hi/hat/at hed den
1st-person dual	wat haa den	wat hed den
2nt-person dual	jat haa den	jat hed den
1st-person plural	wi haa den	wi hed den
2nt-person plural	jam haa den	jam hed den
3rd-person plural	jo haa den	jo hed den
	futur (skel)	futur (wel)
1st-person seengular	ik skal du	ik wal du
2nt-person seengular	dü skääl du	dü wääl du
3rd-person seengular	hi/hat/at skal du	hi/hat/at wal du
1st-person dual	wat skel du	wat wel du
2nt-person dual	jat skel du	jat wel du
1st-person plural	wi skel du	wi wel du
2nt-person plural	jam skel du	jam wel du
3rd-person plural	jo skel du	jo wel du

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Northren Sami

Pronoun

du

1. accusative and genitive of don

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Norse Bokmål

Etymology

Frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʉː/

Pronoun

du (objective case deg)

1. thou, you (second person, singular)

References

• “Wt/sco/du” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

See also

    Personal pronouns in Bokmål

	Nominative	Objective case	Genitive/Possessive pronoun
Singular
First person	jeg	meg	min m
Second person	du	deg	din m
Third person m	han	han/ham	hans
Third person f	hun	henne	hennes
Third person n	det	det	dets
Third person, nonhuman m/f	den	den	dens
Plural
First person	vi	oss	vår m
Seicont person	dere	dere	deres
Third person	de	dem	deres

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Norse Nynorsk

Etymology

Frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʉː/ (exemple o pronunciation)

Pronoon

du (objective case deg)

1. thoo, ye (seicont person, seengular)

References

• “Wt/sco/du” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

See also

    Personal pronouns in Nynorsk

	Nominative	Objective case	Genitive/Possessive pronoun
Singular
First person	eg	meg	min m
Seicont person	du	deg	din m
Third person m	han	han, honom3	hans
Third person f	ho	ho, henne	hennar, hennes4
Third person n	det, dat1	det, dat1	dess 2
Plural
First person	me, vi	oss	vår m
Seicont person	de, dokker	dykk, dokker	dykkar, dokkar, deires4
Third person	dei	dei, deim3	deira
Notes
1Never part o offeecial Nynorsk/Landsmål. Primarily uised afore Landsmål received an offeecial written norm.
2Rare or leeterary
3Na langer pairt o the offeecial written norm. Nou primarily uised in Høgnorsk texts.
4Na langer pairt o the offeecial written norm. These non-tradeetional furms wur addit tae the norm tae either approach the the Samnorsk ideal or certain dialects.

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Novial

Novial cardinal numbers

<  1	2	3  >
Cardinal : du     Ordinal : duesmi

Numeral

du

1. (cardinal) twa

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Auld French

Alternative forms

• del

Contraction

du

1. contraction o de + le (o the)

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Auld Heich German

ane drawing o the inscription on the Bülach fibula

Etymology

Frae Proto-Germanic *þū, whance an aa Old English þu, Old Norse þú, an ultimately frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation o the pronoon is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which mey shaw ᛞᚢ (du) awready differentiatit frae ither Germanic leids’ þu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /du/

Pronoun

du

1. thoo, ye (seicont-person seengular pronoon)
   • 3rd-6t century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:

     ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...

     frifridil / du / […]

     Frifridil, you / […]

Descendants

• German: du

See an aa

• fridil (“a pet name for a male luver”)

References

• Heinz Klingenberg, Runenfibel von Bülach, Kanton Zürich. Liebesinschrift aus alemannischer Frühzeit, in the Alemannisches Jahrbuch (1973/75), page 308
• Heinz Klingenberg, Die Runeninschrift aus Bülach, in Helvetia archaeologica, vollum 7 (1976), pages 116–121
• Stephan Opitz, Südgermanische Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark aus der Merowingerzeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977)

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Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [du]

Verb

du

1. seicont-person seengular imperative form o duce.

   Du-te acasă.

   Gae hame.

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Swedish

Alternative forms

Dialects

do (kls) do (lul) dö (pit)

Etymology

Frae Old Swedish þū, frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʉː/, [d̪ʉː]

• audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʉː

Pronoun

du

1. (personal) ye (familiar sg.).
2. (personal) thoo.

Declension

Swadish personal pronouns

	subject	object	posessive
singular	full	full	common	neuter	plural
1st person	jag	mig	min	mitt	mina
2nt person	du	dig	din	ditt	dina
3rd person masculine	han	honom	hans
3rd person feminine	hon	henne	hennes
3rd person common	den	den	dess
3rd person neuter	det	det	dess
3rd person indefinite	man	en	ens
3rd person reflexive	—	sig	sin	sitt	sina
plural
1st person	vi	oss	vår	vårt	våra
2nt person	ni	er	er	ert	era
3rd person	de	dem	deras
3rd person reflexive	—	sig	sin	sitt	sina

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Venetian

Etymology

Compare Italian due

Numeral

du m

1. twa

Synonyms

• dó

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Vietnamese

Etymology

Sino-Vietnamese, frae 遊/游

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zu˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [jʊw˧˧]
• (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [jʊw˧˧]

Verb

du

1. walk

Derived terms

• du khách
• du lịch

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Welsh

Etymology

Frae Proto-Brythonic *duβ, frae Proto-Celtic *dubus, frae Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /dɨː/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /diː/

Adjective

du (feminine seengular du, plural duon, equative dued, comparative duach, superlative duaf)

1. black

   Mae ganddo fo fwstash du.

   He haes a black mustache

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	saft	nasal	aspirate
Wt/sco/du	unchynged	unchynged	Hwt/sco/du
Note: Some o thir forms mey be hypothetical. Nae ivery possible mutatit form o ivery wird actually occurs.