Wp/mos/Su

cabbage

taxon

Subclass of	useful plant
Has use	medicinal plant, cabbage
Taxon name	Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Brassica oleracea convar. capitata
Taxon rank	variety
Parent taxon	Brassica oleracea
This taxon is source of	white cabbage
Award received	Vegetable of the year
Hardiness of plant	1
Taxon range	People's Republic of China, Guangdong
Taxon author citation	L.
GRIN URL	https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=7672

Su yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa vãad ne vãad, sẽn yaa miuug ne vãad wall sẽn yaa pemsem ne vãad sẽn ya wa ne vãad. b sẽn yiid tɩ b lebg tɩɩs sẽn yaa yʋʋmdã, tɩ b paam b zut sẽn tar vãad wʋsgo. A yaa we-rũng sẽn yit we-rɩtgã (B. oleracea var. oleraceae), la a yaa "kol-kʋd" bɩ brasica, sẽn dat n yeel t'a yaa ne broccoli la kaalifõr (var. botrytis); bruksels sprouts (var. gemmifera); la savoy chops (var. sabauda).

Su kẽeng sẽn yaa kãsenga yaa gɛrm 500 n ta 1,000 (1 ne 2 lb). Yaa seb-n-tɩrs sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa yɩlemd la b sẽn tar gãag sẽn yaa kãenkãe la b yaa seb-n -tɩrsã n yɩɩd taaba. ne seb-n-soab-bi-bees sẽn yaa ne seb-neeb sẽn yaa ne sãnem la seb-need sẽn yaa ne taab sẽn yaa ne bĩng-neebã sẽn yaa ne bob-neeb n yaa neb sẽn pa nongã. La sã n yaa wĩntoog sẽn be daar zãad wʋsgo, b tõe n bɩɩsa bõn-buud-kãsems wʋsgo. Yʋʋmd 2012 wã, b ra tara kood sẽn yaa kãsenga n yaa kilo 62,71 (138 lb 4 oz). B sẽn yãkd tɩ b yãkd tɩbgã, b yãkd-b lame, la b basdame tɩ bõn-vɩɩs nins b sẽn dat n fõog b tɩɩsã bɩ yʋʋm a yiib-n-soabã. Kẽer yaa bõn-kɩtems wʋsg sẽn pa tar nafa, la bãag wʋsg sẽn be bãag la fong pʋgẽ.

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b ra rɩka kaabẽ wã n kõ-a-la b sẽn da tar-a wã. B wilgame tɩ b rɩtga kablo wã hal pĩnd wẽndẽ. B ra yetame tɩ yaa rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma wʋsg Rom soolmẽ wã. Yʋʋm kobs-gĩndẽ wã, b ra maanda bũmb wʋsg n kõt b rɩɩb Europe wã. B sɩng n maana buud toor-toor hal Renaissance wakatẽ wã, tɩ b fãa yaa Germaan buud-gomd neba. B bɩɩsa seb-kãnga yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã. Yʋʋm kobs 17 la 18 wã tɛka, b ra nong n dɩka koob sẽn yaa rɩɩb sẽn yaa bũmb ning fãa sẽn yaa tɩlae ne b nebã tẽns nins sẽn be Erop sẽn be tẽns a ye sʋka, sẽn be sa-noyẽ wã la sẽn be Wẽnde. Sẽn paase, b ra tũnugda ne-a n zabd ne koom-koglgã sẽn be Europe wã tɩ b ra wa tõog n wa paam tɩ b ra paam tɩ b paam tɩ b pa tar bẽed ye. Sẽn sɩng ne rũndã-rũndã sɩngrẽ, b ra leb n lebda ne koabg n kẽng Amerika, Azi la dũniyã gill zugu.

B tõe n segla b sẽn tõe n dɩ wã ne manesem toor-toore. B tõe n dɩka b sẽn na n dɩ wã n dɩ, b tõe n dɩ-a lame, b tõeeme n dɩ-ba, b tõe tɩ b wa rɩ-a lame (b tõe n dɩt-a lame) bɩ b tõe n rɩ-a-la ne sobg, b tõe t'a wa rɩ-ba, bɩ b tõe tɩ d rɩ-a ne ko-toog, b tõe me n dɩ- a lame, b sã n dɩ-la a ye. Kãagã yaa bõn-vɩɩm sẽn tar tɩt sẽn yaa sõma n kõt-a vitimẽ K, vitimẽ C, la fɩbɛɛr sẽn yaa sõma. Yʋʋmd 2020 wã, dũniyã koglg sẽn yaa kobs la b sẽn yiisd kobs-kãsems toɛy-toɛyã yɩɩ ton milyõ 71, la yaa Sɩna n lʋɩt taoor ne bãmb 48%.

A bilgri Sen bé toto

Su wa yaa inflorescence, b sẽn yãgd tɩ tɩɩgã bɩt yʋʋm a yiib-n-soabã, b yãgda bug-zĩis sẽn yaa pemsem bɩ tɩrse, tɩ b fãa tara b tãnd a naas sẽn yaa b sẽn tall n yaa b sẽn maand n yaa b tɩrse.

Bãagrã sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ koobã, b yaa wa b b sẽn boond t'a koobã. Bãag-n-taagã yaa b sẽn yaa wa bõn-buudã, la b yaa b sẽn tar bĩis n yaa b sẽn boond tɩ bẽedã. Bãadã yaa cm 40-60 (15+1⁄2-23+1⁄2 cm) n ta b yʋʋm pipi wã, la b yaa metr 1.5-2 (5-6+1⁄2 ft) n ta a yʋʋm a yiib soabã. Tʋʋs-rãmbã sẽn tar kilo 0,5 n ta 4 wã sʋka, tɩ b buud nins sẽn bɩ tao-tao wã yaa bilf-bilgd n wat ne zut sẽn yaa bilf-bĩis. A sã n yaa waas bɩ a sã n yaa ne a sãnem, a sãnemã yaa waas la a sãnem. Rɩtbã tara yẽgre, tɩ b yaa tɩrs la b pa tar pãng ye. Sẽn yɩɩd 90% n be tẽnga zug tɩ b tõe n kẽe a zug n ta mĩnd 2 m.Bãagrã yaa bõn-buud sẽn pa tar bãag la sẽn pa tar a sẽn tõe n bãng a sẽn na n yɩ to-to wã, n tar a sẽn na yɩl n tall a sẽn na maan a woto wã. Bãag a yembr fãa tara a yags a naasã a naasã, a naasã yaa a naasã la a naasã. Bãag a yoobã sʋka, a yiib n tar filament sẽn yaa bilf n yɩɩd a taabã. A biisã yaa silk sẽn yikd ne tɩlem n kɩtd tɩ b yãgd bõn-buud sẽn yaa wa bĩis sẽn yaa kẽem la sẽn yaa zũnd. B pa tõe n maan b mens pollineer ye, la bõn-vɩɩs n maand-b pollineer ne bug-zĩis ye. Bãagbã sɩngrẽ wã yaa rozeet sẽn tar vãag 7 n ta 15, tɩ b fãa yaa cm 25-35 (10-14), la cm 20-30 (8-12), la rẽ poore, vãagbã sẽn tar sẽb-n-tɩrsã na n paama zut sẽn kẽed ne vãagã n kẽ. Bõn-buud buud toor-toor pʋsẽ, b tara bõn-naands wʋsgo, la b tara wels wʋsgo, la a sãnem wʋsgo. B pʋɩta taab ne seb-vɩɩs sẽn tar seb-vʋʋs sẽn yaa bĩis-vɩɩse, seb-vɩs sẽn yaa a sẽn tar bĩis sẽn yaa bẽis-vʋʋse, la seb-vẽes sẽn yaa bẽn-vɩɩsã, la b pʋɩta ne seb-wɩɩse, la b sẽn tar bẽis sẽn yaa a-biis-vẽis-n-tɩrsã. B yãta neb sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa bĩisã, b sẽn yaa zũndã, la b sẽn yaa tɩrsã. B rɩka b sẽn na n yãk b meng n kõ-b b zutã zɩɩm la b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n zãgs b meng ne yão-gãm-gãmdã, b sẽn tõe n tall-b tɩ b bɩ tao-tao, la b sẽn tõe ne b sẽn tõe tɩ b tall-b to-to wã yĩnga. B yãka buud toor-toor n na n kõ-b-la b sẽn tõe n yã n bãng b sẽn na n maan to-to wã. Sẽn paase, b modgdame tɩ b tõog n tõog n zab ne bõn-buudb la bãas buud toor-toore, la b modgd n paas b sẽn tõe n dɩd kaablã nafa. Zãmsg sẽn kẽed ne B. oleracea koodã sẽn yaa toor-toorã, sẽn tar pʋga, baoosga b sẽn maan n bãnge tɩ b tõe n tõog n kʋ kʋ kʋ kʋɩl-kʋdgdbã la b kʋɩl tɩ b kʋɩ. B gʋlsa bũmb wʋsg a Zeova Kaset rãmbã sebrẽ sẽn gomd koobã yelle. Yaa b sẽn tar karb sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn tar kg 62.71 (138 lb 4 oz), karb sẽn tar karm sẽn yaa kãkãsenga, sẽn tara kg 31.6 (69 lb 11 oz), karba sẽn yaa kãensa, sẽn tar m 19.54 (64 ft), la karb sẽn ya kãsenga, n tar kg 2,960 (6,526 lb).

Bãagrã

sãnemã yaa pemse, la b sãnemã ya pemse. B fãa tara b tãnd a naas sẽn yaa b sẽn tall n yaa b sẽn tar n yaa b tãnd-n-taagã. Kẽerã sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ kaabã tɩɩsã yaa wa b sãnem-kẽer sẽn tar sũ-noog ne b sẽn tar sũur n yaa wa b sũ-noog n yaa wa sũ-noog la b yaa wa b b sẽn tar b sũ-noogo. Bãadbã sã n wa n beẽ, b sã n wa beẽ, a sã n wa yɩ yʋʋm a yiib-n-soabã, a sãn yaa mɛtɛɛr a 1,5-2,0 (metr a 4 ne metir a 11 ne metir 6 ne metir 7). Tãnd sẽn yaa kãnsã yaa kilo 0,5 n ta kg 4 (1 n ta 8 lb), tɩ b sã n yaa buud-goam sẽn bɩ tao-tao, n bɩɩs pĩnda, b maand-b-la kãnsã sẽn yaa kãs-kãsemse. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sã n wa tar seb-kʋd sẽn yaa kãenkãe, b sãnda yaa sãnda, la b tar zĩ-bĩng sẽn yit sẽn yaa waabg bɩ sẽn yaa gãnd n ta sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd; rɩll kẽer sã n yaa ne sãnem, b zẽkda b vãadã. Rɩtbã tara yẽgre, tɩ b yaa tɩrs la b pa tar pãng ye. Ko-kãnga sẽn yaa roogã pãng sẽn ta 90 wã bee tẽngr sẽn be samdã sẽn be a zug n yɩɩd cm 20 la cm 20 wã pʋgẽ. A sã n wa tar a zug yẽgdo, a tõe n kẽe n ta m 2 n ta zĩm-biisi.

Kʋdemde

Baa ne ko-ko-kãnga sẽn tar tar tar tarem wʋsgã, pa nana tɩ d bãng a sẽn yit zĩig ningã ye Yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "brassicas" wã yĩnga. B sẽn tõe n yeel tɩ yaa ra-kʋdg n yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ Brassica oleracea wã, b sẽn da yãt-a Bretã la Erop tẽn-bɛdã, yaa tɩrs sẽn pa tar zu-loees, la ka bõn-naands a taab sẽn na n zab ne-a ye la rẽ kɩtame tɩ b beẽ tãnga pʋgẽ, b zĩ-bɛɛgẽ. La b sã n get b sẽn maand bũmb ning, b tõe n yeelame tɩ b yaa bõn-kʋdgd sẽn yi zĩigã la b yiidã. Sã n yaa ne U-rɩsgo wã sẽn wilgd tɩ b sẽn naan n bãng bũmb nins sẽn be Brassica buud toor-toorã sʋka, B. oleracea la bõn-buud a taab sẽn yaa toor ne taaba (buud-buud, buud-buudu, brokoli, bruksel-buud la buud-guusg) yaa yaab-rãmbã sẽn yit a tãabã sʋka.

Tõe tɩ b ra rɩka koobã n yɩɩd sẽn dɩka koob-n-soabgã, wala b sẽn dɩka lense la b ra rɩt-a wa b sẽn dɩt-a wã. Sẽn yaa to-to tɩ b yiisd koodã sẽn yit Wilder B. oleracea wã yĩnga, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b ra rɩka kaab wʋsg wakat fãa Eropã pʋga. Sẽn pa tar-b nẽg-n-taag ne a ka-kẽ wã ra yaa pipi n paam n paam n kẽed-b n kẽedẽ, sẽn deng yʋʋmd 1000 sẽn deng Kirist rogmã, la tõe tɩ yaa Zɛrɩt rãmbã sẽn be Erop rog-n-soabã la sẽn be tẽns a taab pʋsẽ wã n kõ-b n kõ-ba. La yaa yaa yaa buud-goam la b sẽn tar bãngr-goam sẽn pa kaoos n kõ-d tɩ b bãng tɩ b naan n dɩk-b n kẽng tẽn-kãnga.

Baa ne b sẽn da pa mi b sẽn yaa b sẽn da boond tɩ brasica wã, b ra yaa neb sẽn pa toeemd Mesopotami wã zakẽ wã, b tẽedame tɩ pĩnd wẽndẽ Ezipt nebã ra pa bʋt kablo wã ye.[33][34][35] Gɛrk-rãmbã ra tara buud toor-toor n boond tɩ kaab, wa a Teofras sẽn togsã. La b pa mi b sẽn da yaa taab ne kaab rũndã-rũndã wã bɩ ne Brassica buud toor-toorã ye. [31] Gɛrk rãmbã ra boond tɩ krambe, la Rom nebã ra boond-a lame t'a.

A Krysippus sẽn be Cnidos gʋlsa sebr sẽn gomd kablo yelle, tɩ a Plini ra mi-a, la a pa paam n põse ye.[38] Gɛrk rãmbã ra tẽedame tɩ b pa nong koobã la rãamã ye. La b ra tẽedame t'a sã n bʋd koobã sẽn pẽd-a wʋsgã, a yũuda a sẽn pa ratã.

Rom dãmba kẽer ra getame tɩ Brassica yaa rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma,[40] la a Lucullus ra getame t'a pa zems ne senatɛɛr rɩɩb ye.[41] A Cato sẽn yaa nin-kẽemdã, sẽn sak n tũ a sẽn yaa Republikanã vɩɩm, rɩka a koobã sẽn da wa n dɩ bɩ a sẽn da wa ne a sẽn da zãad ne a sãnem; a yeelame t'a yɩɩda bõn-buud a taabã fãa, la a wilg tɩ a tara sor a tãabo; a leb n kõ-a lame tɩbsg sẽn na yɩl n tall-a tɩ b tõog n kõ-b tɩbdo, n tɩ ta koobã rɩtbã pipi, tɩ b tõe n zãgs b kom-bɩɩsã. [42] A Plin sẽn yaa Kãsemã wilga buud a yopoe, sẽn tar n be Pompeii, Cumae la Sabellien kabse.

A Plini yeelame tɩ Pompeii kablo wã sẽn pa tõe n zãag ne ko-kãnga yaa "kõang n tar gãn-kãnga n pẽ ne yẽgã, la a bɩt n yaa gãn-kẽeng ne a vãadã sʋka, tɩ b sã n yaa kãenkẽ, la b sũ-bʋgsem yaa sõma".[40] A Columella me goma Pompeii kablo wã yell a De Re Rustica pʋgẽ. [40] A Apicius kõo b rãmb sẽn maand tɩ b tõe n dɩ kauliculi wã, la b yãkd-b tɩ b maan kaali. Gɛrk rãmbã ne Rom nebã ra yetame tɩ b ra tõe n dɩka b sãnem-kẽmb tɩ b maag b yĩng n wa paam tɩlem, tɩ b ra miẽ tɩ b sã n dɩt-b tɩlem, b na n paama bãag n wa ki.

A ra pa nong a Zeova ye. A ra nong-a lame.[39] Kẽer kell n zĩnda pĩnd wẽndẽ wã sẽn yaa lekollã pʋgẽ, la rɩɩb zĩigẽ: yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a ye soabã pʋgẽ, a Dioscorides goma tɩrɩ-kẽer buud a yiibu sẽn tar tɩbsg tʋʋmde, sẽn yaa b sẽn bɩɩsd-b la b sẽn maand-b weoogẽ wã yelle.  La a tagsg kell n zĩndame tɩb pʋsẽ hal yʋʋm kob-lik a 17 soabã pʋgẽ.

A Anthimus sẽn yaa Gɛrk logtor sẽn da be Teodorique Kãsem zakẽ wã yeelame tɩ b goma pĩigã yell ne sebr ning sẽn boond tɩ De observatione ciborum ("Bɩ b ges rɩɩbã yelle"). B ra tara seb-kʋd-kãsems sẽn be Capitulare de villis wã pʋgẽ, sẽn zĩnd yʋʋmd 771-800 sẽn pʋgl yʋʋmd 500 wã pʋgẽ, n wilg a Karlemã Kãsemã sẽn na n dɩ naam a naamã.

A Britanni wã, Anglo-Saxonsã ra bɩɩsdda kawel.[44] Yʋʋm kobs 14 soabã sẽn zĩnd Angletɛɛrã, b sẽn boond tɩ kabãs ne kabãsã, yaa gom-biis sẽn yit Frans kʋdemdã pʋgẽ la b sẽn sɩng n gomd bĩis nins b sẽn pa tʋlg n kõ wã yelle. Wakat kãnga, b sẽn da gʋlsd seb-kãngã n sɩng ne "Bɩ y rɩk kabãs n tɩgs-b n tɩgs b bẽedẽ", b wilgame tɩ b ra tara kabãs sẽn yaa kãn-kãe.

Sẽn yaa to-to wã, b ra tara karẽn-biis sẽn yaa naong rãmba, la b ra rɩt-b-la b rɩɩb n pa tar b rɩɩb ye. B ra rɩta karẽn-bugs n pa tar bur bɩ kiim ye.[27][47][48] A Jean Ruel sẽn yaa Frans bãngd a sẽn boond tɩ "Naturalist" wã ra gomda kãn-kãe wã yell n wilg tɩ yaa kãn-kaaba (capucos coles) n yeel tɩ "kaaba" (head-coles) a sẽn gʋls yʋʋmd 1536 wã pʋgẽ.

A Selim III sẽn be Istanbul wã gʋlsa yɩɩl sẽn gomd kaab yelle: kaabẽ wã sã n da ka be, a ka na n maan halvã wã ye. [50] Ind soolmẽ wã, yaa bõn-buud wʋsg la b sẽn da yiisd b pʋsẽ. B ra yaa b sẽn da tʋmd ne b teed n maand teed n maand b teed n yaool n maand b toorẽ wã.[51] A Carl Peter Thunberg wilgame tɩ yʋʋmd 1775 wã, Japõn nebã ra pa mi koob ye.

B ra tara buud toor-toor n naan wa rɩt-b-la ne b sẽn naanã.[20] Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã pʋgẽ, Alemãnd zẽedbã ra modgdda seb-kãnga. [52] Yʋʋm kobs 17 la 18 wã pʋgẽ, b ra rɩta koob sẽn yaa sõma tẽns a taab wala Alemayn, Angletɛɛr, Iriland la Risi, la b ra rɩt koob sẽn pa tar tɩrɩd wakat fãa. [4] Ned sẽn da yaa Nedɛland, Scandinavi la Alemayn koom-koglgã taoor dãmb ra tũnugda ne sauerkrautã n zab ne sikorbitã sẽn da maand koom-koglg yel-gɛtã pʋgẽ.

A Jacques Cartier n wa ne koabg Amerɛɛk soolmẽ yʋʋmd 1541-42, la yaa sɩd tɩ Angletɛɛr dãmb n da bʋd-a hal tɩ b pa yãend tɩ koabg beẽ hal yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 17 soabã sʋka. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã tɛka, kolondbã la Amerɛɛnd dãmb n da plant-a. [20] B sẽn da wa n dɩkd b koodã n kẽng Ostrali wã, b kẽnga ne b sodaas a yembr sẽn be b tãb-biisã n be n be n tɩ tɩge. A lebga Australia nebã sẽn nong-a n yɩɩd yʋʋmd 1830 wã pʋgẽ, la b ra yãt-a-la wʋsg Sydney wã wã wã. [52] Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋmd 1325 wã, b boond tɩ Zelný trh wã, sẽn be Brno, Tchèque, tɩ b boond tɩ koabgã yʋʋr yĩnga.

Modg-n-taagã

Bãagã yaa b sẽn naan ne b zut sẽn tar vãad wʋsg n naanã, la b yiisda a yʋʋm a yiib-n-soabã yʋʋm pipi soabã pʋgẽ. Bãadã sã n bɩɩ zĩ-sõngẽ, la wĩntoog sẽn be zĩig ningã, b tõe n paama biis sõma. Rɩt toor-toore nongda tẽnga buud toor-toorã, sẽn sɩng ne sobg sẽn yaa vẽeneg n ta ne tãb-biis sẽn yaa toog ne-ba, la b fãa nongda tẽnga sẽn tar pʋga sẽn tar pH sẽn be sʋka, n be 6.0 n ta 6.8.[53] Sẽn na yɩl tɩ b bɩ sõma, b segd n paama azɩtɛɛr sẽn zems zãng tẽnga pʋgẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa b sẽn sɩng n maand b zutã sasa, la fosfor la potasiy sẽn zems tɩ b tõog n maan b sãnemã sãnemã sɩngrẽ

La sã n yaa tʋʋlg sẽn be a 4 n ta a 24 °C wã, b tõe n paama pãng n paase, la sã n yaa tɩre, b tõeeme n paama tɩre. [53] Bãagrã sã n wa yik n wa lebgẽ, b sã n wa lebg n wa lebg tɩ yaa wa b sẽn yaa kom-bɩɩsã, b sãnda na n wa yikame. B sã n wa lebg kom-bɩɩse, b sã n wa lebga nin-kẽemdã, b sãn yaa kom-bõonegã sẽn yaa milimɛtɛɛr 6 bɩ milimɛtɛr a 4 bɩ. Sẽn na yɩl tɩ tɩɩgã lebg kãenkãe, a tõe n paama pãng n yaool n yi. La sã n yaa tɩre, b tõe n bʋga koobã sẽn sɩng ne sẽk wakat ning sẽn yaa koabg wakatẽ wã, n tõog n vɩɩmd n tãag wakat ning sẽn na n yɩ zãma wã, n pa kɩt tɩ b zẽk b mens n tɩ yi, la yaa yel-kãng n da yaa b sẽn da maand Etazĩni soolmã rʋʋg-bilã pʋgẽ wã.

B sɩngda tɩɩsã ne zĩig sẽn kogendẽ, la b yaool n dɩkda b tɩɩsã n tɩ dɩk b tɩɩsã. La b sã n dɩk b tɩɩgã, b sã n tɩ dɩk-a n tɩ tɩ tɩ yi tẽngã pʋgẽ, b sãnda yaa b sẽn na n dɩk-a wã. [7] Sẽn yaa toor ne bõn-buudã, b sã n bʋd b sẽn bʋd b tɩlgã, b sãn yaa ne wĩndg sẽn be be tʋʋlg sẽn be be beem 20 la 30 °C (68 la 86 °F) wã, b sãnda b rogda rasem 4-6 pʋgẽ. [56] Sẽn yidgd-b tɩɩsã taa zĩiga, tɩ b pa tar tɩlem n yɩɩd cm 30 n tãag 61 ye. [7] Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n paam n bãng tɩ b sẽn tar vẽenemã yaa sõma, b segd n maana bũmb sẽn pa tar yõod wʋsg ne b taabã.

B ra maanda buud toor-toor n na n maan tɩbsg yĩnga. B pa maand zut ye, la b tara vãad sẽn yaa wa ne waor wall waor sẽn gũbg vãad sẽn ya waor sẽn yaa pemse, waor bɩ roze. [7] Sẽn sɩng ne b sẽn bʋd-a wã, b rɩka rasem 70 n ta b sẽn tõe n bɩɩse, la sẽn kaoosd ne b sẽn tõe tɩ b bɩɩs-a wã rɩka rasem 120 n ta.

B sã n paam tɩ b ta a taab n tar pãng n pa le tar pãng n kʋ-a, b bɩɩme. B tigimdda b sã n pãbd b sãn-kãnga ne b sãnku. B sã n wa n zãgs b sãbgã, b sã n wa zãgs b sẽbgã, bɩ b sãb-b sãbgã. [59] Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n paam n paam n bãng tɩ b sẽn pa tar bẽdgã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b gãneg n kẽe n lebg n lebg kãnsãmba.

B sã n bʋd bõn-buudã, b segd n zãaga b tɩlgã ne B. oleracea buud toor-toorã, sẽn tar n be zĩig pʋgẽ wã, n maan km 0.8 n ta 1.6 n da wa yɩg n da wa maan tɩ b pa tõe n maan tɩlgã ye. Brassica buud a taab, wala B. rapa, B. juncea, B. nigra, B. napus la Raphanus sativus, pa maand-b-la b toor-toorã ye.

Rɩt-rãmbã

White cabbage

Bãagã buud toor-toor n be, tɩ ned kam fãa tar buud toor-toore:

•Savoy - B sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa kãnsẽ bɩ sẽn yaa tɩlem, tɩlem sẽn yaa bʋgsem la sũ-bʋgsem.

•Rɩk-y n dɩk-y-yã-yã-a, n dɩk a rɩɩbã n dɩk n dɩk ye.

•Zĩin - Zĩin sẽn yaa vẽenem n yaa yĩn-to-to-solem, n yaa zut sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa ne yĩn-tɩrga.

•Rõ - Rõ-rõ-rɩt sẽn yaa tɩlem, tɩ b tũnugd ne-a n dɩt-a bɩ n dɩt a rɩɩbã.

•Bĩng sẽn boond me tɩ Hollandi - Wẽnda sẽn yaa walemd la sẽn yaa vãad sẽn palemd.

Sã n yaa ne Biiblã sɛb kẽer, b wilgame tɩ b yaa buud a tãabo: seb-yũud, sẽn-tɩrs la sẽn-tɩrse, la b rɩka seb-yũudu la seb-yũuda.

Rɩt-yã-yã

Sẽn yaa to-to tɩ b sẽn tar nafa wã yaa sõma. Rẽ yĩnga, b tõe n paama nafa wʋsg n paas tɩ b tõe n paam n paam n kõ-a-la boto, kalsiyam, fosfor la potasiyam. [53] Neb wʋsg sẽn pa mi tɩ b tõe n paam tɩ b ra wa paam n dɩka b rɩɩbã, b pa tõe n paam n dɩ tɩ b ra pa le tar ye. B sã n wa kʋ-a, a sã n wa wa wa wa puk a zugẽ wã, a sãnda sã n wa puk a yĩngẽ wã yaa wa a sã n pa tarẽ wã. Necrotic spot yaa zĩ-bĩng sẽn yaa waal sẽn tar milimɛtɛɛr a wãn n yaa b sẽn tigimd ne b sẽn be b gãagã zugã. B sẽn maand tɩ b pa tar bĩngã, b maandẽ wa b sẽn maandẽ wã.

Fong bãas sʋka, wirestem, sẽn wat ne tɩbsg sẽn yaa pãn-komsem bɩ sẽn wat ne kũum; Fusarium yellows, sẽn wat n wat ne tɩbã sẽn yaa walemd la b sẽn yaa walegd ne vãad sẽn yaa walega; la blackleg (Ges-y Leptosphaeria maculans), sẽn wat ne zĩn sẽn yaa waligd ne remsã la vãad sẽn tar sãnem-brõon sẽn yaa walagd. [64] Fong Alternaria brassicae la A. brassicicola wã kɩtame tɩ fẽngã sẽn yaa wa bĩnggã na n yɩɩ wa bĩnd sẽn yaa wa a sẽn yaa wa. B fãa yaa bõn-buud la b yaa yĩngri, la b leb n yalgdda ne bõn-buudu sẽn tar bãaga sẽn be tẽngã zug semen sẽn yi n wa paam kibs rasem piig la a yiibu. Rhizoctonia solani yaa bãag sẽn wat n ki wã sababd tɩ b kʋ bõn-buudã ("dõm-gãongã", tɩ yẽgã yĩn-gãong bɩ bɩgã pa le paasdẽ, la b gãneg-b-la wʋsgo.

Cabbage moth damage to a savoy cabbage

La bãag sẽn yaa to-to wã sẽn yaa bãag sẽn yɩɩd bãagã yaa bãag-zĩis sẽn yaa bãaga, tɩ yaa bãag ning sẽn yaa bã-zĩiga sẽn yaa bãad sẽn yaa bãada, tɩ yaa Xanthomonas campestris sẽn wat ne bãag-zoɛt sẽn yaa bãas sẽn yaa bãagd ne bãagã, la bãagã sã n wa n wa n kiidẽ. B sẽn tar-a ne tãnsã sẽn yaa wa tãnsã, a kɩtdame tɩ yẽgã wa wa tãns n wa pukd n wa. A ye yaa bãaga sẽn yaa wa a Peronospora parasitica sẽn wat ne wã. A yaa bãaga n kɩt tɩ b yiisd vãad sẽn yaa wa bĩngd ne sãnem, wa b sẽn yaa wa wa bĩnd sẽn yaa wa oliivã.

Bõn-wẽnsã sʋka, yaa roog-n-toog nematood la koob-n-goosg sẽn wat ne tɩɩs sẽn yaa wa b sẽn pa tar tɩb sẽn yaa wa sãnemã; bõn-gãosg sẽn kɩtd tɩ tɩɩs sẽn tar tɩb n yaa wa b sãnemã la sãnemã, la b sẽn kɩtd t'a lebg wa bĩng la sãnemdã; bõnã sẽn wat ne vãs sẽn yaa sãnem la sãnemdgã; bõnn-gãosgoosg nins sẽn wat ne sãnem-brõog sẽn yaa wa rẽndã; bẽng sẽn wat ne bĩng sẽn yaa wa a ye; bẽnd sẽn tar tɩbã sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa yẽng sẽn yaa to-to, la bẽng-bõng sẽn yaa kãsenga.[64] "Kãag-kẽengã" (Pieris rapae) sẽn yaa wa "kẽeng sẽn tall kaag-kẽnegã" sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ "kẽem sẽn tall kaagdã" wã yaa kaag-kɛg-kẽemd sẽn yaa kãseng tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ

Bãngr-gomd-kãsengã (Pieris brassicae) yaa Erop tẽnsẽ. A Zĩnd-rɩt (Plutella xylostella) la a Mamestra brassicae wã bee Erop soolmã tʋʋlg wakate, b sãamda b koodã wʋsgo. [66] Bãag sẽn boond tɩ moustard leaf beetle (Phaedon cochleariae) yaa bõn-naand sẽn yaa toor fasɩ ne koob tɩɩsẽ. [67] Bãagã sẽn tar moasã vãadã nong n dɩka koob n yɩɩd b tɩɩs nins sẽn yaa b sẽn dɩt-bã, bala koobã tara bõn-naands wʋsg sẽn tar yũ-noog wa glucosinolate sẽn kengd tɩ b rɩ-a sõma. [68] A sẽn maan woto wã yaa tẽn-kɩtbã sẽn tar bũmbu, la b sẽn maand tɩ b yũud bõn-naandsã. [69] Ind soolmẽ wã, b sãamda kood nins b sẽn da pa zãag ne kʋɩlen-kʋʋdb tɩ b paam n kʋ-b n dɩ wã n ta 90%. [70] B sẽn tar bugum sẽn sãamd tẽnga wala b sẽn boond tɩ "Cabbage root fly" (Delia radicum) wã, b tõe n paama b tɩb sẽn kẽed ne tɩɩgã sẽn yaa ninsaalb n dɩtẽ.

Sẽn bʋd-b be ka-kẽengã neb a taabã sʋka, bɩ b sẽn zĩnd zĩig ning b sẽn da plant-b wã yʋʋm sẽn loogã, tõe n kɩtame tɩ kʋdm-wẽnsã la bãadã yalg n paas. [53] Ko-kãsengã sẽn yaa wʋsgo, la ko-kãsengã sã n yaa wʋsgo, tõe n kɩtame tɩ b pa le tõe n bɩɩs koodã ye.

Sẽn kɩtd tɩ b pa tar pãng n yɩɩd b sẽn maand b sẽn datã yaa: b sẽn pa maand koodã, koom sẽn pa tar koomã, bugum la bãadã sẽn maandã, la b sẽn maand zĩm-gãongã la b sẽn tar nafa wã yĩnga.

toxiikã

B sã n wa n dɩt-a wʋsgo, b yiisda sulfĩid hidrogɛnd gaz sẽn tar sumu. [72]

Sẽn yɩɩd a sẽn tõe n dɩka a meng ne a meng wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ b yĩnsã gãag n paas n kɩt tɩ b yĩs n wa yik n wa n wa n kʋdgdẽ, tɩ rẽ yaa a sẽn yaa a rafinose, sẽn yaa a sẽn pa tõe n digel a pʋgẽ wã yĩnga, la a sẽn yaa bãaga sẽn be a pʋgẽ wã n kɩt tɩ a lebg a woto. [73]74

B wilgame tɩ b sẽn da tar koodã, b ra pa tõe n kʋ-a ye.[75] Sẽn paase, b ra yãta tɩ b ra rɩka bõn-buudã n kõ-b tɩ b ra tõe n yã-b ye. [75] B sẽn da maand woto wã, b ra tõe n dɩka b mens n dɩt n dɩt-b. A E. coli sẽn ki Etazĩni wã, b wilgame tɩ b ra rɩta koobã naoor a yiib n tɩ loe ne koobã. B sẽn maan sogs-n-tɩrgã wɛɛngẽ wã, b wilgame tɩ b tõe n wa maana wa b sẽn da wa n maand n paas ne ko-kẽeng sẽn pa yɩl n wãbgã, tɩ rẽ yaa rẽgd sẽn be b sẽn dat n bɩɩs-b to-to, b sẽn tigsd-b to wã la b sẽn pakd-b to - to wã.[76] Sẽn yaa rẽgd koomẽ, ninsaalbẽ, rũmsẽ la tẽnga pʋgẽ wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ b lebg b sẽn dat n dɩk-b n kẽng kaabẽ wã, la b kẽng n kẽng n tɩ tɩ tɩ kõ-b tɩ b yaool n dɩk-a. [77]

D rɩkda

Glucosinolate wã yaa glucoside sẽn tar sulfɛɛr buud sẽn kɩt tɩ b yũub wa b sẽn nong n nong n nongã. Baa ne b sẽn yãt tɩ tɩɩgã fãa beẽ wã, bõn-kãens yaa wʋsg n beẽ wã. B yãta bõn-kãens wʋsg sẽn yaa bilf ne kom-bɩɩsã, la b boogda b sẽn wa n kʋʋdẽ wã. B wae n ningda koob sẽn yaa sõma wã b sẽn dat n yeel tɩ b yũuda sõma, tɩ b yũud-a-la sõma. B sã n wa n dɩka koobã n tɩg n dɩt a to, b na n paama koobã.

Tẽns gill zugu, b rɩtda kablo wʋsgo: Rɛɛs-rãmbã rɩtda kobs sẽn yɩɩd yʋʋmd fãa, ne kg 20 (44 lb), sẽn pʋgda ne Bɛlg sẽn dɩk kg 4.7 (10 lb 6 oz) la Nizo-rɛlgã sẽn dɩk kilogram 4,0 (8 lb 13 oz). Amerik rãmb rɩta kilo 3,9 (lb 8,6) yʋʋmd fãa ned kam fãa zugu.

Dɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma

Koobã sẽn yaa toor-toorã yaa koom sẽn yaa 92%, koob-yũud sẽn yaa 6%, poroteen sẽn yaa 1%, la yĩn-gãongã yaa wʋsgo. B sẽn tar gram 100 n tarã, b yaa witãam C la bitãam K sẽn tar wʋsg tɩ b tar a 44% la a 72% n tar a daarã yõodã.Kẽmbã me yaa bõn-vɩɩm sẽn yaa toogo (10-19% DV) sẽn tar B6 la folatã, tɩ bũmb a to sẽn pa tar yõod ne gram 100 fãa ka tar ye

Tẽnsẽ wã neb sẽn talldto-to wã

Sẽn na yɩl n paam n paam n bãng b sẽn na n paam n dɩka b rɩɩbã, b segd n goma b sẽn na yɩl n bãng b sã n na n dɩka a rɩɩbã n dɩka rɩɩb nins b sẽn kõ-dã yelle. Sẽn yaa b sẽn tũnugd ne wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, yaa sẽn yaa b sẽn tar koomã sẽn yaa bilfã. [10] B rɩka b sẽn na n dɩka b sẽn tõe n dɩka a rɩɩbã n kõ-ba. Sẽn na yɩl n paas b tʋʋmdã sõma, b sã n wa tigimd b sẽn tigimd-b ne b nusã, b tigimd n pakd-b zĩig pʋgẽ. [84]

Sẽn na yɩl n paam tɩ b lebg ko-ko-ko-kãnga, b tõe n zãgsda ko-ko wã tɩ yɩ sõma. Kẽer tõe n paama sẽk n yɩɩg n yɩɩg −1 °C la 2 °C (30 °F la 36 °F) ne koom sẽn yaa 90-100%; b tõe n maana woto n kaoosd n ta kiuug a yoob. B sã n tall-a-la ne zu-loees sẽn pa sõma ye, a tõe n kaoosame n ta kiuug a naas. [84]

Dĩm-vɩɩm

B maanda koobã la b rɩt-a-la ne manesem wʋsg. Sẽn yaa nana n tõe n maan yaa tɩ b rɩt-a ne ko-ko-ko-kãnga bɩ b rɩt a ne sobdo, baa ne tɩ rɩɩb wʋsg yaa b sẽn dɩt-a wã.[27] Kẽer yaa bũmb sẽn yaa nana n maand tɩ b tõe n tall kaabg n dɩ, n naan rɩ-b wa kaabg la kimchi, la baa ne a sẽn yaa nana wã, b maanda kaabg ne a Napa.[7][27] B wae n dɩka seb-kãnga n dɩt-b tɩ b tɩgs-b tɩbse.[10] Tofu ne koob yaa Sɩngd rɩɩb sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg wã pʋgẽ, la b maanda ne koob sẽn yaa koob sẽn pa tarã la b rɩt ne namsg sẽn yaa koabg la b rɩta ne namsg.[85][86]

Polõnd soolmẽ wã, yaa rɩɩb buud-goam wʋsg n paamd seb-kãnga. B rɩt-a lame, b sẽn dat n segl-a wã, b rɩt-b lame, b rɩta-a lame. Europẽ tẽns a taab sẽn be Wãgɛɛr la Romaynã me tara taab n dɩtẽ.[87] Ind ne Etiopi, b wae n naagda koob-kẽem ne saalase la b sẽn maand tɩ b yũ-a wã. [88] Etazĩni, b tũnugda ne koobg n naan naan naan naan yɩg n naan yɩg ne koobgã, n yaool n naan naan maan ne koobga. [43]

Phytochemicals

Bãngr-goamã sẽn kẽed ne seb-n-tɩrsã wɛɛngẽ wã yaa b sẽn na n bãnge tɩ sã n yaa tɩrgã sẽn kẽed n yaa ne bãagã, wala sulforafan la glucosinolate wã tõe n sãama bãagã. [89] B maana vaeesgo ne bõn-buud sẽn yaa bõn-buudu, sẽn tar pʋga, tɩ b tõe n boog b yĩnsã bãaga. [90] Koob yaa indole-3-carbinol sor, sẽn yaa kimikal sẽn be vaeesg pʋgẽ, a sẽn tõe n tall a zʋg-sõma wã yĩnga.

Dĩm-dãmbã

Sẽn paase, b ra rɩta ko-kẽeng n paas tɩ b ra rɩt-a ye. Gɛrk-rãmbã ra sagenda tɩ b rɩt tɩɩgã tɩ b yɩ tɩlsd-yãgdga, la b tũnug ne koob-rɩtgã yũub tɩ b tõog n kʋ-a ne fõog sẽn yaa bãaga, la b rɩkd-a n kõ b nifã tɩbse, la b yãk-a tɩ b rɩk-a n tɩ kõ b nin-yãgdbã tɩ b tõog bũmbu.[49][92][93] Rom pĩnd wẽndẽ soabã, a Plini Kãsemã, goma bõn-buudã sẽn yaa rɩɩb la tɩɩm wɛɛngẽ wã yelle. [94] Sẽn na yɩl n boog rãamã yũubã, pĩnd Ezipt nebã rɩta ra-kãag sẽn da yaa b sẽn da rɩ wã sɩngrẽ. [35] Woto ra ket n be Europe sɛb pʋsẽ hal yʋʋm 20 soabã sʋka. [95]

A sã n da yaa wa a sãnemã, b ra tũnugda ne-a n maand tɩ b na n tõog n kʋ-a, la b ra tũnugd ne-a tɩ b na yɩl n maag a yĩns la a kɩt t'a kɩt tɩ b yĩnsã lebg kãn-kãe. Sã n yaa ne bãagã, bãagã yaa bãagã. A sã n wa tar bãagã a na n yɩɩ bãagã la a na n paama bãagã t'a na n yɩɩ wa bãagã sẽn yaa bãag-n-taagã.[95] B rɩka raopã la raopã yũub tɩ b yiis b sẽn na n wa n kʋ kʋ kʋɩtbã, pulmonɩ, apandisit la waasã. [95]

Ges-y me

•List of cabbage dishes

.icon Food portal

Tʋʋm nins b sẽn ning n wilg

•Bradley, Fern Marshall; Ellis, Barbara W.; Martin, Deborah L., eds. (2009).

•The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control. Rodale, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60529-677-7.

•Dixon, Geoffrey R. (2007). •Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers.

•Crop Production Science in Horticulture. Vol. 14. CAB International.

•ISBN 978-0-85199-395-9. Janick, Jules (2011).

•Plant Breeding Reviews. Vol. 35. John Wiley & Sons.

•ISBN 978-1-118-10049-3.

•Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, William Woys (2003). Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Vol. 2. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-80565-8.

•Maynard, Donald N.; Hochmuth, George J. (2007).

•Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers (5th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-73828-2. Ordas, Amando; Cartea, M. Elena (2008). "Cabbage and Kale".

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