Wp/mos/Transhumance
| Subclass of | pastoralism  |
|---|---|
| Intangible cultural heritage status | Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity |
Transhumance wã yaa we-rũmsa, sẽn yaa we-rũmsa sẽn kẽnd wakat-wakate, tɩ b be we-rũmsa pʋga. Tẽns nins sẽn be tãensẽ wã (tẽn-kẽengã) pʋgẽ, yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b kẽng we-rũng sẽn be zĩig sẽn zãre, tɩ sãn yaa ne sig-noyẽ wã, yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b kẽng we-rũng sẽn be zĩig sẽn zãre, tɩ sãn yaa ne waoodã, yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b kẽng we-rũng sẽn be zĩig sẽn zãre. Pe-kɩɩmbã tara roog wakat fãa, sẽn nong n yaa kʋɩlsẽ. Naoor wʋsgo, yaa rũm-rãmbã bal n kẽnd n get b yelle, tɩ neb sõor sẽn zems be n segd n ges rũm-rãmbã yelle, tɩ neb wʋsg yaool n pa b roogẽ wã. Sẽn yaa lebend ne rẽ, b tõe n sãama so-toakã, laogã bɩ politikã wɛɛngẽ. [1]
Tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Erop la Azi yaanga, nebã ra kẽeda so-toak pʋgẽ. A yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne rũmsã rũm-kɩɩmbã, bala b sã n dɩk b rũm-kɩɩmbã la b rũmsã n kẽng n tɩ rɩlge, b tõe n dɩka bĩisimã sẽn yit b rũm-kɩɩmbẽ wã n kõ-ba, wala bĩisimã, bĩisimã, bĩisimã la bĩisimã. Gom-biis wʋsg n be n gomd zĩ-kãng yelle. Wala makre, b boonda zĩ-kãng tɩ hafod galɛɛs soolmẽ wã, tɩ shieling yaa Ekose soolmẽ wã, tɩ alp yaa Sʋsɩr soolmẽ wã.
Gom-noor la b sẽn dat n wilg-a Gomd ning sẽn yaa transhumance wã yita fransẽ wã, la a yita latin gom-biis a yiibẽ wã sẽn yaa trans sẽn yaa "kẽndre" la humus sẽn yaa "tẽng". Neb sẽn da vɩ tẽn-bõoneg fãa pʋsẽ n da yaa so-toak rãmba. Baa ne buud toor-toor la teknolozi sẽn yaa toor-toorã, b sẽn maand to-to n tũnugd ne we-rɩt nins sẽn be zĩ-zãrsẽ wã yaa wa taaba.
Gom-noor la b sẽn dat n wilg-a[edit | edit source]
Gomd ning sẽn yaa transhumance wã yita fransẽ wã, la a yita latin gom-biis a yiibẽ wã sẽn yaa trans sẽn yaa "kẽndre" la humus sẽn yaa "tẽng". Neb sẽn da vɩ tẽn-bõoneg fãa pʋsẽ n da yaa so-toak rãmba. Baa ne buud toor-toor la b sẽn maand to-to wã, b sẽn maand to-to n dɩt we-rɩt nins sẽn be zĩ-zãrsẽ wã nafa yaa a yembr bala. B sẽn boond tɩ Transhumance wã yaa "bõn-naandg bɩ rũm-kɩɩm". [2] A Khazanov welga rũm-kɩɩmbã rũm-kɩɩmbã sull a nu woto: "rũm-kɩɩmbã rũm-kɩɩmbã", "rũm-kɩɩmbã rũm-kɩɩmbã", "rũm-kɩɩmbã rũm-kɩɩmbã", "rũm-kɩɩmbã rũm-kɩɩmbã" la "rũm-kɩɩmbã rũm-kɩɩmbã". A Eickelman pa welgd rũm-kɩɩmbã la rũm-kɩɩmbã sẽn yaa nin-kɩɩmbã ye, la a welga rũm-kɩɩmbã la rũm-kɩɩmbã sẽn yaa nin-kɩɩmbã.
Pĩnd wẽndẽ
Europe[edit | edit source]
Alps
Balkans
Balkans tẽnsa pʋsẽ, Albani rãmba, Gɛrk Sarakatani rãmba, Romani rãmba (Romani rãmba, Aromani rãmba, Megleno-Romani rãmba la Istro-Romani rãmba) la Tɛrk Yörük nin-buiidã ra nong n zĩnda tʋʋlg sasa tãensã pʋse, la b leb n leb n kẽnga pʋ-peelmẽ wã waoodã sasa. Zĩ-kãng sẽn da wa n yaa Oustro-Hongri la Otomann soolmã babgẽ wã, Gɛrɛs, Albani, Bulgar la Yugoslav soolmã ra pa tar gɩdgr ye. Zĩ-bɩʋʋng sasa, sull kẽer da kẽngda Balkans tãensã sẽn be rɩtgã, tɩ waoodã sasa b kẽngd Ege mogrã sẽn pẽ wã.
Morlach bɩ Karavlachs ra yaa Romã sẽn be yaangã pe-kɩɩmba ("rɩtbã" sẽn yaa Istro-rɩtbã) sẽn da vɩ Dinaric Alps (Wed-n-soabã Balkans sẽn be rũndã-rũndã wã), sẽn da kẽnd wakat fãa n baood we-rɩtb sẽn yaa sõma n paas b piisã. La tẽns wʋsg sẽn da be Ottoman soolmẽ wã sẽn wa n wa beẽ wã, b yãka tẽns toɛy-toɛyã tɩ b welgdẽ. Woto kɩtame tɩ b ra pa tõe n kẽng tẽns a taab pʋsẽ nana-nana, sẽn yɩɩd fãa zabr sasa, sẽn da wae n beẽ wã.[3]
Britain[edit | edit source]
Wales[edit | edit source]
Galɛɛs tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, pʋʋgẽ tʋm-tʋmdbã la wakat ninga koaadbã ra rɩkda kiis nins sẽn be tʋʋlgẽ wã n tɩ gãand pʋʋgẽ, b sẽn boond tɩ hafod (sẽn gomd tɩ [ˈhavɔd]), zĩig ning rũmsã sẽn dɩtẽ wã. Tʋʋl-nif kiuugã saabẽ, laogã rãmb la b tʋm-tʋmdbã rʋʋgda b rũmsa n kẽngd kʋɩlsẽ wã, n tɩ be b roogẽ wã. [ˈhɛndrɛv] [4][5]
Yaa yʋʋm koabg la woto la b ra pa le maand woto ye. B ra ket n maanda woto a Snowdonia, la b ra ket n maanda woto tẽns a taab pʋsẽ hal tɩ ta rũndã. 8] "Hafod" la "Hendref" fãa ket n bee galɛɛs wa zĩ-rãmba la rot yʋyã, la zĩig a yembr me, yaa wa b sẽn boond ko-bi-n-piisimã (Hafod) yʋʋr tɩ b boondẽ wã. Rũndã-rũndã, b ket n dɩkda rũmsã la piis nins sẽn be tãens wʋsgẽ wã n kẽngd zĩ-rãmba, la b yaool n dɩkd-b-la ne batayo, n pa rɩkd-b n kẽnd tẽngã zug ye.
Scotland[edit | edit source]
Tẽns wʋsg sẽn tar tãens la tãens n be Ekɩtlãnd soolmẽ wã, koobã tʋm-tʋmdb ra kẽnda bothies bɩ shielings (àirigh bɩ ruighe ne Ekɩtlãnd Gɛlg). So-kãsems nins b sẽn boond tɩ "groves" sẽn be Ãskoot soolmẽ wã yaa Cairnamounth, Elsick Mounth la Causey Mounth. Tʋʋm kãnga ka le be ye, la b ra ket n maand-a lame. Hebrids la Skotlãnd tãn-pãng tẽnsẽ wã. Rũndã-rũndã, b rɩkda kamiõ-dãmb n kẽngd we-rũmsi, n dɩkd-b n kẽngd we-rũmsi.
England[edit | edit source]
B wilgame tɩ b ra maanda woto hal sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ wã, sẽn sɩng ne Cornwall sẽn be goabg-n-soaba wã, n tãag Inglãnd rɩtgo. 10 [1] [2] [3] Lake District wã, piisã buud sẽn be tãmsẽ wã, wala Herdwick la Swaledale, b rɩkda b mens n kẽnd moor la kʋɩl-koɛɛnga sʋka, tʋʋlgẽ la waoodẽ. Woto kɩtame tɩ b wa ne bũmb sẽn boond tɩ we-rɩk-n-mengã, tɩ piis la rũm-rãmb pa be zĩig ning b sẽn kõ-b tɩ b rɩ, tɩ b ket n maandẽ hal ne rũndã. 14 La yaa wa b sẽn maan-a zĩig a to sẽn pa ta Eropã. 5]: 8
Ireland[edit | edit source]
Irlãnd, b boondame tɩ "booleying". B ra boond-b lame tɩ buaile, tɩ b leb n boond-b tɩ booley, boley, bouley bɩ boola. Zĩ-kãens yʋy n ket n be zĩig wʋsg b sẽn boond tɩ Buaile h'Anraoi sẽn be Kilcommon parisi, Erris, North Mayo, zĩig ning zĩigã sẽn ket n wilgd vẽeneg tɩ yaa tẽn-kɩremsã la b sẽn da maand n get koobã yelle. B ra zãada rũmsã, sẽn nong n yaa bũmbu, n yi tẽn-bil sẽn da be rasempʋɩɩgẽ wã n kẽng tãmsẽ wã, tɩ b paam weoogo. "Summerhill" (Irish: Cnoc an tSamhraidh) sẽn be zĩig wʋsg yʋyã me wilgda yel-kãngã. 16] B sẽn da rɩkd b koodã n kẽngd zĩis a taabã kɩtame tɩ b ra pa le tar bũmb n kood ye, la b ra kõt b rũmsã weoogo. A Brehon Tõodã pʋgẽ, b goma booleying yelle, sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ wã sɩngre, bɩ sẽn deng rẽ menga. Yaa sẽn nan yɩll tɩ b tõog n maan b sẽn tõe fãa sẽn na yɩl tɩ b tõog n maan b sẽn tõe fãa n tõog n maan b sẽn tõe fãa. 17] Tʋʋm-tʋmdb sẽn da yit Scotland la Ãngeletɛɛr n kẽngd zĩ-likr kiuugã sɩnga tʋʋm-kãngã sẽn da yaa pĩnd soabã, n leb n kẽngd Etazĩni wakat fãa.
Italy[edit | edit source]
Tẽng ning sẽn be Itali soolmẽ wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Molise, Apulie la Abruzzo soolmẽ wã, yaa hal sẽn sɩng ne pĩndã la b ra yiisd b rũm-rũmã n kẽngd tẽn-bɛd sẽn be tãensẽ wã tɩ b rɩt-ba. A ra tara kʋdemd sẽn kaoos hal tɩ ta yʋʋm 1950 wã la 1960 wã, sẽn na n yɩlẽ n paam so-tũudb sẽn tõe n dɩk so-tũudb n kẽng zĩig a to. Soay nins b sẽn boond tɩ tratturi wã ra tara woglem sẽn ta metr 100 la sẽn yɩɩd kɩlometr 100 n da kɩtdẽ tɩ rũm-rãmbã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa piisã tõe n kẽ tẽngã, la b sẽn da wa n lugl polɩɩs-rãmb sẽn kẽnd ne wiid hal sẽn ta yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 17 soabã. Traturi wã ket n yaa zãma wã paoong la b segd n gũ-a lame, wa sẽn zems ne noy nins sẽn kogend bõn-sõma nins b sẽn tarã. Molise tẽnga naaga a traturi wã n na n yɩ UNESCO dũni wã bõn-vɩɩs b sẽn boond tɩ Patrimoine Mondial.
Spain[edit | edit source]
B sẽn boond tɩ Transhumance wã yaa bũmb sẽn tar pãng wʋsg Ɛspayn soolmẽ wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Kastille, Leon la Ekstremadure soolmẽ wã, zĩig ning we-rũng la pe-kɩɩmb sẽn kẽnd n wat n baood we-rũng sẽn yaa sõma tʋʋlg sasa, la zĩig sẽn yaa tʋʋlg sasa. B sẽn boond tɩ Ɛspayn-dãmb tɩ transhumanse wã yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ tẽns wʋsg sẽn be Etazĩni, wala Cowboys la Gauchos sẽn be Arzantin, Paraguay la Brezil wã paam n kẽ kãadem ne taaba.
Soay wʋsg sẽn boond tɩ cañadas n pɩʋʋg tẽn-sʋkã, tɩ wʋsg be goabg-n-soabg n kẽng yaanga. B ra gʋlsda b karẽn-dotã n sɩng hal pĩnd wẽndẽ, la b ra welgd-b-la wa b yalmã sẽn yaa to-to wã. B sẽn boond tɩ cañada wã yalmã yaa metr 37.5 n tɩ ta metr 75 (123 n tɩ ta metr 246), tɩ cañadas reales kẽer (sẽn dat n yeel tɩ rĩm-dãmb sorã) yalmã yaa metr 800 zĩis kẽere. Tẽng ning sẽn be sorã pʋgẽ wã yaa zãma wã n so la b kogend-a-la ne tõogã.
Pirene rãmbã la Kantaabri tãens kẽer pʋsẽ, yaa rũmsã la b ra get n getẽ n yɩɩd bɩ yaa bãmb bal n da get rũmsã yelle. B pʋɩ-a-la kʋɩl-bɛd la we-rɩt-n-bõones sẽn zems ne b sẽn tũnugd ne-a to-to wã, la b sẽn get a to-to wã. Sull sẽn yaa toor ne taab sẽn kẽed ne transhumant vɩɩm manesmã wɛɛngẽ, b mi n wilgame tɩ yaa buud a taab sẽn yaa kʋdemd n ket n vɩ rũndã-rũndã, wala "Pasiegos" sẽn be Cantabria, "Agotes" sẽn be Navarre, la "Vaqueiros de alzada" sẽn be Asturias la León.
The Pyrenees[edit | edit source]
Pĩnd wẽndẽ wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Transhumance wã yaa rũmsã (rũm-yãansã, piisã, wiidã) sẽn be tãens sẽn zãrsẽ wã tɩ b kẽng n tɩ zĩnd be tʋʋl-nif kiuugã sasa, bala we-rũngã sẽn be zĩ-zãrsẽ wã yaa bilf wʋsg tɩ b pa tõe n tall rũm-yãansã hal tɩ ta yʋʋmdã tõre. 18] Zĩig ning sẽn be tãensẽ wã sɩngda yʋʋmd-bɩʋʋng kiuug saab bɩ sigr kiuug sɩngrẽ,[19] la baasd yʋʋmd-bɩʋʋng kiuug sɩngrẽ. Hal tɩ ta yʋʋm 1970 wã, b ra rɩka bĩis nins sẽn be weoogẽ wã n kõ bĩis nins sẽn tar bĩisimã, la b ra rɩka bĩis nins sẽn be weoogẽ wã n maan bĩis nins sẽn tar bĩisimã. Zĩis kẽere, zagsã neb fãa la bal kẽnga tãens sẽn zãre ne b rũmsa, n tɩ zĩnd kug rot[18] tɩ b rɩgl b rũmsa sig-noyẽ. So-kãngã sẽn wa ne toeengã yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ wã kell n zĩnda hal tɩ ta yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã. A wa n boogame, la a wa n sãamame, tɩ nebã sẽn da yit tẽn-kɩremsã n na n kẽng tẽn-bɛdẽ wã yĩnga. Baasg zãnga, b ket n sak n deegame t'a Transhumance tara yõod wʋsgo, b sẽn maand a waoogrã ne nin-buiid kibs-kãsems pʋsẽ. 19][20][21]
Mont Perdu / Monte Perdido sẽn be Pirinees tẽnga pʋga, b yãka-a lame tɩ yaa UNESCO World Heritage Site sẽn tũ ne a sẽn kẽed ne koobã wɛɛngẽ. 22]
[edit | edit source]
Scandinaviẽ wã, b minim n kẽesa rũmsã weoogo, la b sã n dɩk rũmsã n kẽng weoogo, b rɩkda mobill n dɩkd-ba, tɩ rẽ toeemd weoogo. Sami nebã tũuda soay sẽn yaa toor fasɩ ne b sẽn wilg tẽngrã.
B sẽn boond t'a setɛɛr bɩ a bod / bua wã yaa tãensã bɩ we-rũngã we-rũng b sẽn tũnugd ne n wat n beẽ wã. B sẽn boond-a t'a "Tẽng" wã yaa tãn-kẽeng sẽn be tãngã zug n da yaa waoodã roogo. Zĩ-bɩʋʋng sasa (sẽn nong n yaa zĩ-likr kiuugã saabã), b yikda rũmsã n kẽng tãensã pʋga, sẽn nong n yaa zĩig sẽn zãr wʋsg ne yirã, sẽn na yɩl n kogl we-rũngã sẽn be kʋɩl-bɛdã pʋgẽ wã sẽn na yɩl tɩ b wom wom-a wã. Yaa kom-pugli la kom-bɩɩs n get rũmsã yelle, tɩ b leb n yẽesd b kamb n maand bĩisim. Naoor wʋsgo, b paad-b-la b yirã ye. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan woto, b kɩtame tɩ b lebg n wa b pʋʋgã pʋgẽ.
Sã n yaa ne Swede, b ra tũnugda ne so-kãngã sẽn yɩɩd fãa Värmland, Dalarna, Härjedalen, Jämtland, Hälsingland, Medelpad la Ångermanland.
B ra maanda woto Norvɛɛg tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, bala a ra yaa tãn-tẽng sẽn yaa kãsenga, la a ra pa tar zĩig wʋsg sẽn zems tɩ b koodẽ ye.
Gudbrandsdal soolmẽ wã, b tara kʋɩl-bɛd wala Gausdal, Heidal, Vinstra, la Ottadalen. Zĩ-kãnga tara tãnsob-n-soods sẽn zãr ne mogrã m 200 la tãnsob-n-soods sẽn zãr ne mogrã m 800, tẽn-gãoneg sẽn yaa sõma sẽn be mogrã pʋgẽ, la tãnsob-n-soods sẽn pa tar tɩɩs sẽn be Rondane la Dovrefjell. We-rũngã gũbgda we-rũng-kãensã, la zĩig ning sẽn yɩɩd-a wã, we-rũngã welgdame n lebg tãng sẽn pa tar tɩɩs zĩig ye. Zĩ-kãnga yaa zĩ-kẽeng sẽn boond tɩ seterfjell, sẽn da yaa zĩig sẽn da tar yõod wʋsg wakat ning b sẽn da get-a wa zĩ-kẽengã, la zĩig b sẽn da maand moogo. 23]
Sã n yaa ne pĩndã, farms wʋsg ra tara b mens zĩn-dãmbã, la rũndã-rũndã, farms wʋsg sẽn tar zĩn-dãmb wʋsg n naag taab n tʋmd ne zĩn-dãmb a yembr sẽn yaa sõma (fellesseter). B bas-b lame tɩ b sãame, wall b rɩk-b lame n maan gãag-n-taas b sẽn na n zĩnd n vʋʋse.
B sẽn boond tɩ tãmsã we-rũngã buud-goam nins sẽn be Scandinavi wã wʋsg pʋsẽ wã yita Norse kʋdemdã gom-bil ning sẽn yaa setr wã pʋgẽ. Norvɛɛz buud-gomdã pʋgẽ, gom-bilã yaa sæter bɩ seter, tɩ swede buud-gomdã pʋgẽ yaa säter. Zĩ-kãnga yʋʋr be Sʋdɛn tɩ yaa Säter la Sätra, la a leb n yaa: -säter, -sätra, -sätt la -sättra. Gom-kãensã pukda zĩig fãa Suède soolmẽ wã, tɩ b sẽn boond tɩ Mälaren basẽ wã la Östergötland wã be b sʋka. Yaa gom-kãensã n kɩt tɩ b pʋd-a tɩ "Satter".
Sãan yaa ne Sʋdɩk tẽnga pʋga, gom-bil ning b sẽn nong n boond tɩ bod bɩ bua wã (b leb n boondame tɩ koglg rot la a taab me; b lebg-a lame tɩ booth ne ãngilindã), la ne Sʋdɩk kʋdemdã, yaa fäbod.
Sebr ning sẽn gomd setɛɛrã yell n yɩɩdã bee Heimskringla pʋgẽ, sẽn yaa a Olaf II sẽn yaa Norvɛɛg naabã sẽn kẽed Valldal n ta Lesja wã.[ 24]
Caucasus la northern Anatolia[edit | edit source]
Kaukas la Pontik tãensã sẽn pid ne weoogã pʋsẽ, buud toɛy-toɛyã ket n maandame tɩ b sã n pa tar minim, b tõe n kẽnga tẽn-zẽms n tɩ zĩnd ne taaba. Zĩ-bɩʋʋngã sẽn yaa bilfã sasa, sobg sẽn yit mog-zĩ-gãaga n wat ne pemsem sẽn yaa koomã n dʋʋg kʋɩl-bɛdã, sẽn sõngd tɩ we-rɩtb sẽn yaa sõma be zĩig sẽn zãr ne metr 2500 la tundr sẽn yaa sõma be zĩig sẽn zãr ne metr 3500 pʋgẽ. Tẽnsã ra pʋɩta zĩis a yiibu, a tãabo, wall a naase, sẽn yaa toor-toore, t'a yembr yaa wakat fãa yĩnga, t'a taab be tãng zug zĩig toor-toore. Tẽngã pʋgẽ vɩɩmã wʋsg saame yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã pipi pʋɩ-sʋkã, wakat ning Kemalist rãmbã la Sovietik rãmbã sẽn wa n na n modgd n na n kɩt tɩ nebã vɩɩm yɩ sõma n paase, la b wilg tɩ b segd n modgame tɩ tẽn-bɩɩsã bɩt n paase, n pa na n kell n tall tẽn-kɩremsã minim ye.
Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã pʋɩ-sʋkã pʋgẽ, neb wʋsg sẽn da yit Pɔnt tãngã n wat n be Turkii la Erop yaanga tẽnsẽ wã, la sẽn yit Kavkaz rɩtgã n kẽng Mosko wã, n wat n kẽed tʋʋm zĩisẽ wã, kɩtame tɩ b sõorã boog wʋsgo. La b makame tɩ tẽn-kɩremsã neb tus piiga ket n tũda minung kãensã tẽns nins sẽn be Kavkaz soolmã rɩtg la goabg-n-piisi, sẽn be Kavkaz soolmã babg ning sẽn yaa bilfã pʋgẽ Armenistã, la Turkii sẽn be mog-zĩig ning sẽn boond tɩ mog-zĩig sẽn yaa likẽ wã.
Tẽns kẽer pʋsẽ, b ket n tũuda so-toak buud sẽn sɩng hal pĩnd wẽndẽ wã. Wala makre, Gɛrk-rãmb nins sẽn be Põnt soolmẽ wã kẽnda Sumela soolmẽ wã ne a monɛstɛɛrã n na n tɩ ges-a tʋʋlg sasa. Burkĩn-dãmb sẽn yit Erop tẽnsã me maana waoodã yir sẽn da yaa yayla-rãmbã weoog zĩiga.
B ket n maandame tɩ b rɩkd piis n beedẽ n wat ne piis tigr Gãorzi. Pe-kɩɩmbã ne b piisã segd n dʋʋga Abano sẽn ta metr 2826 wã sẽn yit Tusheti tãensã n ta Kakheti wã. Sẽn nan yɩll tɩ Soviyet Zĩndi wã wa sãamã, b rɩka Nizɛɛr sẽn be Nizɛɛr soolmẽ wã n maan b sẽn datã.
Asia[edit | edit source]
Afghanistan[edit | edit source]
Afɩganistã tẽn-gãongã sẽn pẽ Koh-i-Baba t'a kẽngd yaang n ta Hindu Kush tãensã, waoodã yaa waood wʋsgo, tɩ tʋʋl-nifã yaa bilf la a yaa maasga. Zĩ-kãsems kãensã tara we-rũng sẽn be tãmsẽ wã, tɩ kʋɩls-bõoneg la kʋɩls-bõoneg wʋsg kõt koom be. Zĩ-noyẽ wã, b leb n tara we-rũmsi, sẽn na yɩl tɩ nebã tõog n kẽ we-rũmsi. Afɩganistã tãnsob-n-soodsã tara zĩig sẽn ta 225.000 km2 (87.000 sq mi) ne we-rũmsi, sẽn yaa we-rũmsi, la sẽn be-b be wã, la we-rũmsi, wa Pashtun Kuchis. Zĩ-kãsems nins sẽn be tẽn-kãng pʋgẽ wã yaa Nawur wã sẽn be Ghazni soolmẽ wã (a zĩigã yaa km2 600 sẽn ta m 3350), la Shewa wã la Pamir-bilã sẽn be Badakhshan soolmẽ wã. Pamir-bilã, sẽn zãr n yɩɩd metr 4000 wã, Afɩgɩn-rɩk-rɩk-rãmb sẽn yaa Kirgisi rãmb n zãad rũmsã. 26]
Nuristã tẽngã neb vɩɩ tẽn-bõoneg sẽn gũbg pʋt sẽn tar kood n be zĩ-zãrsẽ wã. Kambã yaa b rũmsã fãa sʋka. Wakat fãa, b sã n wa beẽ wã, pe-kɩɩmbã talld-b lame n kẽngd zĩig ning b sẽn na n tɩ rɩlg-b bõn-naandse, tɩ tẽn-kãng nebã wʋsg yaool n ket be n tɩ seld b pʋʋgẽ wã la b kood bĩisim, bĩisim, la koodã. Yaa pagbã n tʋmd tʋʋm-kãense. Zĩ-likr kiuugã, b sã n tigs koodã la b tigs tɩɩsã, b wat n tigsda b rũmsã tɩ b rɩt-b zĩ-kãsemsã pʋgẽ. 27]
India[edit | edit source]
Jammu la Kasmɛɛr sẽn be Ẽnd soolmẽ wã n tar neb wʋsg sẽn kẽed tẽn-zẽms n lebd tẽn-zẽms n tɩ beẽ. Yaa woto la bãngdb sull a ye sẽn lʋɩt taoor ne a Dr Shahid Iqbal Choudhary sẽn yaa Jammu la Kasmɛɛr goosneema taoor soaba, n get nin-tũudbã yell maan vaeesgo. Yʋʋmd 2021 soabã pipi tigsg ning b sẽn maan n na n bãng sẽn kẽed ne tẽn-kɩremsã wɛɛngẽ wã, b sõdga Gujjars, Bakkerwals, Gaddis la Sippis buud neb 612000. B maana vaeesgã sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan b sẽn dat n maan nin-kãensã sẽn be tẽn-kãens pʋsẽ wã yel-manesem sõma. B sẽn maan vaeesgã poore, goosneerã sɩnga tʋʋm-kãsems wʋsg sẽn na yɩl tɩ b paam laafɩ la b paam n kẽng taoor n paase, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, sẽn kẽed ne laafɩ wã koglg wɛɛngẽ, we-rũngã koglg wɛɛngẽ, karengã wɛɛngẽ, b sẽn tõe n paam n vɩɩmd to-to wã wɛɛngẽ, la b sẽn tõe n paam so-tũud sẽn na yɩl n kẽng tẽn-zẽmsã. Jammu la Kasmɛɛrã pʋgẽ, b sẽn boond tɩ transhumance wã yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b maan-a tɩ zũnd-zãnd n yaool n ges tɩ zak rãmb kẽer sẽn be Jammu, Samba la Kathua soolmẽ wã me maanda woto. Sẽn yɩɩd 85% sẽn kẽed ne soog-n-mengã kẽeda Jammu la Kasmɛɛr soolmẽ wã, tɩ 15% sẽn ketã kẽed tẽns a taab n kẽng Punjab soolmẽ wã la Ladakh soolmẽ wã. Gujjars sẽn yaa buud sẽn kẽnd n watẽ wã leb n bee zĩis wʋsg Punjab, Himachal Pradesh la Uttarakhand babs pʋsẽ. Gujjar-Bakkerwal buudã yaa buud ning sẽn tar nin-buiid wʋsg sẽn kẽed ne soog-n-mengã dũniyã gill zugu, la sẽn kolg nin-buiid 98% sẽn be Jammu la Kashmir. Bhotiya buud nins sẽn be Uttarakhandã ra tũuda soog-n-mengã. B ra rɩkda waoodã kiis n tɩ be zĩig sẽn pa zãre, Himalayas tãensã tẽngre, n tigsd teed sẽn na yɩl n koos Tibɛt tʋʋlg sasa. Zĩ-noyẽ wã, b raA Bakhtiari buudã sẽn be Irã wã ra ket n tũuda vɩɩm manesem kãngã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã sʋka. Zĩig ning fãa sẽn be Zagros tãmsã pʋgẽ, sẽn sɩng ne Azerbaydjan n tɩ ta Araab mogrã, rũm-kɩɩmbã kẽnda taoor la poorẽ ne b rũm-bãmba, yʋʋmd fãa, sẽn zems ne wakat ning b sẽn beẽ wã. 29]
Qashqai (Kashkai) yaa Turkic buud sẽn be Irã sẽn be goabgã, tɩ yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã sʋka, b ra ket n maand zũnd-zũnd ne b mensã. B ra yetame tɩ pĩnd wẽndẽ wã, b zĩnda Farsi soolmẽ wã, sẽn pẽ Pɛrs mogrã, la yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã sʋka, b ra bee Makran tãensã rʋʋnde. Yʋʋmd fãa, b sã n wa baood weoogo, b yikda ne b rũmsã n digd goabg n kẽng rɩtgo, tɩ b wat n be weoogo, t'a boond tɩ Yeilak, sẽn be tãmsã pʋsẽ, t'a sɩngd ne tʋʋl-nif n tɩ tãag zĩ-likr kiuugã. B ra rɩta b rũmsa Kuh-e-Dinar tãng zug sẽn zãr ne metr 3658 n tɩ ta metr 4572.
Zĩ-likr wakate, b ra yi n basd tãensã n kẽngd zĩis nins sẽn pẽ ne Firuzabad, Kazerun, Jerrè, la Farashband sẽn be Mond kʋɩlgã noore. B ra boond-b lame tɩ Qishlaq. Yaa Kashkai naab n sigl la a get b yelle. B ra gũusdame n da kẽng tẽn-bõoneg wala Shiraz la Isfahan ye, bala b rũmsã sõor sẽn ta neb milyõ a yopoe wã ra tõe n sãama zĩig wʋsgo.
Yʋʋmd 1950 wã, b wilgame tɩ Kashkai buudã neb sõor taa neb 400,000. 30] Sẽn sɩng ne wakat kãng tɛka, yɛl wʋsg n toeeme.
Iran[edit | edit source]
Lebanon[edit | edit source]
Wala makre, Lebnã rɩtg goabneerã pʋgẽ, b yãame tɩ neb wʋsg sẽn da kẽed ne so-pakrã ra kẽeda be. Tẽn-bɛd la tẽn-bõoneg sẽn be Qadisha kʋɩlgã pʋgẽ wã yaa sẽn zems metr 1400 (ft 4593). Zĩis kẽere, wala Ehden la Kfarsghab, b tũnugda ne-a su-raoogã sasa, sẽn sɩng ne sigr kiuug sɩngr n tãag zĩ-likr kiuug sʋka. Tẽngã nebã kẽnda tẽn-kɩremsã sẽn be mogra zug metr 200 pʋgẽ wã. B sẽn boond tɩ transhumance wã yaa tʋʋm-noy sẽn kẽed ne koobã wɛɛngẽ (sẽn sɩng ne mulberry silkworm culture). Tẽns nins sẽn be mogrã noore, yaa oliiv, viyn la sitrus buud la b kood n yɩɩda. Tẽns nins sẽn be tãensã pʋsẽ wã, b koodã yaa bõn-buud sẽn be tʋʋlgẽ wã, sẽn tɩ yɩɩd fãa, pom la pir. Leb n yaa Lebnõ wã la b yãt neb sẽn kẽed ne soog-n-mengã.
Kyrgyzstan[edit | edit source]
.jpg)
Kirgistã, so-toakã sẽn da pa tol n bas wakat ning Sovietikã sẽn da so wã, b leb n paama pãng n paase, b sẽn wa n paam b soog-m-meng yʋʋmd 1991 wã poore. Kẽer sẽn da pa le wat tẽng a to wã ra yaa nin-kãsenga. Nebã sẽn be we-raoogã pʋgẽ wã, b maanda fu-roog sẽn maan ne peende, b sẽn boond tɩ yurt bɩ jailoo. B gʋlsa rẽ b tẽng bãndã zugu. Pe-kɩɩmbã nong n yũuda koom sẽn yaa rã-bɩll b sẽn maan ne ko-moosã b sẽn boond tɩ kumisã. B boond-a lame tɩ Bishkek sẽn yaa tẽngã na-tẽngã.
South and East Asia[edit | edit source]
B sẽn boond tɩ Transhumance wã yaa neb sẽn be zĩis sẽn tar tʋʋlem, sẽn yɩɩd ≈1 000 m (3 281 ft) Himalayas ⁇ Hindu Kush soolmẽ wã (b sẽn boond tɩ Himalayas tẽngrã); la zĩ-rɩtg sẽn be Himalayas rɩtgo, sẽn tũud ne Tibɛt tãnsob-n-soogã la Sɩnga sẽn ta Eurasi Steppe wã.
Mongolie, Chine, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Bhutan, Inde, Népal la Pakistã [1] fãa tara sẽn ket n be n vɩ zĩig a to. Bamar nebã sẽn be Mianmã wã ra yaa neb sẽn da kẽed weoogo, nand tɩ b ta tẽn-kãng pʋgẽ. Mongolie wã, b maanda woto sẽn na yɩl tɩ b rũmsã ra ki ye. Sẽn kẽed ne Himalɩas tẽmsã pʋsẽ, b ket n getame tɩ b sã n na n kẽed ne pag ne rao lagengã, na n sõngame tɩ b tõog n ges b mens yelle. Wala makre, Zanskar sẽn be Ẽnd soolmẽ wã, Van Gujjars la Bakarwals sẽn be Jammu la Kashmir sẽn be Ẽnd soolmẽ wã, Kham Magar sẽn be Nepall yaanga, la Gaddis sẽn be Bharmaur sẽn be Himachal Pradesh soolmẽ wã. Wakat kẽere, nebã sẽn kẽnd ne b rũmsã tõe n yɩɩ yɩɩl wʋsg hal tɩ b tõe n bool-a tɩ rũmsã kɩɩm-n-piis sẽn kẽnd n ka be zĩig a to.
Oceania[edit | edit source]
Australia[edit | edit source]
B sẽn boond tɩ transhumance wã yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg Ostrali Alp rãmbã nin-tũudmã pʋgẽ, bala b ninga zĩ-kãng zĩig ning b sẽn boond tɩ Ostrali soolmã bõn-vɩɩs nins b sẽn so wã sʋka. Yaa yʋʋmd 1830 wã la b sɩng n tũnugd ne zĩ-kãnga, tɩ b rɩt-a. B ra ket n maanda woto yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 la 20 soabã pʋgẽ, n sõng tɩ b tõog n ges rũmsã yell Ostrali. B sẽn da rɩt rũm-noodã kɩtame tɩ b paam vɩɩm manesem sẽn yaa toor fasɩ, sẽn tar yõod wʋsg Ostrali kʋdemdã la a rog-n-migsã pʋgẽ. Zĩ-kãng pʋgẽ, bũmb n be n tẽegd tɩ b ra rɩta rũm-noodo, n paas rũm-noodã yel-gɛtb rot la rũm-noodã rot sẽn da beẽ wã. 32]
Africa[edit | edit source]
North Africa[edit | edit source]
Berber rãmbã sẽn da be Afirikdisiid rɩtgã ra yaa ka-koaadba, n da vɩ tãensã sẽn pẽ Mediterane wã kʋɩl-koakã, wall b ra yaa neb sẽn vɩ zĩ-zãrsẽ. Baasg zãnga, Tuareg rãmbã la Zenaga rãmbã sẽn be Sahara sẽn be goabgẽ wã maanda so-toak sẽn na yɩl n paam n vɩɩmd zĩig a to. Tũudum a taab wala a Chaouis ra tũuda sor-wilgr sẽn pa vaand ye.
Horn of Africa[edit | edit source]
Tẽngã pʋga, Somali ne Afɛɛr sẽn be Afirik rɩtgã babg rɩtgã nebã me minim n kẽnda weoogo. B sẽn get b rũm-kɩɩbã yell n tɩ yɩɩd yaa b sẽn get yʋgemd la b get piis la bʋʋs yell n paase.
B sẽn boond tɩ transhumance wã yaa bũmb b sẽn maand Etiopi tãensẽ wã. Bõn-koomã tigisg sasa, b pa tõe n wa rɩg tẽn-kãens sẽn gũbg tẽngã ye. Wala makre, Dogu'a Tembien wã, ko-koaadb n maand tigis-kãnga yʋʋmd fãa, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn kẽed ne we-rũng sẽn zãr la sẽn yaa yalengã, sẽn be kʋɩlsẽ wã (a we-rũngã sẽn bɩt tao-tao wã yĩnga) bɩ tãensã zugẽ wã. B na n gãanda rũmsã be yʋngo, tɩ kambã la nin-kãsems kẽer ges b yelle. 33] [[File:Kayeh_Be'ati,_"red_caves"_in_Adigrat_Sandstone,_near_Gelebeda.jpg|thumb|right|The "red caves" or Kayeh Be’ati in Adigrat Sandstone Wala makre, Addi Geza'iti wã rũmsã (2 580 m) watame n kẽng Tsaliet kʋɩlgẽ wã (1 930 m) sẽn tar tɩɩs la tɩɩs wʋsgo. Sẽn get-b rũmsã yell ningda b zĩisi, la b zĩis b sẽn tõe n gãand n gãandẽ. B pa be hal tɩ ta wakat ning b sẽn na n tigs koodã, wakat ning b sẽn na n tall-b n pãb koodã, la wakat ning b sẽn na n tall-b tɩ b rɩt we-rũngã. 33] B waa ne rũm-bõoneg wʋsg Haddinnet la Ayninbirkekin sẽn be Dogu'a Tembien n wa Ab'aro. Rũm-bi-kãens bee we-rũngã we-rũngã zĩigẽ. Rũm-kɩɩmb kẽer kẽnda zĩ-zãrsẽ n na n kẽng weoogo, n tɩ gãneg b gãeem gãeems sẽn be kug-lakẽeng pʋgẽ.
East Africa[edit | edit source]
Pokot nebã yaa neb sẽn be be n get rũmsã yelle, tɩ b wʋsg be Kenya rɩtg la Amudat soolmẽ wã, Ouganda. Tẽngã neb sẽn kẽed ne soog-n-migsã yaa soog-n-migs rãmba, tɩ soog-n-migsã zĩnd Kenya we-rũngã (North Pokot sub-county) ne Ougandã (Amudat, Nakapiripirit la Moroto districts) sʋka (George Magak Oguna, 2014).
Masay rãmbã yaa neb sẽn vɩ zĩig sẽn zãr sẽn yɩɩd fãa Kenya la Tanzani rɩtgo, la b tara buud sẽn nong n kẽed ne b rũmsã.
Nigeria[edit | edit source]
Fulani yaa Hausa gom-bil ning b sẽn tũnug ne n na n wilg Nizɛɛr nin-buiid nins sẽn yaa pe-kɩɩmb n be Fulbe buud-goamẽ wã. Fulani wã rãmb n zãad Nizɛɛr rũmsã wʋsgo, tɩ b sã n na n ges b sẽn zãad rũmsã to-to wã, b getame tɩ bãmb 83% yaa rũm-kɩɩmba, 17% yaa tẽn-kɩrems rũms la 0.3% yaa tẽn-kɩrems rũms).[ 35]
Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, b yeelame tɩ b sã n dɩk rũmsã n tall n kẽng weoogo, b tõe n paama rɩɩbo, b tõe n paama koom, b tõe n paama rɩɩbo, la b tõe n paama ligdi, tɩ rẽ sõng-b tɩ b tõog n kogl b mense. B leb n tara tʋʋm-kãsems sẽn kẽed ne naam la naam baoob wɛɛngẽ, la sẽn kẽed ne lagem-n-taar sẽn tar pãng sẽn kẽed ne lagem-n-taar wa roagdb la kãadem wɛɛngẽ. Sã n yaa ne rũm-kɩɩmbã, yaa rũm-bi wã n yaa b paoong sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd b zagsã pʋsẽ. 35]
Rũm-kɩɩmbã tʋʋm sẽn yaa b yõor yõor tʋʋmde, b paamda pãng n paasd Afirik tẽmsã pʋsẽ, sẽn nan yɩll tɩ b bãng b sẽn tõe n maan to-to, b sẽn tõe n maan to-to, b sẽn tõe n maan to-to, la b sẽn tõe n maan to-to. Sẽn deng yʋʋm 1950 wã, yaa nin-kẽem-dãmb n da be ne rũm-kɩɩmbã, n da be ne kood-koaadbã la b zĩiga, tɩ rũm-kɩɩmbã me ra be ne rũm-kɩɩmbã sẽn da tʋmd ne rũm-kɩɩmbã. Saasẽ wã, rũm-kɩɩmba kẽngda Guinée savannã sẽn be goabgã babsẽ wã, zĩig ning rũm-kɩɩm sẽn yaa sõma sẽn be wã, tɩ neb nins sẽn maand koodã pa waoog be wã. Zĩ-kãnga pʋgẽ, b ra getame tɩ b segdame n ges b sẽn tõe n maan to-to n tõog n paam b sẽn tõe n maan to-to n tõog n paam b sẽn tõe n maan to-to n tõog n paam b sẽn tõe n maan to-to n tõog n paam b sẽn tõe n maan to-to n paam b sẽn tõe n maan to-to n tõog n maan to-to. Sẽn paase, b ra kõt-b-la koodã, la b sã n tigis n sa, b ra basda b rũmsã tɩ b rɩt koodã sẽn kellã, tɩ b yaool n bas tɩ b rɩt bĩisim. 35]
Angola[edit | edit source]
Angola wĩndgẽ, nin-buiid wʋsg, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Ovambo rãmba la Nyaneka-Khumbi rãmba, tara buud sẽn sigl zãng tɩ zems ne transhumance wã. 36]
Lesotho[edit | edit source]
B sẽn boond tɩ Basotho wã nebã sẽn be Lesoto wã, b minim n get b rũmsã yell n yɩɩd fãa. B kẽnda so-toak n kẽnd pʋga ne Maloti (Lesoto tãmsã sẽn be basaltã pʋgẽ wã). Nebã sõor sẽn tar paasgã kɩtame tɩ b namsd we-rũngã, la b me ko-bundum sẽn yaa kãsems sẽn na yɩl n kõ Afirikdisiid tẽn-gãongã sẽn yaa tẽn-gãongã koom. Zĩis nins sẽn be weoogã zug sẽn tar pãng wʋsgã kɩtdame tɩ we-rɩt nins sẽn yaa sõma wã sãamdẽ, la b tõe n kɩtame tɩ ko-koomã sẽn yaa ninsaalb n naan b kʋɩl-koomã lebg zĩ-kẽemse. Kẽer sẽn da kẽed ne soog-n-mengã toeemame. 37]
South Africa[edit | edit source]
Afirikdisiid soolmẽ wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Khoikhoi wã sẽn yaa Nama buudã nebã ket n vɩɩ Richtersveld, sẽn yaa we-rasempʋɩɩg sẽn pẽ Atɩlantik mogrã noor sẽn be tẽngã rɩtg goabgã. Zĩ-kãngã pʋgẽ, nebã yikda naoor a tãab bɩ a naas yʋʋmd fãa ne b piisã la b bʋʋsã. Zĩigã pʋgẽ, yaa zags-kɩds a wãn la b tigimd yʋʋmd fãa.
Zĩ-gũbr b sẽn boond tɩ Matjieshut (sẽn yaa afrikaans gom-bil sẽn dat n yeel tɩ " roog sẽn be gãeemdã pʋgẽ") bɩ Haru Oms (sẽn dat n yeel tɩ " roog sẽn be gãeemdã pʋgẽ " Nama) yaa Khoikhoi nebã minung a ye. Ro-kãens yaa b sẽn da sigl Richtersveld wã. A yaa gãnegr b sẽn da rɩkd n manegd ne tʋʋl-tʋʋl-tʋʋl-tʋʋl-tʋʋlse. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 21 soabã pʋgẽ, nebã mi n tũnugda ne teed toɛy-toɛyã. Sẽn na yɩl n bãng a yõodã, b yãka Richtersveldã tɩ yaa UNESCO dũni gill rogem-pʋɩɩr zĩiga. 38]
North America[edit | edit source]
Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã la 20 soabã sɩngrẽ, Etazĩni soolmẽ wã, b ra nong n gesa rũmsi, sẽn yɩɩd fãa piisi, tãens nins sẽn tar moog sẽn tar vãad zut tɩ we-rũms wʋsg beẽ wã. Kʋdemd yɛl mitbã tagsdame tɩ "pĩnd-pĩnd" kãensã yaa tẽn-kʋdem n da rɩt bĩisẽ wã (sẽn da tõe n yaa tẽn-kʋdem neb nins sẽn da yaa Amerik rɩtgã neb n da rɩt-bã) sẽn ketã. Sẽn mik tɩ b ra pa lebd we-rũngẽ wã, yʋʋmd 1900 wã tɛka, we-rũngã ra kẽeda we-rũngã pʋgẽ. B pa mi b sã n na n maana modgr n na n kogl tẽn-kãnga sẽn yaa tẽn-kʋdemd sẽn zãad zĩn-vɩɩs toɛy-toɛyã ye. [ citation needed ]
B sẽn boond tɩ Transhumance wã, sẽn yaa neb sẽn kẽed ne tẽnga pʋga, ket n yaa tʋʋm-kãseng sẽn kẽed ne rũmsã zãabo, Etazĩni nin-buiida sʋka. 39] Tẽns nins sẽn be rɩtgã babs pʋsẽ, b ra yikda b rũm-rũmã n kẽng zĩig sẽn zãre, n tɩ ningd rũm-rũm-rũmã zĩig tomẽ wã, la tʋʋl-nif sasa. Tẽn-kãens yaa zãma wã pʋt sẽn yaa kãsenga, tɩ naoor wʋsgo, yaa Etazĩni weoogã sẽn get weoogã yellã. Zĩ-lillã sasa, rũm-rãmbã rɩkda zĩ-zãrsã bɩ we-rasempʋɩɩgẽ wã, sẽn nong n yaa goosneemã tẽngã sẽn be Bɛɛr ning sẽn get tẽngã zãab yellã nugẽ.
Kẽer me sẽn be Kalifòni ne Tɛkãas wã, b geta b zĩ-kãnga n getẽ tɩ yaa zĩ-kãnga sẽn yaa toor ne a taabã, bala b sẽn sɩng n zãad zĩ-kãnga to-to wã pa yembr ye. Sã n yaa ne neb a taabã fãa, sig-noyẽ wã, rũm-kɩɩmbã la b rũm-kɩɩmbã kẽnda tãensã n na n tɩ zĩnd b gãagẽ wã. B leb n tõe n kẽnda tãensẽ wã wakat fãa, n tũnugd ne traore rãmb n dɩkd wed-moos n kẽngd tẽn-bɛdã. 39]
Sã n yaa ne b minimã, Amerik nin-tũusdsã sẽn be yaangã, pe-kɩɩmbã rɩta yʋʋmdã babg fãa ne piisã, n baood rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd wakat fãa. Pe-kɩɩmbã tʋʋm-kãngã talla pãng wʋsg yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a wɛ wã saabẽ. Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ b sẽn get rũmsã la piisã yell to-to wã yaa b sẽn get b mens yell bala, baa ne rẽ sẽn tõe n yɩ zĩig bilf bal b sẽn na n sõd rũmsa fãa sasa wã. Sẽn da yaa-b koambã, b ra rɩkda Bask rũm-kɩɩmb n get b rũm-kɩɩmbã yelle, n get b sã n tõe n kẽnga zĩig a to n tɩ rũm-kɩɩmbã. Tʋʋm-tʋmdb sẽn yit Peruu, Chili (sẽn nong n yaa Amerik nin-buiid) la Mongolie wã lebga pe-kɩɩmb masã; Bask rãmbã raa b mens we-rãmb bɩ b kẽnga tẽn-tẽns tʋʋm zĩisẽ. Pe-kɩɩmbã rɩka piisã n kẽng tãensã pʋga, sã n yaa ne sig-noyẽ wã (sẽn be yʋʋmd 2009 film ning sẽn boond tɩ Sweetgrass pʋgẽ wã) la we-rasempʋɩɩgẽ wã, sã n yaa ne waoodã, wakat ninga, b rɩta kood la rũmsi, b sã n tõe n dɩ-ba. Bãngr-gomd a taab n be Etazĩni:
Navaho rãmbã sɩnga b soog-n-mengã yʋʋmd 1850 wã, b sẽn wa n dig-b tɩ b yi b tẽn-kʋdemẽ wã San Juan kʋɩlgã babgẽ wã poore. B tara piis wʋsgo. 41]
Kẽer sẽn be Kalifɔni wã, b nong n dɩka b zagsã pʋt n maan b mensã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, yaa b sẽn da tar pʋɩɩr ne Ɛspayn tẽngã sẽn da kõt b tẽngã. Rẽ n so tɩ b get we-rũngã la we-rũngã zĩig sẽn yaa kãsengã yelle.
South America[edit | edit source]
[[File:Gauchos in Calchaquí Valleys, Argentina 04.jpg|thumb|Gauchos in Calchaquí Valleys, Argentina]]
Sãan yaa ne b sẽn boond tɩ "cowboy" wã, b teega goosneerã sẽn be Arzantinã, Urugway, Paragway la (ne b sẽn gʋlsd "gaúcho") sẽn be Brezil soolmẽ wã, b teega goosneerã sẽn be Venezuweladã, la b teega goosneerã sẽn be Sili wã.
Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b maanda woto Arzantin, Siili, Peruu la Bolivi, la Pantanal sẽn be Brezil. 44] Yaa sẽn yɩɩd fãa b sẽn wat ne rũmsã sẽn kẽnd Pantanal la Arzantin babs pʋsẽ wã. Altiplano wã, tẽn-zẽmsã neb sẽn be be wã rɩta b yõor ne kamelẽd-rãmbã wubri, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, ne lamã. B rɩka b sẽn boond tɩ transhumance wã n zãad b bʋʋsã sẽn be Neuquén rɩtg la Mendoza rɩtgo, tɩ b rɩkd piisã n yɩɩd Patagõ wã pʋtẽ wã. Criollos la tẽn-zẽmsã neb tũnugda ne transhumantã tʋʋm-noy Amerikdisiid soolmẽ wã.
Ges-y me[edit | edit source]
- Altitudinal migration
- Kuchis
- Rarámuri
- Sarakatsani
- Seasonal human migration
- Yaylak
Vẽenem[edit | edit source]
- Jones, Schuyler. "Transhumance Reconsidered". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 2005.
- Costello, Eugene & Svensson, Eva (eds.). Historical Archaeologies Of Transhumance Across Europe Routledge, London, 2018.
- Jones, Schuyler. Men of Influence: Social Control & Dispute Settlement in Waigal Valley, Afghanistan. Seminar Press, London & New York, 1974.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
Sebtiise[edit | edit source]
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120201000745/http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf
- ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/transhumance
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/transhumance
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080324105452/http://www.hafodelwyhall.co.uk/history.html