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edible mushroom
Subclass ofmushroom, human food Tekre
Part ofwild food Tekre
Opposite ofinedible mushroom Tekre

Zĩn-gãong yaa zĩn-gãong sẽn tar nemdo, sẽn tar zũud sẽn womd biisi. Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, b boondame tɩ toadstool.[1]

B sẽn boond-a tɩ "gɩrã" yaa bug-gɩrã, sẽn boond tɩ Agaricus bisporus. Rẽ n so tɩ b nong n boond-a tɩ "gɩrã". B leb n boond-a lame tɩ "gõos", tɩ wilgd-a-la b sẽn tõe n yeel tɩ b yaa zũma. Zĩ-kãense, b yiisda bõn-vɩɩs sẽn yaa bilf-bilfu, tɩ kɩt tɩ zũudã tõe n sa tẽngã zugu.

Culinary mushrooms in a diversity of shapes and colors
Timelapse of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) growing on a Petri dish

B sã n dɩk makr sẽn yaa toor ne b sẽn boond tɩ "bolete", "puffball", "stinkhorn", la "morel", b boond-b lame tɩ "agarics" b sẽn wõnd Agaricus bɩ b sẽn boond tɩ Agaricales wã yĩnga. Sẽn paase, gom-biig ning sẽn yaa "sɩɩgã" tõe n leb n goma samdã fãa yelle, bɩ buud nins sẽn wat ne biis nins b sẽn boond tɩ samdã, bɩ buudã meng yelle.[2]

Sɩngre

Amanita muscaria

"Sug" la "toadstool" gomdã yaa yʋʋm kobs la b pa wilg tɩ b tõe n tũ-a ye. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 15 soabã la 16 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra tũnugda ne gom-biis nins sẽn yaa mushrom, mushrum, muscheron, mousheroms, mussheron, bɩ musserounsã.[3]

"Fungus" ne a toor-toor tõe n yita gom-biis sẽn yaa mousseron sẽn gomd mousse wã pʋgẽ.

B sẽn da boond tɩ "rɩg-rɩg" wã ra yaa yʋʋmd 14nd yʋʋm-gĩnd ning sẽn zĩnd Angletɛɛrã pʋgẽ.[4]

Bãng zaamẽ

Sẽn na yɩl n bãng bõn-buud sẽn yaa to-to la sẽn pa to-to wã, d segd n bãnga a makroskoopã sẽn yaa to wã võor sõma.

Mikroskop wã zugẽ, b sã n wa kʋ basidiosporã, b sãnda b sãnda a basidi wã, la b lʋɩt a sãnda sʋka.

Rẽ kɩtame tɩ f sã n kao fẽkrã n ning fãgrã zãma wã fãa, f na n paama fẽkr sẽn wilgd fẽkr-rãmbã (sẽn yaa porã, wall bãnd-rãmbã, la a taab) (fãgrã sẽn yaa bõn-buudã sẽn yaa kãn-kãe).

B sẽn gʋlsd bũmb ning sẽn yaa pulgrã, b boond-a tɩ spora, wã sã n yaa ne a sã n dat n bãngẽ, a yaa sõma tɩ b tõe n bãngẽ.

B sẽn da gʋlsd bũmb ninsã yaa sẽn yaa pemse (b sẽn nong n yɩɩd fãa), sẽn yaa wa bug-zõoneg, sẽn yaa wa zõoneg la sẽn yaa wa bu-zõong, sẽn yaa roze, sẽn yaa welsg la sẽn yaa tɩrsg la sẽn pa tar tɩrsg ye. La b pa tol n get-b ye.[5]

Baa ne b sẽn na n bãngd bõn-buudã rũndã-rũndã wã, b lebgda molekularã, la b wʋsg ket n tũnugda ne b sẽn maandã, la sẽn naag ne mikroskopã n bãngd b sẽn maand to-to wã, b lebga bõn-naands sẽn sɩng ne tẽn-kɩr wẽndẽ la a Victorian wakatẽ wã.

Neb nins sẽn maand bũmbu la b sẽn maand bẽedã fãa geta sã n yaa tɩt sẽn sãame, tɩt sẽn yaa tɩt, tɩt, sãn-tɩr, sãnsa, sãnba, la sãn-tʋʋmã yelle. B sã n wa tar bũmbu, b tõe n maana bũmb sẽn pa sõma. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b tõe n maana buud toor-toor n bãng b sẽn yaa to-to wã ne b sẽn get b sẽn yaa zĩig ning b sẽn getẽ wã. B sẽn pa yãendẽ, b pa le tõe n bãng b sẽn na n maan bũmb ning ye.

Neb wʋsg sẽn pa sɩngd lekollã pa get koom sẽn yaa zãadg ne koomã sẽn yaa ne koomã b sẽn gʋlsd ne seb-bilã ye.[6]

B sẽn tõe n bãng a soabã

Morphological characteristics of the caps of mushrooms
A macro of a polypore mushroom
Maitake, a polypore mushroom

Sẽn na yɩl n bãng bũmb ning sẽn yaa zũnzũri, la bũmb ning sẽn pa zũnzũri, yaa tɩlɛ tɩ d bao n bãng b sẽn naan to-to. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b yaa basidiomizɛt dãmba, la b tara gil. B sẽn boond tɩ basidiosporesã yita b zũnd-zãndẽ wã, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ b lebg wa pems sẽn yit b zũnd-zãndẽ wã. B sã n ges-b ne mikrosõ wã, b tõe n yãa tɩ bõn-vɩɩs nins b sẽn boond tɩ basidiosporesã yita basidiyẽ wã, n lʋɩt tɩ b be koomã sẽn pa beẽ wã. Rẽ kɩtame tɩ b sã n yãkd bõn-kɩdsã n ningd-b zĩig ning b sẽn na n gãneg-b yʋngã, b na n paama bũmb sẽn yaa wa zũud sẽn wilgd bõn-kɩdsã sẽn yaa to-to wã. B sẽn boond tɩ spore printã yaa bũmb sẽn tõe n sõng tɩ b bãng b sẽn yaa to-to, la b bãng b sẽn yaa to-to. Bõn-vɩɩs nins b sẽn maand tɩ b getẽ wã yaa peelsã (bõn-vɩɩs nins sẽn wae n beẽ wã), kẽlemã, bũudã, bũudã, bũudã, bũudã, bũudã, la bũudã. A zɩ n yɩ lam-pĩim, vɛɛs bɩ miuug ye.

Yaa sɩd tɩ rũndã-rũndã, b sã n na n bãng b sẽn tõe n bãng moosã to-to wã, b na n bãngame tɩ yaa moosã n na n bãng b sẽn tõe n bãng b moosã to-to. Bãngdb nins sẽn zãmsd bõn-kɩdsã yɛl la neb nins sẽn zãmsd bõn-kɩdsã yɛl gesda bõn-kɩdsã sẽn tõe n wa ne bũmb ningã, b sẽn tõe n wa ne bũmb ningã, b yũudã, b sẽn tõe n yũ bũmb ningã, b sẽn tõe n yã bũmb ningã, b sẽn tõe n yã bũmb ningã, b sẽn tõe n yã bũmb ningã, b sẽn tõe n yã bũmb ningã, la b sẽn tõe n yã bũmb ning sẽn kɩt tɩ bõn-kɩdsã sãamã. Bãng-y tɩ f sã n dat n dɩ-a la f yũ-a, tõe n waa ne yelle, bala a tara zẽnem la bũmb sẽn tõe n wa ne yĩn-sidg bãaga. B leb n tũnugda ne bã-kãn-dãmb kẽer n makd bã-kãn-dãmbã.

Naoor wʋsgo, b tõe n bãnga buud ning sẽn yaa-a wã zĩig pʋgẽ, n tũnug ne lekoll sẽn be b babgẽ. La sẽn na yɩl n bãng bõn-vɩɩsã buud toor-toorã, b segd n maana modgr n paase. Zĩn-dãmbã sẽn yaa wa bũudã bɩtame n lebg bõn-vɩɩs sẽn bɩ, la yaa bõn-vɩɩs nins sẽn bɩ wã bal n tõe n wilg tɩ b yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn tõe n bãng b sẽn yaa to-to wã. La b sã n wa bɩ, b pa le tõe n maan bũmb ye, la b pa le tõe n maan bõn-buud ye. Neb wʋsg sẽn sɩng Biiblã kareng tagsame tɩ koomã sẽn be seb-vãoogã zugã yaa bõn-vãoog sẽn yaa pɛɛlga, wall b tagsame tɩ seb-vãoog ning sẽn yaa rãamã sẽn be lamellã noore, yaa bõn-vãoog sẽn tar yʋy.

Dɩt-kãnga

B sẽn boond tɩ fõndã

mushroom
Subclass oforganism, fungal structure Tekre
Part offungi Tekre
Vocalized nameפִּטְרִיָּה Tekre
Unicode character🍄, 🍄‍🟫 Tekre

yaa fõnd sẽn yaa bẽnd sẽn yaa Agaricales, tɩ b yaa bẽnda, la b yaa b bẽnd ning sẽn yaa bãndã, Agaricus campestris. La rũndã-rũndã, b sẽn boond tɩ molekul rãmb sẽn tar makr-paalã pʋgẽ, pa Agaricales rog-n-soabã neb fãa n yiisd bõn-buudã tɩ b lebg bõn-buudu, la b boond-b lame tɩ bõn-buuda, tɩ b maand woto ne Agaricomycetes rog-n'a taab pʋsẽ. Wala makre, b sẽn boond tɩ "Cantharellales" wã pʋgẽ, b boond tɩ "false chanterelles"Gomphales la Gomphus buud toor-toor la b beẽ-bẽedã sʋka. Lactarius, Lactifluus la Russula buud toor-toorã la Lentinellus buud toor-tosodã beẽ-bã.

A Agaricales wã pʋgẽ, b sẽn boond tɩ fõndã, b yaa fõndb sẽn yaa wa fõnd sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond-b tɩ fõnda, shiitake, enoki, fõnd-fõndb, fõnda agarics la Amanitas a taaba, fõngb sẽn yaa yam-yãgdb wala Psilocybe, fõnga fõnd bẽng, fõngo fõnd n yaa wa fẽngbẽngb.

B sẽn boond tɩ "Russula" bɩ "Lactarius" wã biis

mushroom poisoning
Subclass offoodborne illness, mycotoxicosis, poisoning Tekre
Has causepoisonous mushroom Tekre
Health specialtyemergency medicine, mycotoxicology Tekre

sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ lobster fungi wã yaa fungi sẽn pa wõnd a taaba. Woto kɩtame tɩ fẽngã sẽn paam-a wã tar sũ-noog la a yaa wa fẽng sẽn yaa wa fõnd sẽn maan ne a sẽn wa n wa n wa wã. B pa maand wa b sẽn boond tɩ fõndbã ye. A kẽer tara porã sẽn be tẽngrã (b boond tɩ bolɛtã), a taabã me tara kolg-n-tɩrs wala b sẽn boond tɩ "eziog fõnd" la b sẽn boond t'a "tooth fongs" wã. "Mungroom" b sẽn boond tɩ "mungroom" wã yaa polipor, puffball, jelly fungi, korall fungi, bracket fungi, stinkhorns la cup fungi. Woto, gom-biigã yaa gom-bi-zems sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne fõn-buud sẽn tar biis makroskoopikã, n yɩɩd gom-biiga sẽn tar võor sẽn yaa taksonom. B wilgame tɩ b tara fɩng buud 14 000 la b maand woto. [10

Dɩt-y n ges-y

Amanita jacksonii buttons emerging from their universal veils
The blue gills of Lactarius indigo, a milk-cap mushroom

Bãagã yaa b sẽn boond tɩ primordium, sẽn yaa n be b sẽn boond t'a yaa b sẽn be b sẽn be tẽng zug bɩ a sẽn be a sẽn be be a zugẽ wã. A yaa micelium pʋgẽ, sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn wõnd tãnsã sẽn yaa fõndã. Bãagrã yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "bõon-n-tɩr" wã, tɩ b lebg b sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa wa bõn-buudã.Bãagrã pʋgẽ, b tara micelium sẽn yaa bĩng sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "vẽng" n gũbg biisã sẽn wat n bɩɩsdã. Yʋgã sã n wa paasdẽ, a gãandã sãame, la a tõe n ket n yaa bõn-buud bɩ bĩng sẽn be a rʋʋgẽ wã, bɩ b tõe n lebga bĩng bɩ bĩnd sẽn be a gãagẽ wã. Fõonb wʋsg pa tar gãnd sẽn yaa sõma ye, tɩ kɩt tɩ b pa tar bĩng bɩ bĩng ye. Naoor wʋsgo, a yiib-n-soabã sẽn yaa tɩrsã, yaa tɩrs sẽn yaa fãagdã sẽn pakd b tɩrsã. Sẽn paasd ne gãagã, gãagã sãame, la gãagã sẽn pa tar pãng tõe n kell n yɩɩ wa sõor bɩ tɩbsg sẽn be gãagã pʋga, bɩ wab sẽn yaa b sẽn da tar b sẽn pa tõe n yã bũmb ning b sẽn yeel tɩ b pa segd n yã wã B tõe n maana wa b sẽn maand ne b sẽn maand n kõ-a b bĩngã, wala b sẽn maand b sẽn maand Nepiota buud toor-toore, wall b tõe n maana bũmb sẽn yaa wa b sẽn maan ne bĩng sẽn wõnd bĩng-to-to-tʋʋmd sẽn yaa wa a Cortinarius buudã. Fõnd sẽn pa tar zĩ-bõoneg pa maand tɩ b lebg tɩb ye. [11.

B tõe n kɩtame tɩ b gãd-a n kõ-a pãng n kõ-b pãng n kõ a pãng tɩ b tõog n tõog n tõog a pãng n tõog n kõ-ba. A sã n yaa wa a sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ fõndã, a tõe n pa tar a tɩ-kẽem ye. B sẽn pa tar b bĩngã, b tõe n tara b sẽn na n deeg-b-la. Bãagb a taab sẽn tar wa tarfu, jelli, tẽng tɩɩs la liuuga zĩm pa tar bẽed ye, la b tara gom-biis sẽn yaa mikoloji wã sẽn wilgd b pʋ-peelemã.

B sẽn maand tɩ b sã n wa tar b tɩtã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b lebg n lebg n kẽed ne b tɩtã. B sẽn boond tɩ Agaricus, Amanita, Lepiota la Pluteus buudẽ wã, b sã n wa tarẽ, b pa tarẽ tɩ b pa tar n ta b tɩt-n-taagã zugu. Neb a taab me tara bĩis sẽn yaa wa b sẽn tar n yaa wa b bĩisẽ wã, wala b sẽn tar bĩis nins sẽn boond tɩ Omphalotus la Pleurotus wã. Rɩt-rãmbã la sẽn pa tar koomã sẽn yaa toor-toorã sʋka, b yaa toor-toor. B sã n dat n bãng tɩ b yaa b sẽn tar b meng n pa tõe n bãng b sẽn tõe n maan to-to wã, b tõe n bãnga b sẽn tõe ne b meng n bãng b sã n yaa b sẽn tõe to-to n bãng b to-tob sẽn kẽed ne b tɩtã n tɩ ta a zugẽ wã, la b sẽn kẽeg ne b tɩtã n tɩ ta tɩ ta a zugu, la a woto. La b pa tõe n bãng b sẽn maand to-to wã ye.[12].

Mikrospikã

Hymenium yaa

psilocybin mushroom
Subclass ofpsychoactive mushroom, entheogen Tekre
mushroom poisoning
Subclass offoodborne illness, mycotoxicosis, poisoning Tekre
Has causepoisonous mushroom Tekre
Health specialtyemergency medicine, mycotoxicology Tekre

bõn-vɩɩs sẽn tar spora sẽn yaa mikrospik sẽn pakd remsã. B sẽn pa tar bẽedã pʋgẽ, b geta bẽed-n-tɩrsã sẽn yaa bẽedgã, b geta a sẽn yaa bẽn-tɩrsẽ wã, la b geta a bẽedbã. Askomycota pʋgẽ, spɔɔrã yaa bõn-yems sẽn yaa mikrospik sẽn yaa wa sak sẽn yaa wa a sẽn boond tɩ asci, tɩ b tõe n paama spɔɔr a nii a yembr fãa pʋgẽ. D sẽn tar-b-la a Zeova Kaset rãmbãb sã n wa tar bõn-yũudl sẽn yaa wa bĩisã, b sã n tar bĩisgã, b sãn-kãnga, b sãnda, b sãna, b sãnana, b sãndã, b b sãnẽ wã, b sãnna, b sãana, b sãnada, b sãan-kãnga. Pyrenomycetes wã yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa yãgb sẽn tar yĩn-gãm-gãmbuud sẽn vɩ zĩ-bĩng wʋsg zugu, sẽn tarẽ tẽnga, tɩg, tɩg-gãm, la tɩɩs sẽn wat n sãamd ne bãagã, la bõn-buuda a taab me. B maandame n naan naan yɩll n wa lebg bõn-buudu sẽn boond tɩ perithecia, tɩ b tõe n maan tɩ b lebg bõn-bɩɩgã.

Baasidiomycetes wã pʋgẽ, b wae n lugla spore a naase, tɩ b boond tɩ sterigmata, sẽn yit pils sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ basidia wã. Gasteromycetes sẽn yaa bõn-buudã sẽn yaa sõma wã, b sẽn boond tɩ gleba, tõe n lebga bugum wala b sẽn maand ne b b bĩngã, wall b lebg wa b sẽn maand n maand ne b sãnem-buudgã. A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn yaa b tẽedbã, b tõe n paama sũ-noog wʋsg b vɩɩmã pʋgẽ. B sẽn boond tɩ cystidia wã yaa woto me. Cystidia buud wʋsg beeme, la b sã n get b sẽn be zĩig ningã, b sẽn tar b sẽn tõe n tall to-to wã, b tũnugda ne-a n bãng b sẽn yaa fõndã. [13

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sã n dat n bãng bõn-buudã, b minimã yaa b sẽn tar b spora wã. B sã n wa tar kam-biis sẽn maand mak-sõngo, b tõe n bãnga b sẽn yaa bũmb ning. A spore wã taa n tar a sẽn yit a yembr n boond t'a apiculus, sẽn yaa a sẽn kẽed ne basidium wã, sẽn boond tɩ apical germ pore wã, tɩ b sã n wa n yãgs a spore wã, a hipã wã yita.

Tẽebã bɩʋʋng

Agaricus bitorquis mushroom emerging through asphalt concrete in summer

La b pa tõe n bãng tɩ b sã n wa tarẽ wã, b tõe n wa n wa n dɩka b sẽk n dɩka. Yaa bõn-kãng n kɩt tɩ b gomd goam wʋsg sẽn yaa bũmbu, n yetẽ tɩ "mẽg" bɩ "mẽgd" (b sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa b sõor bɩ b sẽn yaa to-to wã) la "mẽgre" (b sã n wa n wa n yɩ wa b sẽn pa tẽedã, b wa n waame tao-tao). Sɩda, fẽkr buud fãa rɩta rasem a wãn n naan naan naan yɩ fẽkrã biis yĩnga, baa ne b sẽn paamd koomã sẽn kẽed ne-b tɩ b lebg kãn-kãe.

B sẽn da maand b sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond-b tɩ b sẽn yaa kãn-kãe wã yĩnga, b boond-b lame tɩ b sẽn pa tar pãng wʋsgã yĩnga. B sẽn yaa kãenkãe, b boond-b lame tɩ b sẽn yaa gãndã la b sẽn yaa to-to wã yĩnga. La b sã n wa n wa n naan n naan n maan woto, b tõe n dɩka koom n paas n paas b koomã pʋgẽ.[7]

Woto me, bõn-buud a taab me beeme, wala Parasola plicatilis (b sẽn da boond tɩ Coprinus plicatlis wã), sẽn bɩdd tao-tao zãar pʋgẽ, la b tõe n menemda wĩnto-sʋk sẽn na n wa ta wĩnto-kãsengã daar sẽn yaa tʋʋlg poore. [8] La b sã n wa n yãgdẽ, b sã n yãgd b sẽn yaa b sẽn pa tar pãng n maandẽ, b tõe n paama b meng pãng n yaool n bas b sẽn yaa-b to-to wã.[9][10]

Pa fõnd fãa n paamd pãng yʋngo, la kẽer bɩtda bilf-bilf n paas b yĩn-gãongã ne b sẽn yi n yi kolone wã noorẽ wã bɩ b sẽn kẽesd fõndã. Wala makre, Pleurotus nebrodensis bɩtgdame n pa le sõsd ye.[11]

Baa ne b sẽn tõe n wa ne bi-pɛɛlg wakat bilf pʋgẽ wã, b tõe n wa paama bõn-vɩɩl sẽn tõe n vɩɩmd n kaoose, la b tõe n wa ne bõn-vɩɩl wʋsg me. B wilgame tɩ Armillaria solidipes (b sẽn da boond pĩnda tɩ Armillaria ostoyae) sẽn be Malheur National Forest sẽn be United States wã tara yʋʋm 2400, tõe tɩ yaa sẽn yɩɩd rẽ menga, la b tara zĩig sẽn ta kɩlo 2200 (kilomɛtɛr 8.9). [12] Zĩ-gãongã wʋsg bee tẽngre, la tɩɩs sẽn sãamd bɩ tɩɩs sẽn kiid yẽgẽ, tɩ yaa wa micelia wã sẽn yaa peelsã, tɩ b naag ne rhizomorphs sẽn yaa wa neooda sẽn yaa kɩdsã, tɩ b sigl tɩɩs nins sẽn yaa tɩɩs b sẽn welg toorã. [13]

Dɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma

Burkĩna burkĩna yaa koom sẽn yaa 92%, karbõidr sẽn yaa 4%, poroteen sẽn yaa 2%, la yĩn-gãong sẽn pa ta 1%. A gram 100 (3.5 oz) pʋgẽ, fõnd sẽn pa rɩtdã kõt-d kalori 22 la yaa b sẽn tar bãag sẽn yaa bãag (vɩtamiinã sẽn yaa b daarã yõod sẽn yaa 20 bɩ sẽn yɩɩd a ye) sẽn yaa B-vɩtamini, wala riboflavinn, niacin la pantothenic acid, seleni (37% DV) la kopɛɛr (25% DV), la b sẽn tar fosfor, sink la potasiy sẽn yaa bãn-to (10-19% DV) (taabl). B tara vitamiin C la natriɔm sẽn pa ta zĩig ning fãa.

D- vitãm

Dã-bãoog sẽn tar divãma D wã sẽn yaa to-to wã bee ne tigs-n-taagã poore, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, wĩntoogã vẽenem sẽn pa ratã. A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn yaa b sẽn tʋmd ne b tʋʋmdã pʋgẽ wã wilgame tɩ b ra tara bõn-bugs wʋsg sẽn tar divãt D. [27] La sã n wa tar-a, a sã n wa paam n paam n dɩ-a, b leb n dɩka a tɩ lebg a D2 sẽn yaa a V.[28][29][30][31] D sẽn maand tɩ b bãng tɩ b sẽn naan bãd a D-vitamiinãb sẽn maand tɩ b tõe n paam n bãng tɩ b sã n wa tar fõoneg n yiisd fõonga, b wilgame tɩ b sẽn tũnugd ne UV vẽenem sẽn yaa sõma n yiisd a Vãtaminn D wã yaa sõma wa fõongã sẽn paam n paam wĩndg wĩndg sẽn yaa toor-toorã.

Ned sẽn na n tall-a

Dĩm-dãmb sẽn tõe n dɩ

Agaricus bisporus, one of the most widely cultivated and consumed mushrooms
Ferula mushroom in Bingöl, Turkey . This is an edible type of mushroom.

Mushrooms are used extensively in cooking, in many cuisines (notably Chinese, Korean, European, and Japanese B tũnugda ne fõnd wʋsg n dɩtẽ, rɩɩb wʋsg pʋgẽ (kãsenga yaa Sɩngr, Kore, Erop la Zapõ). Nebã geta b yelle tɩ b yaa rɩɩb hal pĩnd wẽndẽ.

B ra tara fõon-dãmb wʋsg sẽn yaa b sẽn nong n koosd-b wã. Yaa Agaricus bisporus, sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd a taabã, la nebã tagsdame tɩ rɩɩbã pa tar yell ne-a, bala a bɩɩda zĩig sẽn pa tar tɩ b rɩ-a wã. Bãada A. bisporus buud toor-toor sẽn tar yõod wʋsg tɩ b ra rɩtg n tʋmd ne taaba, tɩ yaa bĩis, crimini la portobello. Bõn-buudb a taab sẽn be kom-bõoneg wʋsg pʋsẽ wã yaa: Hericium erinaceus, shiitake, maitake (tõnd-n-tõndã), Pleurotus, la enoki. Yʋʋm sẽn pa kaoos pʋgẽ, tẽns nins sẽn wat n beẽ wã sẽn paasd b arzɛkã kɩtame tɩ b ra nong n nong fẽedã, tɩ b get-a masã tɩ yaa bũmb sẽn tõe n nafd kom-bɩɩsã.

Sɩna yaa tẽn-kãseng sẽn naan rɩt-fãadã. [14] Tẽnga wã yaa b sẽn naan tɩ b yi wã nus n naan tɩ b rɩg n kõ ned ning sẽn beẽ wã, la neb milyaar 1.4 rɩt n kõ ned a yembr yʋʋmd fãa. Yʋʋmd 2014 wã, Polõnd ra yaa dũni gill pipi fõog sẽn yiisd fõogã, n tall ton 194,000 (191,000 long ton; 214,000 short ton) yʋʋmdã.[15]


Close-up cross section of mushroom.

Sẽn na yɩl n welg bõn-buud sẽn yaa yũudl ne bõn-buuda sẽn tar bãaga, yaa tɩlae tɩ d gũus ne yel-bũnã neere. Pa bũmb a ye n tõe n wilg tɩ bõn-buudu fãa yaa yũud-buudl ye.[16] Neb nins sẽn tigimd fõon-kãsems n na n dɩ wã, b boond-b lame tɩ fõonã, la b tigimd-b n na n deeg-b n dɩ wã yaa b sẽn boond tɩ fõonsã.b baooda b sẽn na n paam n dɩd tom, bɩ b "bõn-dãmbã". Baa fõnd sẽn yaa rɩɩb tõe n kɩtame tɩ ned sẽn yaa yĩns sẽn pa tar yĩnsã paam tɩ b yĩnsã pa tar pãng n wa wa paam tɩ b paam tɩ b yũ tɩ b pa tar yĩn-gãong ye. Baa A. bisporus sẽn yaa b sẽn yidgã me tar hidrazinã sẽn yaa bilf wʋsgo, tɩ yaa agaritine (mikotoxin la karsinogen).[17] La sã n wa be tɩ b rɩt rɩɩb n dɩtẽ, sã n wa wa yɩ t'a wa yũud wʋsgo, a sãamda a meng.[18]

Fõon-rãmbã buud toor-toor yaa bãad-wẽns la b kẽer wõnda buud kẽer sẽn tõe n dɩ wã, la b rɩ-b-la tõe n sãama ned wʋsgo. Sẽn na yɩl n bãng b sẽn tõe n bãng bũmbu wã, yaa sõma tɩ b rɩ bũmbu sẽn tigimd zĩig pʋgẽ wã. Sẽn yaa sõma tɩ b maan yaa tɩ b bao n na n tigim b toorẽ buud toor-toor sẽn yaa bõn-naands sẽn yaa bõn -naands sẽn tõe n dɩ tɩ b pa tõe n wa n maan tɩlɛ ne bõn-naandb sẽn tar bãaga. D sã n pa tõe n bãng tɩ fẽgrã yaa bõn-buud bɩ f pa tõe n dɩ-a ye, d segd n getame tɩ yaa zuloeere.[19]

Dɩt-y n ges-y tɩ b yaa bõn-naands sẽn yaa toaka

Young Amanita phalloides "death cap" mushrooms, with a matchbox for size comparison

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa: B sẽn yũ-a ne fɩɩmã

Zĩig buud wʋsg na n paama bõn-naands sẽn yaa toor-toorã, tɩ tõe n yaa bõn-wẽns, tɩ tõe tɩ kɩt tɩ ned tagsd a toore, tɩ tõe t'a yaa kʋdga, tɩ tõe me tɩ tõe n kɩt tɩ ned wa maan yĩns wẽnga, tɩ tõeeme tɩ yaa kʋdgã, tɩ tõe yaa kʋdgdg bɩ tɩ tõe n kɩtame tɩ ned wa bãng a toore. Baa ne bõn-buudb kẽer sẽn yaa wʋsgo, kẽer tõe n kɩtame tɩ b yĩm bãag wʋsgo. Yaa sɩd tɩ yaa bõn-yũudl n tõe n sõng tɩ b kogl basidiocarpã tʋʋmd: miceli wã rɩka pãng wʋsg la b rɩka protoplasmikã n tõog n naan naan naan pʋɩ-sʋk n pʋɩ-b ne b sporã. B sẽn na n zab ne b sẽn na n dɩ wã la b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n zab ne nebã tɩ b ra wa rɩ-b n loog wakat sẽn pa ta wãb sẽn pa tõe n dɩd ye, b kɩtdame tɩ ned ning sẽn dɩt-a wã kõb a rɩɩbã (g yã emetics) bɩ a zãms n zãgs a rɩɩbã zãng-zãng. Sẽn paase, b sẽn da get tɩ b sẽn tar fõog n na n dɩt metall-kãsemse, tɩ rẽ naag ne radioaktiv rãmbã, b tõe n yeelame tɩ yʋʋmd 2008 wã, b ra ket n zãmsd b sẽn paam tɩ b yũud fõog sẽn zĩnd yʋʋmd 1986 wã, t'a Zeova pa bas tɩ b maan tozo.[20][21][21]

Dymaandĩns-vɩɩsũn

Psilocybe zapotecorum, a hallucinogenic mushroom

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn da nong tɩ b bãng tɩ b sã n wa tar bãag bɩ b pa tõe n bãng tɩ b pa tõe ne bãagã, b pa tõe me n bãng tɩ bãagã yaa bũmb sẽn pa nana ye. B maana bũmbu, tɩ b tõog n maag b mens ne b yĩnsã, la b sõng tɩ b paam yam-yãkr. Yaa yel-kãens sʋka, a ye yaa velada. Sẽn maand-a pipi wã yaa shaman bɩ curandera (prɛta-poakã).[22]

B boond-b lame tɩ psilocybin fõoneg, tɩ b boond-b me tɩ psychedelic fõonegr. B boond-b lame tɩ "dũniyã naandã" bɩ "dũnda", b yaa b sẽn tõe n paam-b zĩig fãa, zĩig sẽn yaa sõma wã, dũniyã gill zugu, wall tẽns nins sẽn gɩdg b raabã pʋgẽ. B wilgame tɩ psilocybine wã sõngda ned t'a bãng bũmb sẽn yaa sõma la sẽn tõe n toeem a vɩɩmã. Sɩndb sẽn maan vaeesg sẽn pa kaoos n wilg tɩ b sẽn yeel tɩ bũmb ninsã yaa sɩda, b wilgame tɩ bũmb nins b sẽn maan tɩ b bãng Wẽnnaam wã pa tõe n kaoos ye.B zãmsd neb nins sẽn tar zu-loees wala b sẽn tar tɩbsg tɩbsg wɛɛngẽ, tɩ b tõe n sõng-b tɩ b bãng b sẽn tõe n maan to-to wã yĩnga. B wilgame tɩ b sẽn maand minitã kɩtame tɩ b tõog n kɩt tɩ b yĩnsã ra wa wa boog ye.[23] Zãmsg sẽn maan ne zo-vãoog a yiib sẽn yaa Johns Hopkins Hospital wã wilgame tɩ b sẽn dɩkd bũmbu wã tõe n kõ-b-la Sub-ZeroB paama bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne nebã, la b tara yõod wʋsg ne Wẽnnaam. B sẽn maan vaeesg pʋgẽ wã, neb nins sẽn da paam-b tɩ b yũ bõn-buudã n paas b yĩnsã, bãmb sʋka, yembr-n-taaga yeelame tɩ b rɩka bõn-buuda sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne b vɩɩmã. Sẽn yɩɩd a tãab-n-soab a yiib n togs tɩ b sẽn maan bũmb a nu wã yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne-b tẽebã wɛɛngẽ. La neb nins sẽn da paam-b bãagã sʋka, bãmb a tãab n da tar yɩɩr wʋsgo. La yɩɩrã sẽn kaoos bilfu, b ra pa le yɛɛsd ye. [24] B wilgame tɩ b tõogame n na n sõng ned t'a wa lebg ned sẽn yaa rãam la sigarẽ.[25]

A Amanita buud-goam kẽer sẽn yaa A. muscaria, la a A. pantherina me tar a muscimol sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn maand tɩ nebã tagsdẽ tɩ pa nana ye. A Amanitas sẽn tar muscimolã sẽn tar chemotaxonomik sullã pa tar amatoxins bɩ phallotoxins ye, la rẽ yĩnga, b pa tar hepatoxins ye. A Amanita yũub yaa wa Z- tɩlb sẽn yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b tar CNS- wã tɩlgdb la bãag-dãmb sẽn kɩtd tɩ b maand sũ-sãamsã, la b tar tɩlgdbã la bãag sẽn kɩtd t'a wãbgdbã sẽn maand tɩ b pa miẽ wã.

Tẽns tɩɩm

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, yaa sẽn na yɩl n paam tɩɩm.

Ganoderma lingzhi

B tũnugda ne fõnd kẽer tɩbsg pʋgẽ. [26] Tẽns a wãn pʋsẽ, b sẽn yiisd bõn-buudã, wala polysaccharide-K, schizophyllan, polysaccaride peptide, bɩ lentinan, yaa gom-bi-pugli sẽn yaa bãad-kẽer tɩbsg sẽn yaa b sẽn gʋlsd ne goosneema wã, la b pa wilg tɩ b yaa sõma la bãad-kɛgend ye.[27][28][29] la b pa tõog n wilg tɩ b rɩka bõn-kãensã tɩ b pa tõe n sãam ned ye. [30][31] Baa ne b sẽn tõe n dɩ zũng buud kẽer bɩ b sẽn yiisd-b tɩ b tõe n sõng bãaga, sigls kẽer sẽn get bãaga yelle, wala US Food and Drug Administration, getame tɩ b rɩk-a-la wa rɩɩb sẽn paasd rɩɩb pãnga, sẽn pa tar goosneerã sakre, bɩ b sẽn tõe n dɩk-a n maan tɩbsg tɩbsg ye.[32]

Dẽn-bɩɩsã
A tinder fungus, Fomes fomentarius

B tõe n dɩka fõoneg n ning fõonã la fõon-dãmb a taab b sẽn naan naan naanã. Fõndb sẽn tar fõndã fõndbã yaa bũmb sẽn tar pãng la b kõt fõnd sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo. Fõndbã fõndb n tõe n paama fõnd fãa fõnd dãmb sẽn tarã. Sẽn deng tɩ b naan b sẽn naan b sẽn maand bũmb ning n dat n yeel tɩ b yaa b sẽn naan n naan b sẽn da maand bũmb ning fãa, b ra yaa b sẽn da naan b sẽn na n maan bũmb ning fãa n naan b mens n naan b toor n naan b meng n naan b naan b mens tɩ b naan lebg b toorẽ bõn-naandsã.[33]

B rɩka fõnd kẽer n boond tɩ fõndb sẽn yaa fõndg (tinder fõnds).

Fõog la fõog a taab tara rol sẽn tõe n sõng tɩ b tõog n maneg b yĩnsã sõma (b sẽn na n maan woto wã, b na n kɩtame tɩ b tɩɩsã bɩʋʋg yɩ sõma) la b tõog n kɩt tɩ b yĩnsã lebg sõma (b sã n maan woto, b na ne-a lame tɩ b boog b bã-kɛglã sẽn be koom sẽn be koomẽ wã).[34]

Bãngr-goamã sẽn kẽed ne génniirã wɛɛngẽ wã ket n maanda vaeesgo sẽn dat n sõng tɩ b tõog n paas fõon-gãosã zʋg sẽn yaa sõma, tɩ b paas b rɩ-noog nafa, la b rɩkd-b tɩ b lebg bãagã.[35]

Galɛɛrã

  • Psychotropic mushroom Amanita muscaria, commonly known as "fly agaric"
    Psychotropic mushroom Amanita muscaria, commonly known as "fly agaric"
  • Agaricus bisporus mushroom is a cultivated edible mushroom for foods and has many names such as "champignon", " button mushroom", "white mushroom", and " portobello"
    Agaricus bisporus mushroom is a cultivated edible mushroom for foods and has many names such as "champignon", " button mushroom", "white mushroom", and " portobello"
  • Boletus edulis, also known as "cep", is an edible wild bolete found in Europe
    Boletus edulis, also known as "cep", is an edible wild bolete found in Europe
  • Common puffball (Lycoperdon perlatum) has a glebal hymenium; the interior is white when it is young, but as it matures, the interior becomes brown containing spores
    Common puffball (Lycoperdon perlatum) has a glebal hymenium; the interior is white when it is young, but as it matures, the interior becomes brown containing spores

Ges-y me

  • Fungiculture
  • Sebr sẽn tar psilocybin zomba buud toor-toor
  • Bõn-buud sẽn yaa kãsenga
  • Zĩ-nood nins sẽn yaa zũnzũyã sõor
  • Bõn-bɩʋʋllã yũub
  • Zĩn-dãmb sẽn yaa bõn-naandsã

Sebtiisi

  1. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toadstool
  2. ↑ https://archive.org/stream/elementarytextbo00hayw#page/n5/mode/2up
  3. ↑ https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/1
  4. ↑ https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=toadstool
  5. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom#Ammirati
  6. ↑ http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/aug2001.html
  7. ↑ https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2021.10.002
  8. ↑ https://archive.today/20130102105407/http://collectivesource.com/fungi/newpages/Coprinus_plicatilis.html
  9. ↑ https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/parasola-plicatilis.php
  10. ↑ https://blog.mycology.cornell.edu/2008/07/01/the-dish-on-deliquescence-in-coprinus-species/
  11. ↑ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61597/102952148
  12. ↑ https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674063426.c38
  13. ↑ http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/news/fungus.htm
  14. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040408/http://www.isms.biz/articles/production-of-cultivated-edible-mushroom-in-china-with-emphasis-on-lentinula-edodes/
  15. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160924110152/http://www.freshplaza.com/article/137929/Poland-The-worlds-largest-mushroom-exporter
  16. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=HRtfvVigMmsC&pg=PA37
  17. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19680875
  18. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100717134320/http://www.psms.org/sporeprints/sp338.html
  19. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050052/https://www.bayareamushrooms.org/poisonings/preventing_poisonings.html
  20. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130510115251/http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=20623
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22133708
  22. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Bob1Uo_hNTgC&pg=PA175
  23. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16801660
  24. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7845214
  25. ↑ http://www.maps.org/conference/clinicalsunday
  26. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28267306
  27. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100625052416/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Coriolous_Versicolor.asp
  28. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5643894
  29. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28267306
  30. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28267306
  31. ↑ http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/mushrooms-in-cancer-treatment?_ga=2.202576657.1691015314.1510713893-658116733.1510713893
  32. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28267306
  33. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=hBFxuH5uXyIC&pg=PA183
  34. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24949264
  35. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4447141
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