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Wp/tzm/ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ

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ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ

, Amrakal, 1669, ittyḥba ukan sul ɣ 'Städelsches Kunstinstitut', ɣ frankfurt]]. Tarakal zund ɣiklli t mma w-assaɣ

ns tga Tamassant li icnubcn f luḍa n wakal. Ar tsawal tcnubbc, tawid fkullu maymusn d maykgan d ma ittuskarn ɣ luḍa nwakal s idrarn nes, izaɣarn, issafn, timdinin , d iduran nes d kullu immussutn li gisn, d fllasn ittuyskarn. Ar nttin stutlayin yaḍnin zun tafransist "La géographie" (tuckad z tagrekiyt γεια, "Terre", d γραφειν, "mel" niɣd "krrej matzrit")

  Tsnm izd...

ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ : الشرق الأوسط, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ : המזרח התיכון, ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵉⵜ : Middle-east, ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: Proche-Orient) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵜⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴻⵏⵥⵓⵍ- ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ (sud-est) ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ (nord-est) ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴳⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴳⵉ ⴱⴰⵃⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ, ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ, ⵉⵔⴰⵏ, ⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏ, ⴽⵓⵡⴻⵢⵜ, ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ, ⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵏ, ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ, ⵙⵓⵔⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ, ⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙⵟⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵛⵓ, ⵜⵉⴽⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴻⴷⴰⵛ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴻⵙⵍⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ.

  ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ

ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜ

  ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ

ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵡⵍⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴻⵙⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙ ⵓⵏⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⵎⴻⵅⵉⵛⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵓ ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉⵢⵏ , ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵔⴽⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ 120 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵓ. ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ . ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⴽⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2009 ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ 1482 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ (USD)

  ⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ

ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 70 ⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1998, ⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵚⵓ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ (ⵜⴼⵔ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⴽ ⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ (3) ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ : ⴰⵣⵕⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ, ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ. ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵙ ⴰⴽⵯⵍⵉ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵖ (« ⵣ », ⴰⵣⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵣ) ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴳⵔⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ (ⵉⵍⵍ) ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵜⴼⵔ) ; ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ (Nature) ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ; ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ (ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ) ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ

  ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ

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