Wp/nyn/Uganda

Uganda, omu butongore Republic of Uganda, ni ihaga eritaine nyanja omuri burugwa-izooba bwa Africa. Ekateerwa Kenya omu burugwa-izooba, Sudan y'amashuuma omu matemba, Democratic Republic of Congo omu burengyerwa-izooba, Rwanda omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, hamwe na Tanzania omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba. Ekicweka ky'amashuuma kirimu ekicweka kihango ky'enyanja Nalubaale, ekirikubaganwaho Kenya na Tanzania. Uganda eri omu kicweka kya African Great Lakes, eri omu kicweka kya Nile, kandi eine embeera y'obwire etarikushushana. Okuruga omwaka gwa 2024, erimu abantu 49.obukaikuru bushatu, aharibo munaana. abantu miriyoni 5 nibatuura omu rurembo orukuru kandi orurikukirayo obuhango orwa Kampala.

Uganda ekeetwa eiziina ry'obugabe bwa Buganda, oburikwetwariramu ekicweka kihango ky'amashuuma, otwariiremu Kampala, kandi orurimi rwabo orwa Luganda nirugambwa munonga; orurimi rukuru n'orungyereza. Ekicweka kiratuurwamu amahanga gatari gamwe na gamwe, aba bantu n'aba Nilotic batakahikire emyaka nka 3,000 enyima. Obukuku obu bukatandikaho obugabe bw'amaani nk'obugabe bwa Kitara. Okuhika kw'abashuubuzi Abaharabu omu myaka ya 1830, hamwe n'abacondoozi ba Bungyereza aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19, kikareetaho entandikwa y'obushoboorozi bw'amahanga g'aheeru. Abangyereza bakataho obutegyeki bwa Protectorate of Uganda omuri 1894, ekyatandikireho enkora y'eby'obutegyeki obw'omumaisho. Uganda ekatunga okwetegyeka omuri 1962, Milton Obote niwe yaabaire enganzi y'eihanga ey'okubanza. Obutabanguriko bwa Mengo omuri 1966 bukareetaho obutabanguko bw'amaani n'obugabe bwa Buganda, hamwe n'empinduka y'eihanga kuruga omu nkora y'eishengyero kuza omu nkora y'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Okubundabunda kw'amahe ga Idi Amin omuri 1971 kukareetaho obutegyeki bw'obwinazi obwaretsirweho okwitwa kw'abantu baingi hamwe n'okugwa kw'eby'entaasya, kuhisya obu yaagwa omuri 1979.

Ekibiina kya Yoweri Museveni ekya National Resistance Movement (NRM) kikatwara obutegyeki omuri 1986 bwanyima y'orutaro rw'abaheekyera orwamazire emyaka mukaaga. Obutegyeki bwa Museveni bukareetaho obutebeekana n'entunguuka omu by'entaasya, okubonaabonesibwa omu by'obutegyeki hamwe n'okunyangaraza obugabe bw'abantu bikagumizamu. Okwihaho ekikomo ky'ebisangya by'omwebembezi w'eihanga hamwe n'ebiteekateeko by'obushomankuzi n'okunyigirizibwa omu by'oburuuru, bireesireho okweraarikirira aha biro bya nyensya bya Uganda eby'oburingaaniza. Museveni akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga omu karuuru ka boona aka 2011, 2016, na 2021. Enshonga z'obugabe bw'abantu, obushomankuzi hamwe n'obutabanguko omu byanga, nk'okwejumbira omu ntaro za Congo hamwe n'okurwanisa ekitongore kya Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), nibigyenda omu maisho omu Uganda. Oihireho eki, kitungire entunguuka omu by'obwegyese n'eby'amagara, okutunguura emishomo n'okukyendeeza okujanjaara kw'akakooko ka siriimu, n'obu haraabe hariho oburemeezi omu by'amagara g'abazaire hamwe n'obutingana omu kikura ky'abantu. Ebiro bya nyensya by'eihanga nibigyendera aha kukora aha nshonga z'obwebembezi n'obugabe bw'abantu, obwo orikukoresa eby'obuhangwa n'abantu b'eihanga ryona, okureetaho entunguuka erikugumaho.

Eby'obuhangwa

Uganda n'ey'omutaano, erimu enshozi, n'enyanja, otwariiremu enyanja Nalubaale, enyanja y'amaizi marungi eya kabiri omunsi yoona. Eihanga riine eby'obuhangwa bingi, otwariiremu eitaka ry'obuhingi n'oburiisa n'amajuta agatarikukoresibwa, ekirikureetaho entunguuka omu by'entaasya. Eby'obuheereza nibyo birikusinga eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa. Eby'obuhangwa omu Uganda, ebirimu amarindiro g'enyamaishwa, nibireetaho eby'oburambuzi, ekitongore ky'omugasho omu by'entaasya. Uganda n'emwe aha mahanga g'ekibiina ky'amahanga ageeteeraine, ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika, ekibiina kya G77, ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika y'oburugwa-izooba hamwe n'ekibiina ky'obusiraamu.

Ebyafaayo

Uganda etakatandikire kutegyekwa abajwekyerwa b'amatware Ekicweka ekirikukira obuhango ekya Uganda kikaba kirimu abahingi n'abariisa abarikugamba orurimi rwa sudan eya rwagati hamwe n'orurimi rwa kuliak, okuhisya emyaka 3,000 enyima, obu abantu abarikugamba orurimi rwa bantu bahika omu mashuuma, kandi abarikugamba orurimi rwa Nile bahika omu matemba g'oburugwa -izooba. Omwaka gwa 1500 AD, boona bakaba beejumbire omu buhangwa bw'abantu abarikugamba orurimi rwa bantu omu mashuuma g'orushozi Elgon, omugyera Nile hamwe n'enyanja Kyoga. [16] Kurugirira aha migyenzo y'omunwa hamwe n'okucondooza aha by'obuhangwa, obutegyeki bwa Kitara bukakora ekicweka ky'omugasho omu kicweka kya Great Lakes Area, kuruga omu matemba ga Albert na Kyoga kuhisya omu mashuuma ga Victoria na Tanganyika. [7] Kitara neegambwaho nk'omurembezo gw'obugabe bwa Tooro, Ankole na Busoga. [18], aba Luo abamwe bakatahirira Kitara kandi baayetaba omuri ba Bantu, baatandikaho obutegyeki bwa Biito obwa Omukama (omutegyeki) owa Bunyoro-Kitara obwa hati. [19]

Abashuubuzi Abaharabu bakaruga aha rubaju rw'enyanja ya Buhindi omuri burugwa-izooba bwa Afirika omu mwaka gwa 1830, okushuubuza n'okuguza ebintu. [20]. Omu myaka ya 1860 eyaahwaire, Bunyoro ya rwagati ya burengyerwa-izooba bwa Uganda ekashanga etiinisiibwe kuruga omu matemba ga Egypt. Okutashushana n'abashuubuzi Abaharabu kuruga aha rubaju rw'enyanja y'oburugwa -izooba bwa Afirika abaabaire nibaronda eby'obushuubuzi, abajwekyerwa aba bakaba nibatunguura obuhanguzi bw'amahanga g'aheeru. Omuri 1869, Khedive Ismail Pasha owa Egypt, arikugyezaho kwegaita aha nsharo z'enyanja Nalubaale n'oburugwa -izooba bw'enyanja Albert hamwe n'omu mashuuma ga Gondokoro, akasindika omurambuzi omuri Bungyereza, Samuel Baker, omu rugyendo rw'amahe aha nsharo z'amatemba ga Uganda, n'ekigyendererwa ngu Abanya Banyoro bakahakanisa Baker, owaabaire aine kurwana orutaro rw'amaani kugira ngu agarukyeyo. Baker akatwara okuhakanisa nk'ekikorwa ky'oburyarya, kandi yaajumirira Banyoro omu kitabo (Ismailia A Narrative Of The Expedition To Central Africa For The Suppression Of Trade, Organized By Ismail, Khadive Of Egypt (1874)) ekyashomirwe munonga omuri Bungyereza. Bwanyima, Abangyereza bakaija omuri Uganda n'ekyetengo ky'okurwanisa obugabe bwa Bunyoro, reero baaza aha rubaju rw'obugabe bwa Buganda. Eki kikarugamu okufeerwa ekicweka ky'eitaka rya Bunyoro rikaheebwa Buganda nk'ekirabo kuruga omu Bungyereza. Ebyaro bibiri ahari bingi ebyabaire bitairweho bikagarurirwa Bunyoro bwanyima y'okwetegyeka.

Omu mwaka gwa 1860, obu Abaharabu baabaire nibasherura obutegyeki kuruga omu matemba ga Uganda, aba British abaabaire nibasherura oburugo bw'omugyera Nile, bakaija omu Uganda. Bakakuratirwa abaminsani Abajungu abaizire omu bugabe bwa Buganda omuri 1877 hamwe n'abakaturiki abafaransa omuri 1879. Embeera egi ekareetaho okufa kw'abajurizi ba Uganda omuri 1885 - bwanyima y'okuhindurwa kwa Muteesa I hamwe n'abantu be baingi, hamwe n'okugaruka kwa mutabani we Mwanga owaabaire ari omurwani w'abakristaayo. Gavumenti ya Bungyereza ekataho ekitongore kya Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) kutensa aha ndagaano z'eby'obushubuzi omu kyanga okutandika na 1888. [7]

Kuruga 1886, hakabaho entaro z'ediini nyingi omuri Buganda, hakabanza orw'ahagati y'abasiraamu n'abakurisitaayo, reero kuruga 1890, haazaho orw'ahagati y'abaporotesitante "aba Bungereza" hamwe n'abakaturiki "aba Bufaransa", ebibiina ebirikwetwa amaziina g'amaani g'obutegyeki agu baabaire nibakwatanisa nago. [26], [27], Ahabw'obutabanguko hamwe n'obubura sente, IBEAC ekagira ngu ekaba etarikubaasa "kugumizamu n'emirimo yaabo" omu kyanga. [ 28) Ebyetengo bya Bungyereza omu by'obushuubuzi bikaba bishemereire kurinda omuhanda gw'ebyobushubuzi ogw'omugyera Nile, ekyareteire gavumenti ya Bungyereza kwegaita ahari Buganda hamwe n'ebyanga ebirikugyetooroora kutandikaho obutegyeki bwa Uganda Protectorate omuri 1894. [25]: 34 [29].

Okwetegyeka (1962 kuhisya 1965)

Uganda ekatunga okwetegyeka kuruga omuri Bungyereza ebiro 9 Okwa ikumi 1962 n'omugabekazi Elizabeth II nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga hamwe n'omugabekazi wa Uganda. Okwa ikumi 1963, Uganda ekahinduka eihanga ry'obugabe bw'obutegyeki kwonka ekaguma eri emwe omu kibiina kya Commonwealth of Nations.

Oburuuru bw'okubanza bwanyima y'okwetegyeka, obwabaireho omuri 1962, bukasingwa omukago ahagati y'ekibiina kya Uganda People's Congress (UPC) hamwe n'ekya Kabaka Yekka (KY).Aba UPC na KY bakakora gavumenti y'okubanza bwanyima y'okwetegyeka, Milton Obote nk'enganzi y'eihanga, kandi Kabaka wa Buganda Edward Muteesa II akakora nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga. [39].

Obutabanguko bwa Buganda (1962-1966)

Uganda ahonaaho bwanyima y'okwetegyeka,omu myaka egyo hakaba hariho okukwatanisa ahagati ya Gavumenti eya rwagati hamwe n'obugabe bwa Buganda oburikukirayo obuhango. [41

Kuruga obu Abangyereza batandika obutegyeki bwa Uganda, enshonga y'okureeberera obutegyeki oburikukirayo obuhango omu ihanga ry'obumwe ekaba eri ekizibu. Abategyeki b'amatware g'abajwekyerwa bakaremwa kutaho omuringo ogwabaire nigukora. Eki kikongyera oburemeezi ahabw'obutafayo bwa Buganda aha nkwatanisa yaayo na Gavumenti eya rwagati. Buganda ekaba etashemereire kusherura okwetegyeka, kureka ekareebeka nk'erikushemererwa n'entebeekanisa y'obutegyeki ekyabaheire emigisha erikusinga ey'abantu abandi abari omu butegyeki bwa Protectorate nainga omwanya gw'omutaano obu Abangyereza baagyenda. Eki kikahamibwa ahabw'obutabanguko ahagati y'abategyeki b'amatware ga Bungyereza na Buganda, okwetegyeka kutakahikire. [42

Omuri Buganda, hakaba harimu okwebaganisamu ahagati y'abo abaabaire nibenda ngu Kabaka agume ari omugabe hamwe n'abo abaabaire nibenda kwegaita n'amahanga agandi, okutandikaho eihanga ry'omutindo. Okwebaganisamu kukareetaho okutandikaho ebibiina bibiri ebirikutegyeka Buganda, ekya Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka wenka) KY, hamwe n'ekya Democratic Party (DP) ekyabaire kiine emizi yaakyo omu kanisa y'abakaturiki. Obutaikirizana ahagati y'ebibiina ebi bibiri bukaba buri obw'amaani munonga, okukira munonga obu akaruuru k'okubanza ak'abajwekyerwa omu ishengyero akaabaire kari haihi kubaho. Kabaka akaba atarikukunda munonga omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya DP, Benedicto Kiwanuka. [43].

Aheeru ya Buganda, Milton Obote, omutegyeki orikugamba gye kuruga omu matemba ga Uganda, akatandikaho ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki ekya Uganda People's Congress (UPC). Ekibiina kya UPC kikaba nikitegyekwa ab'eby'obutegyeki abaabaire nibenda kutereeza okutaana kw'ebyanga okwabaire nikutunguura Buganda. Eki kikareetaho obuhwezi bwingi kuruga aheeru ya Buganda. Ekibiina ky'obutegyeki kikaguma kiine ebigyendererwa bitari bimwe na bimwe, kwonka Obote akooreka obukoryo bw'amaani bw'okutensa nabo kugira ngu bagire ekiteekateeko kimwe kurugirira aha nkora ya federo. [44].

Aha bwire bw'okwetegyeka,eshonga za Buganda zikaguma zitarikushoboororwa. Uganda ekaba eri emwe aha matware g'amatware agatungire okwetegyeka hatariho kibiina ky'obutegyeki ekirikubaasa kwebembera omu ishengyero. Omu karuuru k'okwetegyeka, ekibiina kya UPC kikaba kitarikwesimbaho omu Buganda kandi kikasinga entebe 37 ahari 61 ezaabaire zirondeirwe butunu (aheeru ya Buganda). Ekibiina kya DP kikasinga entebe 24 aheeru ya Buganda. "Ekicweka ky'omutaano" ekyaheirwe Buganda, nikimanyisa ngu entebe 21 eza Buganda, zikatooranwa kurugirira aha kuteera akaruuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero rya Buganda, orikwetwa Lukiko. KY ekasingura DP munonga, yaasingura entebe zoona 21.

Ekibiina kya UPC kikahika ahaiguru aha muheru gwa 1964 obu omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya DP omu ishengyero, Basil Kiiza Bataringaya yaaza omu ishengyero n'abandi babaka bataano, ekyarekire DP n'entebe mwenda zonka. Abakiiki b'ekibiina kya DP bakaba batarikushemererwa ahabw'obwinazi bw'omwebembezi waabo Benedicto Kiwanuka ahari Kabaka, ekyabaire nikizibira emigisha yaabo y'okwikirizana na KY. [45], Oburugo bw'okuruga omu kibiina kikahinduka omwegyemure, abanyakibiina kya KY 10 ku baamanyire ngu okukwatanisa n'ekibiina kya UPC omu butongore tikurikubaasa kubaho. Obote akagumizamu n'okugamba gye omu ihanga ryona, kandi UPC ekaba neesinga buri karuuru k'ebyaro akaabaireho, ekyaretsireho obushoboorozi bwayo aha bukiiko bwa disiturikiti n'obukiiko bw'eishengyero oburi aheeru ya Buganda. Okugarukwamu kuruga owa Kabaka kukaba kuri okuhunama obundi okushemererwa ahabw'omurimo gwe gw'emikoro hamwe n'obubonero bwe omu kicweka kye eky'eihanga. Kwonka, hakaba hariho okwebaganisamu kw'amaani omu kikaari kye ekyamuremeise kukora kurungi okurwanisa Obote. Obu Uganda yaabaire etungire okwetegyeka, Buganda ekaba etarikushushana n'amaani g'eby'obutegyeki agarikuhakana. Enamba zaayo ku zaayeyongyeire, enganda, ediini, ebyanga hamwe n'ebyetengo by'abantu bikatandika kutabangura ekibiina. Amaani g'ekibiina gakacwekyerezibwa entaro z'ebibiina by'obutegyeki omuri rwagati hamwe n'omu byanga. Kandi omwaka 1966 gutakahikire, ekibiina kya UPC kikaba kitandikire kwecwagura. Entongane zikeeyongyera ahabw'abasya abaizire omu ishengyero kuruga omu kibiina kya DP na KY. [48

Abajwekyerwa ba UPC bakahika Gulu omuri 1964 aha ruteerane rw'abajwekyerwa baabo. Eki nikyo kyabaire eky'okubanza kworeka oku Obote yaabaire atakiine bushoboorozi aha kibiina kye. Orutaro rw'okuba omuhandiiki mukuru w'ekibiina rukaba ruri orw'amaani ahagati y'omwebembezi omusya Grace Ibingira n'owa John Kakonge. Ibingira bwanyima akahinduka akamanyiso k'abarikuhakanisa Obote omu kibiina kya UPC. Eki n'ekintu ky'omugasho waaba nooreeba ebyabaireho ebyareesireho obutabanguko ahagati ya Buganda na Gavumenti eya rwagati. Ahari abo abari aheeru ya UPC (otwariiremu n'abashagiki ba KY), eki kikaba eky'akamanyiso ngu Obote akaba ari omu kabi. Abareebi b'amaani bakareeba ngu UPC ekaba etarikukwatanisa. [49

Okusheenyuka kw'ekibiina kya UPC na KYA kukooreka butunu okwetomboita kwa Obote n'abandi ahabw'omutindo gwa Buganda ogw'omutaano. Omuri 1964 gavumenti ekagarukamu okushaba kw'abantu kuruga omu bicweka ebimwe eby'obugabe bwa Buganda ngu tibari bantu ba Kabaka. Obutegyeki bw'amatware butakatandikire, Buganda ekaba neehakanisibwa obugabe bwa Bunyoro oburi haihi. Buganda ekaba esingire ebicweka bya Bunyoro kandi abagabe b'amatware aba Bungyereza bakaba bagizire omu ndagaano za Buganda. Abantu b'omu myanya egi bakaba nibenda kugaruka bakatuura omuri Bunyoro. Obote akacwamu kwikiriza akaruuru k'ekitongore ky'eby'obutegyeki, ekyashaarize Kabaka hamwe n'abantu baingi omuri Buganda. Abatuuragye b'omu magomborora bakateera akaruuru k'okugaruka omuri Bunyoro, oihireho okuteekwaho kwa Kabaka kutegyeka akaruuru. [50] Ahabw'okusingwa akaruuru k'ekikungo, KY ekahakanisa ekiteiso ky'okuheereza Bunyoro amagomborora, ekyarugiremu okukomya okukwatanisa na UPC.

Ekibiina kya UPC ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ky'eihanga kitandikire kwebaganisamu ahagati y'enganda obu Ibingira yaataahirira Obote omu kibiina kya UPC. Okwebaganisamu kw'enganda "omu matemba n'amashuuma" okwabaire kweyorekyeire omu by'entaasya hamwe n'embeera z'abantu, obwa hati nikweyongyera omu by'obutegyeki. Obote akeetooroora ab'eby'obutegyeki abarikukira obwingi kuruga omu matemba g'eihanga, kandi abashagiki ba Ibingira abaakwasirwe kandi bakakomwa nawe, bakaba nibaruga omu mashuuma. Ku haahingwireho obwire,ebibiina bibiri bikatunga amaziina g'enganda "Abantu" (okukira munonga ekicweka ky'amashuuma ga Ibingira) hamwe na "Nilotic" (okukira munonga ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Obote). Ekiteekateeko ngu gavumenti ekaba eri omu rutaro n'Abantu kikongyera kweyongyera obu Obote yaakwata kandi akakoma ba minisita ba Bantu abaabaire nibashagika Ibingira. [51]