Wp/mos/Blaise Compaoré

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Blaise Compaoré
human
Sex or gendermale Tekre
Country of citizenshipRepublic of Upper Volta, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast Tekre
Name in native languageBlaise Compaoré Tekre
Given nameBlaise Tekre
Family nameCompaoré Tekre
Date of birth3 February 1951 Tekre
Place of birthOuagadougou Tekre
SpouseChantal Compaoré Tekre
Languages spoken, written or signedMooré, French Tekre
Convicted ofmurder Tekre
Occupationpolitician, statesperson Tekre
Position heldchairperson of the Organisation of African Unity, President of Burkina Faso Tekre
Member of political partyCongress for Democracy and Progress, Union of Burkinabé Communists, Organization for Popular Democracy – Labour Movement Tekre
Candidacy in election2010 Burkinabé presidential election, 1991 Burkinabè presidential election, 1998 Burkinabé presidential election, 2005 Burkinabé presidential election Tekre
Religion or worldviewCatholicism Tekre
Military rankcaptain Tekre
ConflictFirst Liberian Civil War Tekre
Member ofAcadémie des sciences d'outre-mer Tekre
Award receivedThe National Order of Burkina Faso, National Order of Merit Tekre

Blaise Compaoré (roga yʋʋmde 1951 wao-fugdg kiuugu dahama tãabo ) a ya Burkinabé la Ivorian politik kʋdgo a leb da ya Burkina Faso perzidã yʋʋmde 1987 hal n tɩ tãag ni yʋʋmde 2014.Blaise Compaoré dag ya ned ninga n pẽ a Thomas Sankara n dag ya pipi perzidã Burkina wã,[1]

Tʋɩɩsgo[edit | edit source]

A Blaise Compaoré (tõnd sẽn dog yʋʋmd 1951 tʋʋlg rasem 3 wã)[2] yaa Burkina-Ivori politik soab sẽn yaa Burkina Faso tẽnga taoor soab a yiib-n-soabã sẽn zĩnd yʋʋm 1987 n tãag yʋʋmd 2014. A yɩɩ pipi tẽnga taoor soab, a Thomas Sankara zoa yʋʋm 1980 wã pʋgẽ, la yʋʋm 1987 kiuugã pʋgẽ, a maana mog-n-taar n kɩt tɩ b kʋ a Sankara. Rẽ poore, a sɩngame n kɩt tɩ "vɩɩm-vɩɩm" politikã, n kɩt tɩ a Sankara sẽn da get a sẽn get a sẽn pa rat n maan bũmb ning n kõ a nug-rɩtgã la a tãabã wã lebg n lebg n lebg politikã. A tõog n yãk n yɩ Burkĩna tẽnga taoor soab yʋʋmd 1991, 1998, 2005 la 2010 yʋʋmdã pʋgẽ.[3]

Sɩng a tʋʋmdã[edit | edit source]

A Compaoré rogame yʋʋmd 1951 tʋʋlg rasem 3 yʋʋm-vẽk kiuugã, Ziniaré, Upper Volta tẽnga pʋgẽ. A ba wã ra yaa sodaas sẽn da be sodaas zĩigẽ. A ra zãmsda katolik lekoll a Fada N'gourma, n yaool n kẽng a Lice wã sẽn be Ouagadougou. A ma ki tao-tao a sẽn da tar yʋʋm 15 n wa ne a ba wã kũumã yʋʋm wʋsgo. A Compaore wa n lebga a Thomas Sankara zakã rãmb zoa. A ba a Joseph ra maanda a sẽn yaa a biiga. B sẽn dig a Compaorée n yiis a Lice- wã poore, a paama sodaas zãmsg sẽn yaa tɩlae. A sẽn wa n be a tʋʋmdã pʋgẽ, a yãka yam n na n kẽng sodaas roogẽ, n kẽng a Yaoundé sodaas roog sẽn be Kameroonã pʋgẽ. A zĩnda be n bãng a Henri Zumane la a Soumane la a sodaas sull taoor soab a Soumane. A sẽn waa n baas yʋʋmd 1974 Agacher tãbgã ne a Volta wã zabrã poore, a tʋma a Compaore tʋʋlg n kẽng Mali wã. A zĩnda Mali soolmã[4]

A Compaoré maana tʋʋm-kãseng a Saye Zerbo la a Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo sẽn maan wẽnemã pʋgẽ.

A Sankara taoor-sobend sẽn zĩnd yʋʋmd 1983 n tãag 1987, a Compaoré yɩɩ a poorẽ soaba, la a yaa Nasyonal Révolutionnaire Council ned. A yɩɩ tẽnga minisr a taoor-sobenegã pʋgẽ, la a wa n yɩɩ tẽnga minisɛɛr sẽn get tɩrlmã.[5]

Politk tuuma[edit | edit source]

A Compaoré kẽnga a naamã yʋʋmd 1983 la yʋʋmd 1987 wã, a sẽn deeg a yiib-n-soabã Sankara naamã poore. A paama Burkina Faso tẽnga taoor soab n yãk-a yʋʋmd 1991 wã, n yãk-ba, tɩ b kɩɩs a meng n yaool n lebg n yãk-b yʋʋmd 1998, 2005 la 2010 wã.[6]

1983 coup[edit | edit source]

A Compaoré sẽn da tar yʋʋm 33 wã, a maana puugd a ye, n kɩt tɩ b yiis a Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo t'a lebg tẽnga soaal yʋʋmd 1983 t'a wa lebg tẽnga soaala.[7] La Libi wã ra deegda puugd-kãng, sẽn da yaa a sẽn da be zabrã nugẽ ne Frans sẽn be Tchad wã. [2] Sẽn kẽed-b n be be be wã yaa Kapitɛn Henri Zongo, Major Jean-Bapptiste Boukary Lingani la Kapitɛn Thomas Sankara sẽn da yaa karismatik soabã.

Yʋʋmd 1985 yʋʋm-soabg kiuugã, a Compaoré sẽn zab ne Mali wã, a rɩka Burkĩna sodaasã naam tɩ b pʋɩ-tẽe neb sull-rãmb pʋsẽ, n zab ne Mali tãnsã.[8]

1987 coup[edit | edit source]

A Compaoré rɩka naam yʋʋmd 1987 zĩ-likr kiuug rasem 15 wã, a Sankara sẽn maan puugrã pʋgẽ.[9] A sẽn wa n wa n wa ne a Frans la a Ivory Coast wã, a sẽn wa n sãam a zoodã, yaa rẽ n kɩt t'a maan puugã. A Compaore yeelame tɩ a Sankara kʋʋrã yaa 'kẽngre', la b pa tol n vaees a yɛlã ye.[10] A wa n wa lebg prezida, a kɩtame tɩ Sankara politikã wʋsg lebg n leb poorẽ, n yeel tɩ yẽ sẽn maan politikã yaa Burkina Faso soogre.

A sɩngame n dɩ naam ne Henri Zongo la a Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani. Yʋʋmd 1989 kiuugã, b yõka bãmb b yiibã, n dõd-b tɩ b maana lagem-n-taar n na n kʋ a naamã. B kaoo-b bʋʋdo la b kʋ-b lame.[11]

A pipi n'a 1990 yʋʋma[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 1987 kiuugã pʋgẽ, Compaore ne neb a taab wʋsg sigla siglgã sẽn boond tɩ People's Front, sẽn tikd komuniismã la maksiismã la leninizmã. [1] A pʋlemame tɩ b na n kell n maana a sẽn da pʋlem a Thomas Sankara t'a na n maan bũmb ning la a sẽn na n maan a sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan bũmb ningã. [1]

A Compaore sẽn da mi t'a rat n deeg a Burkina Faso nebã sõngre, a rɩka a Thomas Sankara politikã n na n kell n tall a naamã. [1] Yʋʋmd 1989 bõn-bɩʋʋng kiuugã pʋgẽ, a Compaore sẽn da wa n lebg n wa Azi wã, a wʋma neb sẽn da rat n sãam a Compaorẽ goosneema wã. B yõka neb nins sẽn maan b zabgã daar kãng menga. Rẽ kɩtame t'a Compaoré lebg n sigl a Burkina tengã goosneema.

Yʋʋmd 1990 wã, Compaore kɩtame tɩ b maan demokrasiya reforms sẽn yaa bilf bala.

Yʋʋmd 1991 tʋʋlg kiuugã pʋgẽ, Compaore wilgame tɩ Burkina Faso na n yãka yam n na n tũu b sẽn na n yãk-a wã.

Yʋʋmd 1990 wã, Compaore kɩtame tɩ b maan demokrasiya reforms sẽn yaa bilf bala. mos_Latnmos_Latnmos_Latn be be be Yʋʋmd 1991 tʋʋlg kiuugã pʋgẽ, Compaore wilgame tɩ Burkina Faso na n yãka yam n na n tũu b sẽn na n yãk-a wã.

A Compaoré yaa Burkina Faso tẽnga taoor soab yʋʋmd 1991 wã, tɩ b yãk-a n na n maan n wilg tɩ b pa segd n maan a raabã. B sẽn zãgs n pa kẽes b toog wã yaa b sẽn da maand n wilg tɩ b pa mi bũmb ning sẽn pa zems ne Compaoré sẽn da tũnug ne n wa rɩt a naamã. Neb nins sẽn da yãk-a wã sʋka, bãmb 25 bal n yãk-a lame. Rẽ poore, yʋʋmd 1998 wã, b leb n yãka a Compaore tɩ yɩ prezida.

Yʋʋmd 1998-1999 sʋka, Burkina Faso tẽnga pʋgẽ, b maana zabr n wilg tɩ b pa segd n maan bũmb sẽn na yɩl tɩ b maan b zu-loeesã ye. Tẽngã gill zugu, b maana maand-yoob wʋsgo, b yɛɛsdame, b maand mog-n-taar, b maand maand-togs la b maand maand maand-n-taase. Rẽ sãama neb wʋsg sũuri. Neb wʋsg sẽn maand maand maandã sãama goosneema-rãmbã paoong bɩ b roogã. Yaa bũmb nins sẽn da yaa toog wʋsg ne a Compaore la a siglgã wakatẽ wã. [1]

1991 la 1998 elections[edit | edit source]

A Compaoré yaa Burkina Faso tẽnga taoor soab yʋʋmd 1991 soabã, tɩ b yãk-a n yɩ Burkina Faso tẽnga naab n maan n wilg tɩ b pa rat n yãk a meng ye. A Compaore sẽn da yaa politikã taoor soaba, a wilgame t'a rat n maan n na n maan a meng taoor n na n yãk a naamã. A Compasorẽ wã taoor dãmb ra pa tõe n yãk a soab n na n wa maan a naamã ye.[12]

Yʋʋmd 1998 wã, b leb n yãka a Compaoré t'a wa maan politikã, la a pa rat n maan politikã ye. A Compaorée poorẽ dãmb kɩɩsame, n yeel tɩ b pa tõe n tũ a sẽn yãk a naamã yʋʋm a yopoe wã n na n wa maan a naamã yʋʋm 2005 wã.

A Compaoré poorẽ dãmba kɩɩsame tɩ b pa tõe n tũ rẽ n wa wa wa wa lebg n wa tũ a meng ye. La yʋʋmd 2005 zĩndi, b yeelame tɩ b pa na n tõog n yãk a Compaorée tɩ yɩ a taoor soab ye.[13]

A 2000 yʋʋm-ramba tʋʋma[edit | edit source]

A Compaore sakame tɩ b tigim taab ne ONU nin-buiidã sẽn get b yell n na n yiis b naasgã, a sẽn wa n deeg tɩ b ra yetame t'a yẽ ne a goosneema wã kẽeda zab-teed sẽn kẽed ne zab-n-taas nins sẽn be Sierra Leone la Angola wã. Vẽk sẽn deng rẽ, a Blaise Compaore yãa Germany, France ne European Union sull ning sẽn na n yã-a wã. B goma b sẽn da tagsd tɩ Burkina Faso wã kɩɩsda b sẽn da kõ-b sodaasã la b sẽn da kẽes b toog ne b tãb-biisã wã.

Yʋʋmd 2003 wã, b yõka neb wʋsg sẽn da yet tɩ b yaa b sẽn maan wẽnem-n-taar ne Compaoré. Yʋʋmd 2004 na-kẽembeoogã pʋgẽ, b bʋʋda kaoose. Neb wʋsg tigma taab bʋʋdã zĩigẽ n pẽg b sẽn maan-bã. [1]

Yʋʋmd 2005 tʋʋlg kiuugã, a wilgame t'a ratame n maan prezidaal n yãk a meng n na n yɩ taoor soaba. Sẽn yaa beemdã politikã neb n get tɩ yaa b sẽn pa sak n tũ ne lalg ning b sẽn toeemd yʋʋmd 2000 wã yĩnga. Tõogã sẽn toeemã kɩtame tɩ yaa wakat a yiib bal la a yaa yʋʋm a yopoe la a nu.

A Compaoré poorẽ dãmb kɩɩsame, n yeel tɩ b pa tõe n tũ b sẽn da rat n toeemã ye,[27] la yʋʋmd 2005 kiuugã pʋgẽ, siglgã taoor lʋɩtb sull yeelame tɩ b sẽn da wa n yãk a Compaoré t'a yɩ tẽnga taoor soab yʋʋmd 2000 wã, tɩ b ra na n toeema sɛb nins sẽn da yaa sɛb nins a sẽn da tũ n kõ wã, b pa na n toeeme tɩ b tõog n kõ-a-la sɛb nins b sẽn toeeme tɩ tãag a yiib-n-soabã wakatã saabã ye. Rẽ kɩtame t'a tõog n wilg a meng n yãk a meng n yɩ politikã taoor yʋʋm 2005 wã.

Yʋʋmd 2005 noobare 13 soabã, a Compaoré leb n lebg n yaa tẽnga taoor soaba, a sẽn tõog n zab ne neb 12 sẽn da zabd ne-a wã. A paama vot wʋsg sẽn yɩɩd a 80:35. Baa ne sɛbã 16 sẽn da be be zab-teedã sẽn wilg tɩ b na n sigla taab n na n yiis a Compaoré wã, b ra pa tõog n maan woto ye. Yaa rẽ yĩng tɩ taoor dãmb nins sẽn da be be wã pa rat n bas b zĩiga n kõ ned a to sẽn na n lʋɩt taoor b lagemtaara pʋgẽ ye.

A Compaoré sẽn tõog n wa n na n yɩɩ sodaas a ye wã poore, a wẽename tɩ b na n le tʋm a tʋʋmdã yʋʋmd 2005 yʋʋm-sar kiuug rasem 20 wã. [1]

Yʋʋmd 2008 wã, b maana maand wʋsg n wilg tɩ b pa segd n bas b mens tɩ b ra wa maan b tʋʋmã ye. A Compaore sẽn leok woto wã, a kɩtame tɩ b yiisd zu-loees nins b sẽn da yiisd koomã la elektrã wã yʋʋm a pʋɩ-sʋk n kaood sorã. [1]

Spanish bãens rãmbã ligda yaoode[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 2009 noob kiuugã pʋgẽ, b yõka Spain tʋʋm-tʋmdb a yiib sẽn sõngd nebã. B maana raag n na n yãg neb nins sẽn yõka b rãmbã. Sẽn deng b sẽn na n yiis bi-beesã, yaa rasem a ye bala, b sẽn wa n yõk-b n kẽes-b bãensã roogẽ wã, a Ould Sid Ahmed Ould Hama zoe me n kẽng Mali tɩ b yaool n yã-a n kẽes-a bãens pʋge yʋʋm piig la yiibu. B wa n bangame tɩ a Blaise Compaore n yao yao yaoogã, la b tall bãensã n kẽng Burkĩna Faso tẽnga tẽnga gãdo, la b kõ-b-la telefõon ramba. B sẽn da kẽes b yõorẽ wã pʋʋs-b-la barka b sẽn yao yao yaoogã yĩnga. [1]

A naamã yʋʋma baasgo[edit | edit source]

A Compaoré wilgame tɩ yaa senatɛɛr a ye n na n zĩnd n naan paam a nin 89 n paas senatɛɛr dãmb a 29 sẽn na n yãk-b tɩ yaa a meng n yãk-ba, tɩ sẽn ketã me yãk-b lame. [1]

2005 election[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 2005 noobare 13 soabã, a Compaore lebg n lebg n yaa tẽnga taoor soaba, n tõog n zab ne neb 12 sẽn da zabd ne-a wã, la a paam n deeg sõssã pis-naas 80. A Compaoré sẽn tõog n wa n na n yɩɩ sodaasã, a rɩka pʋlem n na n zĩnd yʋʋm 2005 yʋʋm kiuug rasem 20 wã.[14]

2011 zaba[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 2011 na-kẽng kiuug rasem 14 wã, b wilgame tɩ Compaore zoe n yi tẽnga pʋga, Ouagadougou n kẽng a tẽng sẽn boond t'a Ziniare, a sẽn wa n wa n wa ne sodaas sẽn da maand sɩbgr b sẽn da pa yaoodã yĩnga.[15] B sẽn maan woto wã kɩtame tɩ b kẽng tẽnga taoor lʋɩtbã roogẽ la sodaas a taab roogẽ.[16] Zĩ-nagã, b ra gomda zab-teed sẽn zĩnd tẽnga taoor lʋɩtã roogẽ, la b yã tɩ b yãenda ko-kẽnd sẽn yi zĩigã.

2014 zaba[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 2014 sigr kiuugã, Compaoré sull sẽn yaa a siglgã taoor lʋɩtb sull sẽn boond t'a Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP) kosa-a t'a maan referendum sẽn na yɩl n toeem siglgã n tõog n lebg n yãk a naamã yʋʋmd 2015. Sã n ka rẽ, a na n basa a naamã wakat sẽn loog n loog yĩnga.[17]

Yʋʋmd 2014 zĩ-likr kiuug rasem 30 wã, b ra segd n goma siglgã sɛb sẽn na n kɩt tɩ Compaoré tõog n lebg n yɩ tẽnga taoor soaba yʋʋmd 2015 wã zugu. B sẽn da zab ne rẽ wã, b sẽn wa n kẽe ne tẽnga taoor dãmb a Zeova Kaset rãmbã tigisgã pʋgẽ wã, b yõogame, la b yõog b tʋʋm-kãsemsã. BBC wilgame tɩ bugum sẽn be zĩigã ra yita.[18] Tʋʋmdã taoor soab sẽn yaa taoor soab a Pargui Emile Paré sẽn yaa Burkina Faso tẽnga taoor soab n wilg tɩ yaa "Burkina Faso sẽn yaa zĩ-bil sẽn yaa wa Arab kiuugã".[19]

A Compaore sẽn wa n wa n na n maan bũmb ning fãa, a basa b sẽn da rat n maan b rĩungã, a kɩtame tɩ b yiis a goosneema wã, a yeel tɩ b na n wa maan bũmb ning sẽn pa segdã, la a yeel tɩ a na n tʋm ne goosneema-kãsengã n welg yellã.

A Compaoré wilgame t'a basa a prezidaalã, la t'a "paab sẽn ka tar pãng" bee be. A leb n boolame tɩ b yãk-a "tɩrse la b yɩ yɩlemde" rasem 90 pʋgẽ. A Yacouba Isaac Zida sẽn yaa prezidaal gũudã taoor soaba, n wa rɩ naam n yɩ tẽnga taoor soaba. B wilgame tɩ b ra tẽedame tɩ Compaorée sẽn tar zab-teed wʋsg n kẽnd n kẽng Po wã sẽn be zĩ-gõorã.

Vẽk poore, a Jeune Afrique publisga sõsg a Compaore sẽn da kõ-a wã pʋgẽ, a yeelame tɩ 'pog-n-taaga wʋsg ra tʋmd ne sodaasã' n na n maan a zabgã, la tɩ 'tũudã na n wilga tõnd b sã n yaa sɩda.' A paasame t'a pa na n dat tɩ b bɛɛg sẽn yaa wẽng n yɩɩd a taabã zĩnd Zida zĩigẽ ye.

Yaa a Roch Marc Christian Kaboré n yɩ tẽnga taoor soab sẽn zĩnd a tʋʋmdã pʋgẽ yʋʋm 2015 yʋʋm-sar kiuug rasem 29 soabã.

Liberian Tenga zaba[edit | edit source]

A Compaoré wilga a Charles Taylor a zoa a Muammar Gaddafi. A Compaore sõngame me t'a Taylor tʋm sodaasã la bũmb nins a sẽn da tarã n kõ-a wã yʋʋmd 1990 wã sɩngrẽ.[20][21]

Tẽns ne tẽngr tʋʋm[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 1993 wã, Compaoré yaa Burkina-Faso tẽnga taoor soaba. A rɩka a naam n zĩnd Tokyo tẽn-tẽngã taoor n wilg b sẽn na n maan Afrɩka yiri.[22]

A Compaoré zĩnda zĩ-gɛt sẽn be tẽng-n-tẽnga yɛlẽ wã.[2] Yʋʋmd 2006 tʋʋlg kiuug rasem 26 daarã, b yãka a t'a yɩ zĩ-gɩtgo-rãmb sõsg ning sẽn zĩnd Ouagadougou yʋʋmd 2006 tʋʋl kiuugã pʋgẽ wã, la a wa n wa n maana zems-n-taar ne goosneema wã la sẽn kɩɩsdbã. A leb n yɩɩ zĩ-gẽedg-n-taag Ivory Coast wã pʋgẽ, n maan laafɩ zems-n‐taag ning sẽn da be Ivory Coast tẽnga taoor soab a Laurent Gbagbo ne nin-soabã a Guillaume Soro sẽn sig a Ouagadougu yʋʋmd 2007 tʋʋlg rasem 4 daarã. Yʋʋmd 2012 tʋʋlg zugẽ, a yɩɩ zĩ-go-n-dãmb sẽn zĩnd Mali tẽnga sobg taoor dãmb ne tẽns a taab sʋka.

Yʋʋmd 2014 wã, BBC wilgame t'a yaa "Fãrens la Etazĩni sull sẽn yaa pãng n yɩɩd tẽns a taab zĩiga" la t'a "maana a sẽn deegd b sẽn zabd ne b sẽn be Afirik Wɛtgã pʋga zabrã... sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd yaa a sẽn tũnug ne a netbã n sõng tẽns nins sẽn be Zapẽ wã sẽn zabd n zabd ne a Islamismã sẽn be Sahel soolmẽ wã".

Yʋʋmd 2016 soabã pʋgẽ, tẽnga sobg-kãsengã ra yaa sodaas zab-teedã pʋgẽ. Dʋgdbã ra tara soob-dãmb la taabl tẽn-tẽngã pʋgẽ, n tũud zems-n-taar ne a Campaoré sẽn pa maand b sẽn da na n maan bũmb ningã. Rẽ kɩtame tɩ sodaas nins sẽn get a prezida wã gũudbã paam ligd wʋsgo, tɩ sodaas rãmbã yaool n wa n wa n yalem n pa tõe n maan sodaas wẽnem ye.

A zĩnda tẽn-tẽngã sẽn boond tɩ International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats (IMPACT) wã sull sẽn get b yellã pʋgẽ.

Sebtiise[edit | edit source]

  1. https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3501/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9
  2. 2.0 2.1 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/215080.stm
  3. Peterson, Brian (2021). Thomas Sankara: A Revolutionary in Cold War Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  4. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/02/world/around-the-world-new-cabinet-named-in-bourkina-fasso.html
  5. https://web.archive.org/web/20130813150939/http://presidence.bf/page.php?sid=8
  6. http://www.blnz.com/news/2010/11/23/Burkina_Faso_opposition_claims_election_75e0.html
  7. The date of the 194th anniversary of the Abolition of Feudal Privileges in France may have been chosen for symbolic purposes, but there is no evidence of this.
  8. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/288381/politique/il-y-a-quarante-ans-eclatait-la-guerre-de-noel-entre-le-mali-et-le-burkina/
  9. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/30/burkina-faso
  10. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/8d3fe6b44a5f39bdc1257172005150ec?Opendocument
  11. https://web.archive.org/web/20200827012208/http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/burkina-faso-independence-to-the-tf/
  12. https://www.amazon.com/2015-2016-Stryker-Francis-Wiafe-Amoako-2015-08-20/dp/B01JXP75HI
  13. https://web.archive.org/web/20020605220610/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2834.htm
  14. https://web.archive.org/web/20170206195805/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/barbados
  15. https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2011/04/110415_update_burkino_faso.shtml
  16. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-16/burkina-faso-president-dissolves-government-as-soldiers-rampage.html
  17. https://web.archive.org/web/20200220023939/https://www.enca.com/burkina-faso-ruling-party-calls-referendum-term-limits
  18. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29831262
  19. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/30/protesters-storm-burkina-faso-parliament-constitution-vote-president-blaise-compaore
  20. Liberia's civil war: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and regional security in West Africa. Adekeye Adebajo p. 55
  21. A dirty war in West Africa: the RUF and the destruction of Sierra Leone, Volume 2005, Part 2. Lansana Gberie p. 53
  22. http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/ticad/list/africa.html