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Longquan celadon
ceramic technique, tradition
Subclass ofChinese ceramics Tekre
Name in kanaりゆうせんかま Tekre
CountryPeople's Republic of China Tekre
Coordinate location28°4′30″N 119°7′15″E Tekre
Country of originPeople's Republic of China Tekre
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Tekre
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00205, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00205, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00205 Tekre
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Longquan Celadon (龍泉青瓷) yaa Sɩngr sẽn boond tɩ seb-vẽeng sẽn yaa seb-vɩɩs ne seb-vʋʋs sẽn yaa seb sẽn yaa sebã, sẽn yaa sebr sẽn yaa sebẽ wã sẽn yaa sebre, sẽn yaa b sẽn naan n yiis yʋʋmd 950 n tãag yʋʋmd 1550. B ra maanda bugum-koglgã wʋsg Lishui soolmẽ wã, Zhejiang soolmẽ wã. Sẽn zems ne sẽn yaa to-to wã, b yãa gãosg sẽn ta 500 , tɩ kɩt tɩ Longquan Celadon tigis zĩiga yaa Sɩngd tẽnga sigls sẽn tar pãng n yɩɩd sigls sẽn naan naan naan wa b sẽn naan naan tigis-gãosgã. "Longquan-type" yaa gom-biig sẽn nong n yɩɩd sẽn na yɩl n bãng b toor-toor ning sẽn be be be wã, wall sẽn na yɩl tɩ b yeel tɩ "sud celadon" bala, yaa wa b sẽn da maand wa b sẽn boond tɩ "Longquans-type" wã.

Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n tall n tall n kõ-a, a ra segd n maana yɩɩr wʋsg n tõog n paam n paam n tõog n tɩge. B fãa kell n yɩɩ sõma Yuan (1271-1368) la Ming (1368-1644) wakatẽ. Sẽn yɩɩd yʋʋm kobs a nu, b ra tara rolgr wʋsg ne longquan celadonã sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne Sɩngr arzɛkã pʋgẽ, la b ra rɩkda a togs-n-taare tẽns a taabã pʋsẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Kore la Zapõ. B sẽn wa n sãam b ra-kãnga, b sẽn paam tɩ b yi b zĩisẽ wã, b sẽn da tar porzɛlɛn-bil ne sẽn yaa pemse, n yi Jingdezhen wã.

Sẽn na yɩl n bãng tɩ b pa tõe n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da pa mi wã, b getame tɩ b yaa wa b pa mi ye. Sɩngrẽ wã, b pʋɩta b teedã tɩ b lebg b sẽn pa tar tɩm-n-tɩr ye, la b pʋɩt-b tɩ b yaa porzɛlɛn. B tõe n tũnugda ne gom-biis sẽn yaa "tõnd-tõnd sẽn yaa ne pĩig" n bilg bõn-kãens, la tẽns a taabã sɛbdb tagsdame tɩ b "tẽnda bõn-kãens wa tãn-tõnda". [v]

A Longquan Celadon wã ra yaa bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd sẽn yaa Celadon sẽn naan be Sɩngr soolmẽ wã, la b maana b sẽn tõe n tõog n tõog n bãng b modgdã la b sẽn maandã. B ra maanda ne bã-rãmb sẽn yaa toor-toore, tɩ b yaa zɛlt-yaalã, la b yaa wa ne waas-yaalgã (b sẽn get-b tɩ b yaa sõma, la b pa tarẽ) la bug-rãmb ye. Rõ-kãens fãa yita rã-gãongã pʋgẽ; wakat ninga, b pa tar rã-gãongo, tɩ b lebg tɩ b lebg n wa maan tɩ b lebg ne rã-gãonga. B pa tol n ningd bũmb nins b sẽn maandã ye. B sẽn maand-b tɩ b maneg-b yaa koom-koglgã sẽn yaa wa koom-koglgã, la b sẽn maan-b tɩbg-n-tɩrsã. Sɩngrẽ wã, b ra tara bõn-naands sẽn yaa nana, tɩ kɩt tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb n maan bũmb ning b sẽn dat n maan n wilg tɩ b yaa sõma.

Dɩt-n-taase la d sẽn na n maneg-a to-to

Longquan celadon yĩngã, sẽn yaa b sẽn yã wã, yaa "tõnd sẽn yaa gãn-kãsenga, sẽn yaa gãnd ne gãnd ne pɛɛlg sẽn yaa pemse, n ta n ta n lebg porselean sẽn yaa pemsem", la b sã n wẽed-a n ges a zugu, a lebgda wa terakot sẽn yaa wa roog sẽn yaa wa bĩngd sẽn yaa wa wa bĩnd sẽn yaa wa a sẽn yã wã. Woto kɩtame tɩ Longquan ne Sa-Nedg Celadons pa yembr ye. La sã n yaa ne bũmb sẽn yaa pemsem la sẽn yaa gãndgã, b pa tõe n maan woto ye. Tẽns sẽn be tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, b getame tɩ b yaa kug-rɩtba, la b tõe n bool-b lame tɩ porsɛllɛn. B sẽn lebg n yi Sɩngr buud-gomdã pʋgẽ wã, b tõe n yeelame tɩ b fãa yaa "porseyn". [Bɩ y ges kɩbayã.][1]

B ra lobda yagengã ne koom-koglgã rotã, tɩ b lobd koom-koglg wʋsg n naag taab n kõ-ba. B ra tũnugda ne makr-rãmbã, la wakat ninga b ra tũnugda n maand b toor-toor n maand b toore. B ra maanda woto n yaool n pa tar yãkr ye. B ra maanda rẽ n pa tar tɩg ye.

La b sã n da tar sãnem-gãong ne sãnem-goamã, b tõe n paama sãnem-gaasã. La ne sã n yaa ne bãag sẽn yaa sõma, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b maan bũmb sẽn yaa sõma. B ra maanda longquan celadon ne tãns-kãnga sẽn yaa zãad-kãnga, la b ra maanda bĩis sẽn yaa bĩis n zẽkd n kẽng tãns-kãsengã zugu. B ra tũnugda ne b sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã wakat fãa, la b ra tõe n yõoga bugum-dãmb sẽn yaa sẽk n ta 12 n tõe n yõog kogl-dãmb 25000 wakat fãa. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n yɩ sõma, b ra segd n maana bũmb sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd b sẽn tõe n maan to-to. Sã n yaa ne bũmb kẽer, b ra tara sã n yaa ne sãnem la b ra tar sãnem n tõog n paam tɩ b paam sãnem sẽn yaa sõma n paase.

Bãagrã sẽn yaa kãn-kãe wã yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar bugum la gas-buud-bõoneg sẽn kɩt tɩ b yaa kãn -kãe. Sẽn yaa ne yageng sẽn yaa pemsem, rẽnd tõe n yaa vẽenema. Sẽn yaa sõma tɩ b bãng tɩ b sã n wa n wa n pa tar tɩ b ningd-a, a na n yɩɩ wa a sẽn da pa tar tɩbgdã. Bãngr-rãmbã wʋsg tara gãndg la b gãndg b sẽn maandã, la b pa tar woto wa b sẽn maand Guan wã ye. Wakat ninga, b ra maandame n yaool n paam n yiisd ligdã n paas ligdã sẽn tar ligdã.

Sɩngrẽ wã, Zĩ-naandã ne Zĩ-paandã ra tara gom-biis wʋsg sẽn wilgd tɩ b yaa ne sãnem-biis la b yaa ne b zʋgo. ^ ^ ^ ^ "Kinuta" (砧青瓷) sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "maale", tõe tɩ yaa malɛg baleng sẽn yaa balengã poore. ^ "Yẽ yaa yɩɩl wakatẽ wã sẽn yaa biru-green ning b sẽn nong n waoogd n yɩɩd a taabã fãa". ^ "Yãk-yẽngr" yaa tenryūji. A Shickikan buud yaa Ming sẽn be sʋka, sẽn yɩlẽ tɩ b sãnemã lebg vẽenega. Wala sẽn yaa ne sãnda selãdonã, Sɩngla nebã nifẽ, sã n yaa wa ne sãnda, yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne Sɩngla wã sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn tar yõod n yɩɩd bũmb nins fãa sẽn be Sɩngla pʋgẽ wã.

B wʋsg yaa nana, la b yaa nin-sõngo. Sẽn sɩng ne Yuan wã, b paasda bõn-naands wʋsg la b maneg-b-la wʋsgo, la b yiisda bõn-nood wʋsg la rãam b sẽn da tar n tɩgã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 14 soabã. "Mallet" vaso wã ra yaa bũmb sẽn nong wʋsg Longquan tẽnga, tɩ b ra tar b nug n maand wa rũms bɩ wag-rũngã. B sẽn maand-b ne b to-to wã, b na n maana rũms sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da maand ne b to wã, tɩ b na n yeel tɩ tigre la zũngã. B ra tũnugda ne-b n kogl b kũum poore.[2] Longquan buud a to sẽn yaa toor-toorã yaa zĩm a yiib bɩ a yiib sẽn yaa zĩm-dãmb sẽn be zĩ-gũudẽ wã sẽn be zĩiga pʋga, sẽn yaa bĩis bɩ b sẽn yaa bɩsgo; b sã n wa maan woto, b sã n maan zũnd n na n maan metallã nug-n-goamgo, wa b sẽn yeel yʋʋmd 14 soabã saabẽ wã.

Naoor wʋsgo, a Longquan dekorationã yaa sẽn yit yĩngẽ wã n wat n na n yɩlẽ n maan tɩ nebã bãng tɩ a sã n wa paam tɩ b ningd a Zezi Zezi kũumã, a sã n paam tɩ b maan bũmb sẽn yaa wa b sẽn maan tɩ b maan-a wã, a pa tarẽ ye. Sẽn deng n yɩ woto wã yaa ne bõn-naands sẽn yaa sõma n paasdẽ, tɩ b tõe n yãg n bãng tɩ b yaa bõn-naandse. Yaa wakat ning sẽn deng Yuan wã la b ra maand wẽnd-dood wʋsgo, la b ra pa maand bũmb wʋsg ye. Wala Qingbai, wakat ninga b ra naagda b namsgã wall b nin-buiidã ne b yagrã sẽn yaa ne glas ye.[3]

  • A ye sẽn yaa ne a Zeova Kaset rãmbã
    A ye sẽn yaa ne a Zeova Kaset rãmbã
  • "Mallet" vaso ne rũms sẽn maand b sẽn maand b toorẽ wã, zĩ-kãseng yɩɩl, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 12 soabã
    "Mallet" vaso ne rũms sẽn maand b sẽn maand b toorẽ wã, zĩ-kãseng yɩɩl, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 12 soabã
  • B sẽn yã tɩ b yaa rũmsã, b rɩtame, tigr n digd wũnda, rɩtgo, wag-rũng n digd pɛrgã, Kibɩ-rʋʋng yɩɩl
    B sẽn yã tɩ b yaa rũmsã, b rɩtame, tigr n digd wũnda, rɩtgo, wag-rũng n digd pɛrgã, Kibɩ-rʋʋng yɩɩl
  • b sẽn da maand ne zĩm sẽn yaa bĩis n bĩisã, la b sẽn da tigimd b sẽn yãgd-b ne b sẽn yãbd-b ne a sẽn yãgdã, Yuan, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 14 soabã
    b sẽn da maand ne zĩm sẽn yaa bĩis n bĩisã, la b sẽn da tigimd b sẽn yãgd-b ne b sẽn yãbd-b ne a sẽn yãgdã, Yuan, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 14 soabã
  • Dĩis sẽn tar tãnsã zĩ-kãnga
    Dĩis sẽn tar tãnsã zĩ-kãnga

Zĩndb la sẽn na n wa paam-b n deeg-b b yõor

"Blueish green" celadon with applied peony scroll design, Southern Song dynasty, 13th century AD

Sã n yaa ne Celadon sẽn be sa-kãsengã, a Longquan teedã pa wõnd b ra tũnugda ne goosneerã noorẽ ye[4], baa ne a Longquans bugum sẽn da tũnugd ne n maand "tʋʋmdã" Guan teedã, sẽn wõnd a Guan bugum dãmbã ra pa tõe n maan ne sor-kãsemsã ye. A ra yaa lekollã, bɩ karen-bi-rãmb sull n da yaa zĩ-kãseng n da beẽ. Sẽn paase, b ra tũnugda ne-b n maand tẽn-kugrã la wakat ninga b sẽn na n yik-b kũumã. B ra tara bõn-naands wʋsg sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da maand pĩndã, la b ra tara b sẽn da yaa wa b b sẽn da maan bũmb nins sẽn yaa tũudmã wɛɛngẽ wã. B leb n yiisda b rãmb wʋsg tɩ b yi tẽns a taab sẽn be Azi soolmẽ wã, wala Zapõ la Kore, tɩ b tõe n bãng b sẽn maand b tʋʋmdã ne b karen-biis nins sẽn be be zĩigã.

Yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b tall-b tɩ b yi n tɩ yi n tɩ woogd tẽngã. A ra tara a longquan-rãmb 50 000 sẽn da yaa wa b sẽn da wa n yiis-b n yi n yi n tɩ wa n yi n kẽng tẽngã. Sẽn paase, a ra pa kaoos tɩ Japan sɩng n dɩkd a Longquan teed n maand woto ye.

Sẽn paase, b ra leb n yiisda b teed wʋsg tɩ b kẽngd tẽns a taab pʋsẽ. Rũndã-rũndã, b sẽn tigimd b teedã yaa b sẽn tigimd b teedã sẽn yaa 1300 n be Ottoman Emperorsã sẽn tigimd-b wakat fãa wã. B sẽn da tẽed tɩ b na n sãama b to wã, b ra pa tõe n paam n dɩd-b ye. B yãa bõn-bil sẽn be Afrika kiidã pʋga, sẽn be Kenya la Tanzani.

B ra tara kareng wʋsg n kẽng Erop ne raopã, la b ra getame tɩ b yaa sãamb sẽn yaa b sẽn da tar n kõ-b la b lebg b sẽn na n maan n kõ-ba. Sɩngrẽ wã, b ra tara Sɩnay-dãmb a tãabo n yaool n wa n tɩ be Erɔp yʋʋmd 1500 soabã. Yaa b sẽn da boond tɩ Fonthill Vase wã (masã sẽn boond tɩ Dublin) la b sẽn boond tɩ qingbai porsellɛnã. La a yiib a taabã yaa Longquan celadon. Yʋʋmd 1487 wã, a Lorenzo de' Medici paama longquan rɩɩb sẽn yaa a Qaitbay sẽn yaa Ezipt Mamluk Sultã nengẽ. A Katzenelnbogen koglgã ra koosame ne Alemãnd sẽn yaa arzɛk rãmb n kẽng n kẽng tẽn-sõngo yʋʋmd 1433/34 wã, a sẽn wa n lebg n wa wã, a paama a gãag n maneg-a ne sãnem sãnem (masã yaa Kassel). A Longquan Warham Bowl wã, sẽn yaa a William Warham sẽn yaa Canterbury arzɛkbispo n kõ New College, Oxford yʋʋmd 1532 wã (masã b sẽn kõ-a Ashmolean Museum wã), tõe n yɩɩ yʋʋmd 1500 wã poor bilfu. A paama sãnem yɛl sẽn yaa sõma n zĩnd Angletɛɛrã pʋgẽ.[5]

Kibsa

Southern Song Dynasty, 13th Century, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan, with crackle.

Song soolmã sẽn be sa-kãsengã pʋgẽ, Dayao (大窯) bugum sẽn be Longquan tẽngã sɛɛgẽ wã bal n da yiisd bugum dãmb a yiibu la a tãabo. A Zincun sẽn da be be be wã yĩnga, b ra yaa bugum dãmb sẽn yaa kãsenga, la b ra yiisda bugum dãmb n yɩɩd b taabã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b ra maand-b-la ne seb-kãsemse, la b ra maand woto hal tɩ ta Song-rʋʋngã (1127-1279), la b kell n maana woto wakat ning b sẽn boond tɩ Yuan (1271-1368) la Ming (1368-1644).

A Longquan Celadon rogmã pʋgẽ, bũmb sẽn yɩ kãseng n zĩnd yɩɩ sẽn ket n be Northern Song wã sorã sẽn zoe n kẽng zĩ-gõonegẽ, b sẽn wa n bas rɩtgã tõogo, yʋʋm 1120-nin-gĩndã, Jin-Song zabrã pʋgẽ. Soog-rɩtg sẽn be Zĩng-rɩtaab soolmẽ wã, b lugla a ye Hangzhou, sẽn pẽ Longquan. La sẽn da yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b ra yiisd b teedã n yiisd b toorẽ wã, b ra pa le tar pãng ye. Longquan teedã pa yit Sɩngd-bi-kãsengã sẽn be tẽn-kɩtbã sʋka, tɩ Sɩngd bãngdb ra naag-b n gʋls-b-la rẽ wɛɛngẽ, la b pa gomd wʋsg ne-b ye.

Kibar a ye sẽn sɩng ne Yuan wakat n tãag masã, n tar yõod sẽn pa mi, wilgda saam-biis a yiib sẽn boond tɩ Zhang, b yiibã fãa sẽn yaa Longquan pãrba, tõe tɩ yaa Kibɩ-kãsengã Song pʋgẽ, baa ne rẽ sẽn pa vẽenega. Saam-biigã sẽn yaa kãsem soabã ra tara bũmb a to sẽn yaa toor-toorã; b sẽn yeel tɩ yaa sõma bɩ wẽng, b yeelame tɩ yaa ne a sẽn tar a meng ne a meng n da yaa gãn-koɛɛga, la b yeelame tɩ Ge ware (tõnd sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "mam-biigã gãn-kẽengã") yaa woto. A yao wã me ra tara bõn-naandg sẽn yaa sõma, tɩ b get-a tɩ yaa sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd pĩnd Longquan wã.

Song soolmã sẽn be zĩ-dʋʋngã pʋgẽ, b ra tara sãnem-sõngo, la b ra tara kolor toor-toorã wʋsgo, la b le paasda b teedã me wʋsgo. Yʋʋmd 1988 wã, Sɩni arheolog sẽn vaees n bãng sẽn sɩng ne bugum-paalgã wilgame tɩ b ra tara bugum-pugum 39 sẽn yit Waoog-tẽng soolmẽ wã, 61 sẽn yit Waog-tẽng soolem pʋgẽ, la b ra tara b bugum-piis 70 sẽn yit Yuan soolmẽ wã. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã pʋgẽ, neb nins sẽn da ket n tʋmd ne b toorẽ teedã ra yaa 23%, <10%, la <5%, sẽn wilgd tɩ yaa ne b sẽn da maand to-to wã bal n paam n põs n paase.

Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 14 soabã pʋgẽ, ra-kãnga, ra yaa sõma tɩ b ra maand n yiisd teedã la b lebgd n yiisd b teedã. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd kãngã sʋka, b ra maanda Jingdezhen teed ne porsɛlɛn sẽn yaa pemse la pemse, la bõn-kãng sẽn yaa kãseng n paasã kɩtame tɩ b pa le tõe n paam n maan a Longquan celadon wã ye. La b sẽn yã tɩ koomã sẽn looge, la zabrã kɩtdame tɩ b sãam b bugum kẽer tɩ b pa le tõe n maan ye. La baa Ming wakatẽ wã, b ra rɩkda b sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã Jingdezhen la Zapõ. Yʋʋmd 1976 wã, b yãa koom-koglgã sẽn da lʋɩt koomẽ wã Sinan soolmẽ wã, Kore soolmẽ wã. A koglgã ra tar bõn-naands sẽn yɩɩd 9,600 sẽn yit Yuan soolmẽ wã pʋgẽ, la a ra pa tar-a sõma ye. Yaa vẽeneg tɩ b ra kẽnda Zapõ; b ra tara tũudum a ye.[6] Yʋʋmd 1323 wã, b yãee yɩɩl buud toor-toorã n paas n yɩɩ yɩɩ yɩɩl n yɩɩd sẽn da tagsdã.[7]

A Longquan Celadon paama pãng wʋsg Ming soolmã sɩngrẽ wã. B sẽn da maand tɩ b maan tɩ b maan bõn-naandsã yaa wa b sẽn maan tɩ b maand tɩ b maand n maand tɩ b lebg tɩ b maan n maan tɩ b lebg b sẽn da maand n maand n maandẽ. B ra tara gãn-kãsems sẽn yaa gãn-bɛdse, tɩ b ra pa tõe n kʋ-ba ye. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 15 soabã sʋka, b ra pa le tar noor tɩ b maan ye. Ming wakat sẽn ta wã, b ra ket n zãada gãnd-rãmba wʋsgo, la b ra yiisda tʋʋm-sõamyã wala b sẽn maand ne koomã la b sẽn maand n kõ koomã.

Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 20 soabã, tẽn-zẽmsã la tẽns a taab neb sẽn nong n bãng bũmb ninsã kẽnga bur-kãnga zĩigẽ, n maan b sẽn tõe n maan n bãng bũmb ningã. Sɩngrẽ wã, Sɩngr karen-biis kẽer ra baooda b sẽn na n maan bũmb ning n na n bãng b sẽn maan to-to wã. A Chen Wanli sɩngame n vaees b sẽn na yɩl n bãng b sã n maan bũmb ninsã yʋʋmd 1928 la yʋʋmd 1934 wã. B sẽn sɩng n yãg b sẽn na maan bũmb ninsã, b ra baooda n bãnge tɩ yaa tẽn-kʋdgr la bõn-naands n na n maan bõn-naandbã n na n paam b mens n yã.

Sebr ning sẽn pʋgdã

  1. British Museum sebre
  2. A Krahl ne a Harrison-Hall sẽn tar yʋʋm 13; a Gompertz sẽn tar yʋʋm 158, b yeelame tɩ b yãa zĩig sẽn tar bug-nood sẽn yɩɩd 200.
  3. Medley, yʋʋmd 146
  4. Medley, 115-118; Gompertz, 159, 98-125; sẽn na yɩl n bãng bũmb ning sẽn kɩt tɩ b gʋlsd ned a yembr ne gʋls-bi-bɛd tɩ to wã pa woto wã.
  5. Medley, yʋʋmd 147
  6. Gompertz, 22 wã sẽn togsã; Medley, 146 wã bilga b wa "kugr teed la porseillã".
  7. A Vainker, 108 (a sẽn togse); a Clunas, 284-285 gomda celadõ wã wa porseilẽ wã, la pa wakat fãa ye.
  8. Medley, 147; Grove: "Longquan celadonã yaa kug sẽn yaa gri-vẽenem, tɩ wakat ninga a yaa wa porzeil sẽn yaa pɛɛlg sõma".
  9. Mak-y sõssã la gom-biis nins sẽn be Clunas 284-285 wã. B boonda seb-neng 250 wã tɩ "kugr teed", la seb-neng 251 wã (Katzenelnbogen laagã) tɩ "porse". B yiibã fãa yaa Longquan celadon sẽn zĩnd yʋʋm 1400-50.
  10. Wala makre, Fang, Lili, Chinese Ceramics, 45-47, 2011, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 052118648X, 9780521186483, google books
  11. Medley, 148-152
  12. A Valenstein, 101-102
  13. Medley, yʋʋmd 147-148
  14. Valenstein, 99-100
  15. Medley, yʋʋmd 147-148
  16. Gompertz, 164
  17. Medley, yʋʋmd 152
  18. Gompertz, 149-150
  19. Medley, yʋʋm 150
  20. Gompertz, 156, 162; Grove
  21. Gompertz, 156; British Museum wã yeela woto raoã ne a pagã sẽn be foto ning sẽn be tẽngrã pʋgẽ wã wɛɛngẽ: "Bõn-vɩɩs a yiib sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩs b sẽn boond tɩ 'siling 四靈' ne Sɩne wã n be b kũ-rãmbã pʋsẽ. Tigr ning sẽn yaa nin-pɛɛlgã sẽn be yaangã pʋgda we-rũngã, tɩ dragon ning sẽn yaa nin-vẽenemã sẽn be yaangã pʋgd kĩndf sẽn dɩt bugum. Bõn-yɩgd nins sẽn be seb-kãngã zugã tõe n makda goosneer ning sẽn be goosneema wã babg rɩtgã pʋgẽ wã, la b pa makd goosneer ning sẽn be goosneema wã babg rɩtgã pʋgẽ wã ye. Siinẽ wã, hal sẽn sɩng ne Hãnd soolmã (206 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã  ⁇  yʋʋmd 220 wã) n tãag masã, yaa bõn-vɩɩs kãensã n da be b kaase, la b ra manegd b yaoodo. Zĩ-kãense, b ra bĩngda bũmb nins b sẽn na n tall n wa ki wã, wala makre, koodã, la b ra maand-a-la zĩ-zãrgẽ wã, b sẽn na n mum nebã to-to wã".
  22. Medley, 148; Gompertz, 164-167
  23. Gompertz, 164
  24. Medley, yʋʋmd 150-151
  25. British Museum makrã, 1991,0304.3; Clunas, 212 tara wẽnd-do-kãnga ne nin-bãaneg sẽn maan ne sãnem.
  26. A Vainker, yʋʋmd 110-111, la a Valenstein, yʋʋmd 99, la a Clunas, yʋʋmd 97, 100, 229, b sẽn yeel tɩ yaa ne Xuande naabã naamã sasa la b sẽn da get b rãmb yell tɩ b pa le tar zu-sobendã. 1435); Krahl ne Harrison-Hall, 44 yetame (sẽn yaa Southern Song) "Longquan bug-noodã ra yaa bug-nood sẽn pa tũud ne goosneema wã, tɩ b tʋm-tʋmdbã yaool n da maand seramiik sẽn na yɩl n kõ empɛɛrã zakã rãmb ...", woto me la British Museum yeel-yã
  27. Gompertz, 173; Vainker, 110-111; Rawson, 250
  28. Vainker, 110-112; Gompertz, 148, 171; Rawson, 250
  29. Gompertz, 170-171
  30. Gompertz, a yʋʋm 26
  31. Gompertz, a yʋʋm 26
  32. Gompertz, 147
  33. Massing, 132; Gompertz, 26
  34. Massing, 131-132
  35. Massing, 132; Clunas, 285
  36. Warham Bowl, Ashmolean; Gompertz, 26
  37. Valenstein, 99; Vainker, 108-109
  38. A Rawson, 84; a Vainker, 105; a Grove; a Gompertz, 156
  39. Gompertz, yʋʋm 125
  40. Gompertz, 155-158; Vainker, 108
  41. Deng, yʋʋm 61-62
  42. British Museumã
  43. A Rawson, 274
  44. Gompertz, 201; 어은영 (2007-04-14). 중국보물선에 실린 용천청자(用天靑瓷(Korean) Internet Daily News Hãnkuk. A paama yʋʋmd 2008 tʋʋl-nif kiuug rasem 22.
  45. Clunas ne Harrison-Hall, 97, 100
  46. Gompetz, 188-194
  47. Gompertz, 157-158

Sebtiise

  1. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc0zHfMyv7wC&pg=PA45
  2. ↑ http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3179869&partId=1&searchText=Longquan&ware=11150&page=2
  3. ↑ http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=253183&partId=1
  4. ↑ http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3180452&partId=1
  5. ↑ http://www.jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/921/per_page/50/offset/0/sort_by/date/category/ceramics/start/1500/end/1598/object/13216
  6. ↑ http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=253183&partId=1
  7. ↑ http://www.newshankuk.com/news/news_view.asp?articleno=s2007041419192607963
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