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Amarabi
Ukuhlukaniswa kweengaba neentlabagelo zangaphandle
Inja ephethwe bulwelwe bamarabi esigabeni esiyingozi lapha ingasakwazi ukwenza litho ngomzimba wayo isigaba ( esiyingozi esingakanzinzi).
Inja ephethwe bulwelwe bamarabi esigabeni esiyingozi lapha ingasakwazi ukwenza litho ngomzimba wayo isigaba ( esiyingozi esingakanzinzi).
Inja ephethwe bulwelwe bamarabi esigabeni esiyingozi lapha ingasakwazi ukwenza litho ngomzimba wayo isigaba ( esiyingozi esingakanzinzi).
DiseasesDB11148
MedlinePlus001334

Amarabi bulwelwe ebangaukuvuvuka nokulimala ebantwini kanye nakezinye iinlwana ezikwazi ukutjhugutjhugulula nobujamo bezulu ngaleso sikhathi.[1] Amatshwayo abonakala ntanzi afaka hlangana[1] Amatshwayo alandelwa ngelinye nofana ngamanye amanengi amatshwayo: ukukhamba kwanga uyalwa, ukuhluleka kulawula indlela ojabula ngayo, i-hayidrofobhiya ukungakwazi ukusikinya izitho zomzimba, ukuhlangahlangana, kanye ukulahlekelwa sisazelo.[1] Ngemva kobana kubonakale amatswhayo, amarabi angaphetha ngokubulala wona ayabhubhisa.[1] Isikhathi esibalelwe lokha uthola isifo lesi kanye nesikhathi sokuthoma ukubonakala kwamatshwayo, sinabalelwa eenyangeni ezintathu. Nanyana kunjalo, isikhathi lesi singahluka sibe sincani kuneveke yinye nofana umnyaka nokhunye.[1] Isikhathi esibalelweko siya ngokuthi ivayirasi nofana umvunya loyo uthatha isikhathi esingangani ukufika erherhweni lemizwa.[2]

Isisusa kanye nomrabho nofana unobangela womraro

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Amarabi atheleleka ebantwini ngeenlwana. Amarabi angatheleleka lokha isilwana esingenwe ngiwo siziluma nofana siluma silimaze esinye isilwana nanyana umuntu.[1] Amathe nawo angabanga ukutheleleka kwesifo samarabi, lokha amathe nakahlangana nethwethwesi nofana okhunye nokhunye okusamathe noma okuvela kwanga mafinyila esilwaneni nofana emuntwini.[1] Esikhatheni esinengi isifo samarabi emuntwini sibangwa kulunywa yinja.[1] Isibalo esidlula kumaphesente ama-90% sokungenwa bulwelwe bamarabi eenarheni lapha kwaziwa khona bona izinja zakhona zinamarabi ubulwelwe lobu bubangwa kuluma kwezinja.[3] Enarheni i-America , ukulunywa ngumaphelaphelani ngikho okujwayeleke khulu okubanga ukutheleleka kobulwelwe bamarabi ebantwini, bese ukulunywa zizinja kubalelwa ngaphasi kwamaphesenthi ama-5% kwaphela.[1][3] Iinlwana ezilumako ezinye akukavami bona zingenwe marabi.[3] Ubulwelwebevayirasi yamarabi bukhamba nemisipha buye ebuqhophenikanyenerherho lemizwa emzimbeni. Ubulwelwe lobu bungabonwa kwaphela nasele kuvele amatshwayo waso.[1]

Ukukhandela nokulatjhwa kobulwelwe lobu.

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Amahlelo wokulawulwa kanye nokuhlatjwa kwemijovo kweenlwana kwehlise izinga lobungozi bokungenwa marabi ezinjeni ezinengi eenarheni ezimbalwa ephasini zombelele.[1] Ukujova abantu abasengozini yokungenwa sisifo lesi ngaphambi kobana batheleleke kuqakatheke khulu kwambala. Abantu abasengozini khulu ngokungenwa bulwelwe lobu babantu abasebenza ngabomaphelaphelani nanyana labo abahlala isikhathi eside eendaweni lapha ubulwelwe bamarabi budlange khona.[1] Kilabo abantu esele batheleleke ngobulwelwe bamarabi,umjovo wamarabi kesinye isikhathi kanye nesinye isihlahla esikhetgekileko samarabi i-immunoglobulin zisiza khulu ukuvikela ubulwelwe lobu nangabe umuntu uthola ukulatjhwa ntanzi ngaphambi kobana angenwe marabi.[1] Ukuhlanza ngesibha namanzi iinlonda zalapha olunywe khona imizuzu eli-15uhlanganise netswayi i-povidine iodine nofana usebenzise umuthi wokuhlwengisa, ngombana wona ungabulala nevayirasi uvikele ukutheleleka ngobulwelwe bamarabi.[1] Bambalwa abantu abasindileko ngemva kokungenwa nokubonakala kibo kwamatshwayo wesifo samarabi. Laba bebasebenzisa umtjhoga oseqophelweni eliphezuluobizwa ngokuthi yi-Milwaukee.[4]

Umuthi womjovo

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Umuthiwomjovo wamarabimumuthiosetjenziselwa ukuvikelakungenwa bulwelwe bamarabi..[5] Ikhona imitjhoga embalwa etholakalako evikelekileko begodu esebenza kuhle. Ingasetjenziswa ukuvikela amarabi ngaphambi kobana atheleleke begodu ngemva kwesikhatjhana sele angenile ngokubangwa kulunywa yinja nofana ukutinywa ngumaphelaphelani. Ihlelo lokuvikela izifo emzimbeni lihlala isikhathi ngemva kokusebenzisa imitjhoga amahlandla amathathu. Esikhathini esinengi vane kusetjenziswe umjovo ufakwe esunjeni nofana emsipheni. Ngemva kobana sekathelelekileumuthi womjovo wamarabi i-immunoglobulin uyasetjenziswa. Kuyakhuthazwa bonyana labo abasengozini yokungenwa bulwelwe lobu bafakwe isihlahla somjovo kusesenesikhathi ngaphambi kobana babe sethubeni lokungenwa bulwelwe lobu. Imithi yemijovo isebenza kuhle khulu ebantwini nakezinye iinlwana. Ukuhlala ngesihlala somjovo izinja nakho kungasiza bona abantu bangangenwa bulwelwe lobu.[5]

Ukuphepha

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Iingidgidi zabantu ephasini zombelele sele lithole imijovo yesihlahla esivikela [5] Ingasetjenziswa babantu ngokuhlukahlukana kweminyaka yona ayikhethi. Ukubalelwa emaphesentini ama-35 ukuya ku-45 wabantu, kunesikhathi lapha bavela khona umbala obovu bezwe nobuhlungu hlanu kwalapha bahlatjwe khona umjovo. Ukubalelwa emaphesentini ama-5 ukuya ku-15wabantu,bangaphathwa yihloko,nofana iphakanyelwe ziimbind. Ngemva kwalokha ubulwelwe bamarabi sebuthelelekile akusakghoneki ukusebenzisa umjovo ngombana kungaba yingozi. Imijovo eminengi ayinayo ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuthi yithimerosal. Imijovo eyenziwe yinyama enomuzwa ethileko emzimbeni efanako neyenza umsebenzi ofanako isetjenziswa eenarheni eziimbalwa, khulu khulu e-Asia kanye ne Latin America, kodwana ayisebenzi kuhle begodu inemithelela eyenzeka ehlangothini. Imisebenzi yazo ayikaqinisekiswa begodu ayihlongowa kusetjenziswangokuya kwe.[5]

Nyithengiswako emavikilini amakhulu ibiza imali ephakathi kwe-44 ne78 USD (Idola ye-Amerikha) ebhadalwa nakufanele ulatjhwe ukusukela ngo-2014.[6] E-United States imali ongayibhadelela ihlelo lemijovo yokulapha amarabi idlula i-750 USD.[7]

I-Epidemiology

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Amarabi ngiwo angunobangela wokufa kwabatu ababalelwa ku-26 000 ukufikela ku- 55 000 ephasini zombelele.[1][8] Inengi lesibalo esidlula ku-95% yokufa kwabantu lokhukwenzeka e-Asia kanyenenarhakazini ye-Afrika.[1] Isifo samarabi siyatholakala eenarheni ezili-150 nakizo zoke iinarhakazi kodwaana ngaphandle kwenarhazi i-Antartica.[1] Isifo samarabi sitholakala eenfundeni ezimbalwa lapha kuphila khona abantu abayi -Bhiliyoni.[1] Eenarheni ezifana ne-Europe kanye ne-Australia, amarabi atholakala kibomaphelapelani.[9] Iinarha ezinengi eziziinhlengele ezincani azinaso isifo samarabi.[10]

Isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini.

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 "Rabies Fact Sheet N°99". World Health Organization. July 2013. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/. Retrieved 28 February 2014. 
  2. ↑ Cotran RS; Kumar V; Fausto N (2005). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1375. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010). Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli)). McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 152. ISBN 0-07-148480-9. 
  4. ↑ Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J (May 2013). "Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.". Lancet neurology 12 (5): 498–513. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3. PMID 23602163. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper". Weekly epidemiological record 32 (85): 309-320. Aug 6, 2010. http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8532.pdf?ua=1. 
  6. ↑ "Vaccine, Rabies". http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RAB000X&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=&desc=Vaccine%2C%20Rabies&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=19%2E3%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2819%2E3%2E%29Vaccines%3Cbr%3E. Retrieved 6 December 2015. 
  7. ↑ Shlim, David (June 30, 2015). "Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization". http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization. Retrieved 6 December 2015. 
  8. ↑ Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604. 
  9. ↑ "Presence / absence of rabies in 2007". World Health Organization. 2007. http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1. Retrieved 1 March 2014. 
  10. ↑ "Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units". CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html. Retrieved 1 March 2014. 

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