Wp/kge/Aksara Khmer
Aksara Khmer atawa dilom Bahasa Khmer អក្សរខ្មែរ, Âksâr Khmêr (IPA: [ʔaksɑː kʰmae]) joda da salah osay aksara bujenis Abugida say tigunako untuk nulisko Bahasa Khmer di nagara Kamboja.[1]
Huruf
Konsonan
Konsonan | Pocak Subhuruf |
Golar/Nilay ponuh (rik vokal usungan) |
Nilay Konsonan | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UNGEGN | GD | ALA-LC | IPA | UNGEGN | GD | ALA-LC | IPA | ||
ក
|
្ក
|
kâ | ka | ka | [kɑː] | k | k | k | [k] |
ខ
|
្ខ
|
khâ | kha | kha | [kʰɑː] | kh | kh | kh | [kʰ] |
គ
|
្គ
|
kô | ko | ga | [kɔː] | k | k | g | [k] |
ឃ
|
្ឃ
|
khô | kho | gha | [kʰɔː] | kh | kh | gh | [kʰ] |
ង
|
្ង
|
ngô | ngo | nga | [ŋɔː] | ng | ng | ng | [ŋ] |
ច
|
្ច
|
châ | cha | ca | [cɑː] | ch | ch | c | [c] |
ឆ
|
្ឆ
|
chhâ | chha | cha | [cʰɑː] | chh | chh | ch | [cʰ] |
ជ
|
្ជ
|
chô | cho | ja | [cɔː] | ch | ch | j | [c] |
ឈ
|
្ឈ
|
chhô | chho | jha | [cʰɔː] | chh | chh | jh | [cʰ] |
ញ
|
្ញ
|
nhô | nho | ña | [ɲɔː] | nh | nh | ñ | [ɲ] |
ដ
|
្ដ
|
dâ | da | ṭa | [ɗɑː] | d | d | ṭ | [ɗ] |
ឋ
|
្ឋ
|
thâ | tha | ṭha | [tʰɑː] | th | th | ṭh | [tʰ] |
ឌ
|
្ឌ
|
dô | do | ḍa | [ɗɔː] | d | d | ḍ | [ɗ] |
ឍ
|
្ឍ
|
thô | tho | ḍha | [tʰɔː] | th | th | ḍh | [tʰ] |
ណ
|
្ណ
|
nâ | na | ṇa | [nɑː] | n | n | ṇ | [n] |
ត
|
្ត
|
tâ | ta | ta | [tɑː] | t | t | t | [t] |
ថ
|
្ថ
|
thâ | tha | tha | [tʰɑː] | th | th | th | [tʰ] |
ទ
|
្ទ
|
tô | to | da | [tɔː] | t | t | d | [t] |
ធ
|
្ធ
|
thô | tho | dha | [tʰɔː] | th | th | dh | [tʰ] |
ន
|
្ន
|
nô | no | na | [nɔː] | n | n | n | [n] |
ប
|
្ប
|
bâ | ba | pa | [ɓɑː] | b, p | b, p | p | [ɓ], [p] |
ផ
|
្ផ
|
phâ | pha | pha | [pʰɑː] | ph | ph | ph | [pʰ] |
ព
|
្ព
|
pô | po | ba | [pɔː] | p | p | b | [p] |
ភ
|
្ភ
|
phô | pho | bha | [pʰɔː] | ph | ph | bh | [pʰ] |
ម
|
្ម
|
mô | mo | ma | [mɔː] | m | m | m | [m] |
យ
|
្យ
|
yô | yo | ya | [jɔː] | y | y | y | [j] |
រ
|
្រ
|
rô | ro | ra | [rɔː] | r | r | r | [r] |
ល
|
្ល
|
lô | lo | la | [lɔː] | l | l | l | [l] |
វ
|
្វ
|
vô | vo | va | [ʋɔː] | v | v | v | [ʋ] |
ឝ
|
្ឝ
|
Usang; payjana tipakay untuk ngalambangko bunyi palatal, bih tipakay untuk transliterasi Bahasa Pali atawa Sanskerta[2] | |||||||
ឞ
|
្ឞ
|
Usang; payjana tipakay untuk ngalambangko bunyi retrofleks, bih tipakay untuk transliterasi Bahasa Pali atawa Sanskerta[2] | |||||||
ស
|
្ស
|
sâ | sa | sa | [sɑː] | s | s | s | [s] |
ហ
|
្ហ
|
hâ | ha | ha | [hɑː] | h | h | h | [h] |
ឡ
|
Makka[3] | lâ | la | ḷa | [lɑː] | l | l | ḷ | [l] |
អ
|
្អ
|
'â | 'a | ʿʹa | [ʔɑː] | ' | ' | ʿʹ | [ʔ] |
Konsonan Tambahan |
Panjolasan | Nilay ponuh (rik vokal usungan) |
Nilay Konsonan | Catatan | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UNGEGN | GD | ALA-LC | IPA | UNGEGN | GD | ALA-LC | IPA | |||
ហ្គ
|
hâ + kô | hkâ
|
hka
|
hga
|
[ɡɑː] | hk
|
hk
|
hg
|
[ɡ] | Cuntuh: ហ្គាស
hkas [ɡaːh]
|
ហ្គ៊
|
hâ + kô + diyakritik | hkô
|
hko
|
hg′a
|
[ɡɔː] | hk
|
hk
|
hg′
|
[ɡ] | Cuntuh: ហ្គ៊ារ
hkéar [giə]
|
ហ្ន
|
hâ + nô | hnâ
|
hna
|
hna
|
[nɑː] | hn
|
hn
|
hn
|
[n] | Cuntuh: ហ្នាំង
/ហ្ន័ង
hnăng [naŋ]
nǎng |
ប៉
|
bâ + diyakritik | pâ
|
pa
|
p′′a
|
[pɑː] | p | p | p′′ | [p] | Cuntuh: ប៉ាក់
păk [pak]
|
ហ្ម
|
hâ + mô | hmâ
|
hma
|
hma
|
[mɑː] | hm
|
hm
|
hm
|
[m] | Cuntuh: គ្រូហ្ម
kru hmâ [kruː mɑː]
mɔ̌ɔ |
ហ្ល
|
hâ + lô | hlâ
|
hla
|
hla
|
[lɑː] | hl
|
hl
|
hl
|
[l] | Cuntuh: ហ្លួង
hluŏng [luəŋ]
lǔuang |
ហ្វ
|
hâ + vô | hvâ
|
hva
|
hva
|
[fɑː], [ʋɑː] | hv
|
hv
|
hv
|
[f], [ʋ] | Tiucakko [ʋ]
dilom ហ្វង់
hváng [ʋɑŋ]
|
ហ្វ៊
|
hâ + vô + diyakritik | hvô
|
hvo
|
hv′a
|
[fɔː], [ʋɔː] | hv
|
hv
|
hv′
|
[f],[ʋ] | Cuntuh: ហ្វ៊ីល
hvil [fiːl]
|
ហ្ស
|
hâ + sâ | hsâ
|
hsa
|
hsa
|
[zɑː], [ʒɑː] | hs
|
hs
|
hs
|
[z], [ʒ] | Cuntuh: ហ្សាស
hsas [ʒaːh]
, ភីហ្សា
phihsa [pʰiːzaː]
|
ហ្ស៊
|
hâ + sâ + diyakritik | hsô
|
hso
|
hs′a
|
[zɔː], [ʒɔː] | hs
|
hs
|
hs′
|
[z], [ʒ] | Cuntuh: ហ្ស៊ីប
hsib [ʒiːp]
, ហ្សឺណេវ
hsœnév [zəːneːw]
|
Vokal
Vokal posay |
IPA | GD | UNGEGN |
---|---|---|---|
ឥ
|
[ʔə]
, [ʔɨ] , [ʔəj] |
e | ĕ |
ឦ
|
[ʔəj] | ei | ei |
ឧ
|
[ʔo]
, [ʔu] , [ʔao] |
o | ŏ, ŭ |
ឨ
|
Usang, goh-goh da rik ឧក | ||
ឩ
|
[ʔou], [ʔuː] | ou | not given |
ឪ
|
[ʔəw] | au | âu |
ឫ
|
[rɨ] | rue | rœ̆ |
ឬ
|
[rɨː] | rueu | rœ |
ឭ
|
[lɨ] | lue | lœ̆ |
ឮ
|
[lɨː] | lueu | lœ |
ឯ
|
[ʔae]
, [ʔɛː] , [ʔeː] |
ae | ê |
ឰ
|
[ʔaj] | ai | ai |
ឱ
, ឲ
|
[ʔao] | ao | aô |
ឳ
|
[ʔaw] | au | au |
Vokal Anggantung |
Cuntuh | IPA[1] | GD | UNGEGN | ALA-LC | Catatan | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seri a | Seri o | Seri a | Seri o | Seri a | Seri o | ||||
(Makka) | អ
|
[ɑː]
, [ɒː] dilom pira diyalik |
[ɔː] | a | o | â | ô | a | Liyak Modifikasi rik Diyakritik rik Konsonan rik mak buvokal anggantung. |
ា
|
អា
|
[aː] | [iːə] | a | ea | a | éa | ā | Liyak Modifikasi rik Diyakritik
អ៊ា , seri o jak ា , rada sumang jak ៀ . (អ៊ា ~ "udara" vs ៀ
~ "cuping") |
ិ
|
អិ
|
[ə], [e] | [ɨ], [i] | e | i | ĕ | ĭ | i | Pronounced [e]
/[i] in syllables with no written final consonant (a glottal stop is then added if the syllable is stressed; however in some words the vowel is silent when final, and in some words in which it is not word-final it is pronounced [əj]
). In the o-series, combines with final យ yô to sound [iː] . (Liyak Modifikasi rik Diyakritik) |
ី
|
អី
|
[əj] | [iː] | ei | i | ei | i | ī | |
ឹ
|
អឹ
|
[ə] | [ɨ] | oe | ue | œ̆ | ẏ | ||
ឺ
|
អឺ
|
[əɨ] | [ɨː] | eu | ueu | œ | ȳ | ||
ុ
|
អុ
|
[o] | [u] | o | u | ŏ | ŭ | u | Liyak Modifikasi rik Diyakritik. In a stressed syllable with no written final consonant, the vowel is followed by a glottal stop [ʔ]
, or by [k] in the word តុ tŏk ("table") (but the vowel is silent when final in certain words). |
ូ
|
អូ
|
[ou] | [uː] | ou | u | o | u | ū | Becomes [əw]
/[ɨw] before a final វ
vô. |
ួ
|
អួ
|
[uə] | uo | uŏ | ua | ||||
ើ
|
អើ
|
[aə] | [əː] | aeu | eu | aeu | eu | oe | Liyak Modifikasi rik Diyakritik |
ឿ
|
អឿ
|
[ɨə] | oea | œă | ẏa | ||||
ៀ
|
អៀ
|
[iə] | ie | iĕ | ia | ||||
េ
|
អេ
|
[ei] | [eː] | e | é | e | Becomes [ə]
/[ɨ] before palatals (or in the a-series, [a] before [c] in some words). Pronounced [ae] /[ɛː] in some words. Liyak Modifikasi rik Diyakritik | ||
ែ
|
អែ
|
[ae] | [ɛː] | ae | eae | ê | ae | Liyak Modifikasi rik Diyakritik | |
ៃ
|
អៃ
|
[aj] | [ɨj] | ai | ey | ai | ey | ai | |
ោ
|
អោ
|
[ao] | [oː] | ao | ou | aô | oŭ | o | Liyak Modifikasi rik Diyakritik |
ៅ
|
អៅ
|
[aw] | [ɨw] | au | ov | au | ŏu | au |
Kombinasi | IPA | GD | UNGEGN | ALA-LC | Catatan | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seri a | Seri o | Seri a | Seri o | Seri a | Seri o | |||
អុំ
|
[om] | [um] | om | um | om | ŭm | uṃ | |
អំ
|
[ɑm] | [um] | am | um | âm | um | aṃ | Kata ធំ
thum ("balak") tiucakko [tʰom] (tapi [tʰum] dilom pira diyalik). |
អាំ
|
[am] | [ŏəm] | am | oam | ăm | ŏâm | āṃ | Man ditutul bak ង
ngô, jadi [aŋ] /[eəŋ] ăng/eăng. |
អះ
|
[ah] | [ĕəh] | ah | eah | ăh | eăh | aḥ | |
អិះ
|
[eh] | [ih] | eh | is | ĕh | ĭh | iḥ | |
អុះ
|
[oh] | [uh] | oh | uh | ŏh | ŭh | uḥ | |
អេះ
|
[eh] | [ih] | eh | éh | eḥ | |||
អោះ
|
[ɑh] | [ŭəh] | aoh | uoh | aôh | ŏăh | oaḥ | Kata នោះ
nŏăh ("ina") panday tiucakko jadi [nuh] . |
Diyakritik
Diyakritik | Golar Khmer | Fungsi |
---|---|---|
ំ
|
និគ្គហិត
nĭkkôhĕt |
The Pali niggahīta, related to the anusvara. A small circle written over a consonant or a following dependent vowel, it nasalizes the inherent or dependent vowel, with the addition of [m]
|
ះ
|
រះមុខ
reăhmŭkh |
Related to the visarga. A pair of small circles written after a consonant or a following dependent vowel, it modifies and adds final aspiration /h/
to the inherent or dependent vowel. For details see Modification by diacritics. |
ៈ
|
យុគលពិន្ទុ
yŭkoălpĭntŭ |
A "pair of dots", a fairly recently introduced diacritic, written after a consonant to indicate that it is to be followed by a short vowel and a glottal stop. See Modification by diacritics. |
៉
|
មូសិកទន្ត
musĕkâtônd |
Two short vertical lines, written above a consonant, used to convert some o-series consonants (ង ញ ម យ រ វ
) to a-series. It is also used with ប bâ to convert it to a p sound (see Supplementary consonants). |
៊
|
ត្រីស័ព្ទ
treisăpt |
A wavy line, written above a consonant, used to convert some a-series consonants (ស ហ ប អ
) to o-series. |
ុ
|
ក្បៀសក្រោម
kbiĕs kraôm |
Also known as បុកជើង
bŏk cheung ("collision foot"); a vertical line written under a consonant, used in place of the diacritics treisăpt and musĕkâtônd when they would be impeded by superscript vowels.
|
់
|
បន្តក់
bânták |
A small vertical line written over the last consonant of a syllable, indicating shortening (and corresponding change in quality) of certain vowels. See Modification by diacritics. |
៌
|
របាទ
rôbat |
This superscript diacritic occurs in Sanskrit loanwords and corresponds to the Devanagari diacritic repha. It originally represented an r sound (and is romanized as r in the UNGEGN system). Now, in most cases, the consonant above which it appears, and the diacritic itself, are unpronounced. Examples: ធម៌
thôrm [tʰɔə] ("dharma"), កាណ៌ karn [kaː] (from karṇa), សួគ៌ា suŏrkéa [suəkiə] ("Svarga"). |
៍
|
ទណ្ឌឃាដ
tôndôkhéad |
Written over a final consonant to indicate that it is unpronounced. (Such unpronounced letters are still romanized in the UNGEGN system.) |
៎
|
កាកបាទ
kakâbat |
Also known as a "crow's foot", used in writing to indicate the rising intonation of an exclamation or interjection; often placed on particles such as /na/
, /nɑː/ , /nɛː/ , /ʋəːj/ , and on ចា៎ះ /caːh/
, a word for "yes" used by females. |
៏
|
អស្តា
âsda |
Used in a few words to show that a consonant with no dependent vowel is to be pronounced with its inherent vowel, rather than as a final consonant. |
័
|
សំយោគសញ្ញា
sâmyoŭk sânhnhéa |
Used in some Sanskrit and Pali loanwords (although alternative spellings usually exist); it is written above a consonant to indicate that the syllable contains a particular short vowel; see Modification by diacritics. |
៑
|
វិរាម
vĭréam |
A mostly obsolete diacritic, corresponding to the virāma, which suppresses a consonant's inherent vowel. |
Angka
Angka Khmer | ០
|
១
|
២
|
៣
|
៤
|
៥
|
៦
|
៧
|
៨
|
៩
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angka Arab | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Cuntuh Tulisan
UDHR pasal 1
មនុស្សទាំងអស់កើតមកមានសេរីភាពនិងភាពស្មើៗគ្នាក្នុងសិទ្ធិ និងសេចក្ដីថ្លៃថ្នូរ ។ មនុស្សគ្រប់រូបសុទ្ធតែមានវិចារណញ្ញាណនិងសតិសម្បជញ្ញៈ ហើយត្រូវប្រព្រឹត្ដចំពោះគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមកក្នុងស្មារតីរាប់អានគ្នាជាបងប្អូន ។
Mônŭss teăng ás kaeut môk méan sériphéap nĭng phéap smaeu-smaeu knéa knŏng sĕtthĭ, nĭng séchâkdei thlaithnor. Mônŭss krôb rub sŏtth tê méan vĭcharônânhnhéan nĭng sâtĕsâmbâchônhnheă, haeuy trov brâprœ̆tt châmpŏăh knéa tŏu vĭnh tŏu môk knŏng smarôtei roăp an knéa chéa bâng b'on.
/mɔnuh tĕaŋ ɑh kaət̚ mɔːk̚ miən seːrəjpʰiəp̚ nɨŋ pʰiəp̚ smaəsmaə kniə knoŋ sət̚ nɨŋ seːc̚k̚ɗəj tʰlaj tʰnou. mɔnuh krup̚ ruːp̚ sot̚ tae miən vicaːranaɲiən nɨŋ satəsampacŏəɲɲeaʔ haəj trouʋ prɑprɨt cɑmpŭəh kniə tɨw ʋɨɲ tɨw mɔːk̚ knoŋ smaːrɔːɗəj rŏəp̚ ʔaːn kniə ciə ɓɑːŋ pʔoun/.
Kaunyin jolma tilahirko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai goh-goh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barihna dilom semangat bukolpah.
Rujukan
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Huffman, Franklin. 1970. Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01314-0.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' not found.
- ↑ The letter ឡ lâ has no subscript form in standard orthography, but some fonts include one (្ឡ), as a form to be rendered if the character appears after the Khmer subscripting character (see under Unicode).
- ↑ Official Unicode Consortium code chart for Khmer (PDF)
- ↑ Huffman (1970), p. 29.
- ↑ Template:Wp/kge/Cite book