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Kashan rug
rug style
Subclass ofPersian carpet Tekre
CountryIran Tekre
LocationKashan Tekre
Country of originIran Tekre
Location of creationKashan Tekre
Detail of the Mantes Carpet, Safavid, Louvre
Hunting Carpet made by Ghiyâth-ud-Din Jâmi, wool, cotton and silk, 1542–1543, Museo Poldi Pezzoli, Milan
16th century, the "Schwarzenberg Carpet"
Persian Safavid period Animal carpet 16th century, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg
Detail of the above carpet


Perzẽ tãp (Persian: فرش ایرانی, romanized: farš-e irâni [ˈfærʃe ʔfarˈsi]) bɩ Perzẽ tãp (Persian: قالی ایرانی, romanized: qâli-ye irâni [ ⁇ ɒːˈliːje ʔfarˈsiː]),[1] b sẽn boond me tɩ Irãn tãp, yaa gãnd sẽn yaa gãnd sẽn naan yɩll n maan tʋʋm-bɛda la makrã la b sẽn maan Irãn (sẽn da boond tɩ Perzẽ wã), sẽn na n yɩll n tʋm b zak pʋgẽ, b koosg zĩig pʋgẽ, la b yiisd n yiisdẽ. B sẽn da minim n weend gãntikã yaa bũmb sẽn da tar yõod wʋsg Pɛrs rãmbã la Irã nebã minimã pʋgẽ. B sẽn boond tɩ "tẽn-bi-bɛdã" sẽn yaa tẽns nins sẽn be Azi soolmã pʋgẽ wã sʋka, yaa Pɛrs tãpã la b sẽn maand n maandã.

B sẽn da maand-b to-to wã ra yaa tẽn-bõoneg la tẽn-bõoneg tʋʋm zĩisẽ, la rĩm-dãmb zakẽ. Yaa rẽ n kɩt tɩ b yaa rog-n-migs sẽn yaa toor-toore, la b wilgd Irãn, Pɛrs la a nin-buiidã sẽn da yaa to-to wã. B sẽn da weebd tãp-bõoneg nins Safaviid-rãmbã sẽn da weebd Isfahã wã wakat yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a yoob soabã pʋgẽ wã yaa sõma ne b neerem la b neerem sẽn yaa sõma, la b bĩngd-b-b-la tẽn-kɩremsẽ la b bĩngd-b-la neb a taab nengẽ dũniyã gill zugu. B sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã kɩtame tɩ b ra tõe n maan b sẽn da maandã, tɩ b yaool n tõog n maan b sẽn da maandã. Yaa rẽ n kɩt tɩ b tõog n maan b sẽn da maandã hal n tãag Pɛrs soolmã wakat fãa.

B sã n na n dɩk n mak n ges b sẽn maand to-to wã, d na n mikame tɩ b sẽn maand-b to-to wã yaa sõma wʋsgo. Tẽns nins sẽn tar teed wa Tabrizã maana tʋʋmd sẽn tar yõod wʋsg sẽn na yɩl n lebs n lugl gãndg sẽn da yaa wa gãndg sẽn da yaa to-to wã, b sẽn da wa n sãamã poore. Tẽngã neb la buud toor-toor sẽn be Irã wã sẽn weebd futã yaa ne b gãndgo, la ne b sɛba sẽn yaa vẽenese, la ne b minim sẽn yaa toor-toore. Nomad dãmba la tẽn-bõoneg weebdb nong n maanda fut sẽn tar mak-n-taar sẽn tar pãng n yɩɩd la wakat kẽere sẽn tar mak-n-taar sẽn pa sõma, b get-b lame tɩ b yaa Pɛrs nebã fut sẽn yaa sɩd-sɩd la sẽn yaa rog-n-migs n yɩɩdã, sẽn yaa lebend ne tʋʋm zĩis nins sẽn yaa kãsemsã sẽn da reng n segl b mens to-to wã. Gabbeh wã yaa gãndg ning b sẽn mi n yɩɩdã sẽn yit buud-gom-kãngã pʋgẽ.

Siãnsã rãmbg la leebgã sẽn da namsd nebã yĩnga, hal sẽn na maan yʋʋm pi-gĩna, b ra pa le minim n weendẽ ye. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn wa n tũnug ne ne-a n na n maneg b teedã, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a nu wã pʋɩ-sʋk sasa, a paama zu-loeese. Tẽn-gɛtbã sẽn da maand futã ket n tara yõod wʋsg rũndã-rũndã Irãn tẽngã pʋgẽ. Modgr ning b sẽn maand rũndã-rũndã wã yaa b sẽn lebs n lugl bũmb nins b sẽn da maand pĩnd wẽndẽ wã tɩ b ningd-b tɩ b naage, n lebs n lugl buud nins b sẽn da minim n maandẽ wã, la b leb n maan modgr n maan bũmb nins b sẽn maand rũndã-rũndã wã, tɩ b sẽn maand-b to-to wã zems ne b sẽn da minim n maand to-to yʋʋm kobs pʋsẽ wã. Hal pĩnd wẽndẽ Gɛrk gʋlsdbã sẽn wa n gom b yell pipi wã tɛka, b ra getame tɩ Pɛrs nebã sẽn maand futã ne nugã yaa bõn-bɛd sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo.

Baa ne b sẽn boond tɩ "Pɛrsi wã koomã" wã sẽn nong n gomd koomã rũmsi wã yelle, koomã rũmsi sẽn yaa wa Kilimã, Soumakã, la koomã rũmsi sẽn yaa wa Suzani wã bee Pɛrs koomã rũmsã rũms sẽn yaa sõma wã pʋgẽ.

Yʋʋmd 2010 soabã pʋgẽ, b gʋlsame tɩ Fars la Kashan soolmẽ wã, b sẽn minim n maand gãndg-n-bõonesã yaa bũmb b sẽn boond tɩ UNESCO Cultural Heritage lists. [2][3]

Kibsa

B pa mi sẽn sɩng ne albasã tudg ye, bala bõn-vɩɩs la bõn-naandsã tõe n sãama albasã, n sãam-a. Tõe tɩ b ra maana bũmb sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da maan ne b sẽn da boond tɩ "tũud sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa". B maanda b sẽn na n ningd b sẽn na yɩl n yɩ yɩ yɩlem tɩ b pa tar b sẽn naagd-b ye. B ra ket n maanda bũmb nins b sẽn boond tɩ "loop weaving" wã. B sẽn da maand woto wã, b sẽn da tar n dat n tʋgdẽ wã, b tʋgdẽ tɩ b tʋgd n kʋgdẽ. Rẽ poore, b yiisda b gãn-kãnga, n bas tɩ b gãn n pa le tõe n yã ye, wall b tigs-a n kɩt tɩ b lebg gãn-kẽeng sẽn wõnd gãn-kɛng sẽn yaa gãn-koɛɛga. B sã n da tigimd b nusẽ wã, b tigimda b nusẽ n kɩt tɩ b tigimd a toore.

Pazyryk kabẽ wã: b ra yaa pipi kabẽ wã

The Pazyryk Carpet. Circa 400 BC. Hermitage Museum

B ra yãa Paziirik tapẽ wã yʋʋmd 1949 sẽn be Scyth-rãmb nin-kãsenga yaoogẽ, Altai tãensã Paziirik tãensã sẽn be Sibɛɛrã pʋga. B sẽn maan karbon-rɩɩd-rɩdgã makrã wilgame tɩ b ra maana Pazyryk karpetã yʋʋmd 500 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã. A yaa sam-biis sẽn yaa cm 183 ne 200 (72 ne 79), la a tara sam-biisi sẽn yaa ne taab n yaa no-rɩk a 36 cm2 a yembr zugu. [6] Paasyryk karpetã pʋgẽ b sẽn tũnug ne fɛɛg-kãsemsã wilgdame tɩ b paama bãngre, la b bãngame tɩ b ra tara minim wʋsg ne tʋbdo. Yaa sẽn yaa-a pipi sẽn yaa kʋdemdã sẽn be dũniyã gill zugu. A zĩiga sẽn be zĩ-kãnga yaa wa roog sẽn yaa miuug wʋsgo, la a tara rũmsã sẽn yaa bĩngd a yiib sẽn kẽnd a toore, n paas bãnd-gũud b sẽn maandã. B sẽn yã wã wilgdame tɩ b yaa sãnem dãmba, tɩ b yaa so-rãmb n kẽnd n kẽnd n getẽ. B sẽn maand n kõ-b sobg-rãmbã, b maanda b toor-toore. B sẽn naan tɩ b naan yɩg n naan yɩg ne b sẽn naan yɩg b sẽn naan wa yɩg n yɩg n maan n yɩg b nẽnga b sẽn naan maan n yɩge. A sẽn da naanã wilgda bũmb ning sẽn da na n yɩ pipi wã sẽn da yaa wa sẽn da naan yɩtã: Zĩis sẽn da maand n pa tõe n maan to-to, la sẽn da naan maan to-kãseng n naan yɩ to-to wã.

A Sergei Rudenko sẽn yãg-a Pazyryk karpetã ra tagsdame tɩ yaa wakat kãnga Achaemenid rãmbã n naan n yiis-a. Yaa sẽn yaa zĩig ning b sẽn yãt-a wã la b yiis-a wã, la yaa sẽn yaa Achéménid rãmbã n yiis-a, tɩ pa be sogsg ye. A sẽn da tol n tol n naan bũmbã la a sẽn da maand fɩllã wilgdame tɩ b ra tol n tolda karpetã wakat ning b sẽn da naan-a wã.[4]

B sẽn da wa n maand bũmb ninsã

B gʋlsa kaset dãmb sẽn wilgd tɩ pĩnd wẽndẽ Gɛrk rãmbã ra tũnugda ne gãndbã. A Homer sẽn da tagsdẽ t'a vɩɩmda yʋʋmd 850 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, gʋlsa a Ilias XVII, 350 pʋgẽ tɩ Patroklos yĩngã yaa "tõnd sẽn yaa sõma" n bĩng-a. Biiblã sebrã a VII la a X pʋgẽ, b gomda "kẽmb" yelle. A Plin sẽn yaa Kãsemã gʋlsa (Nat. VIII, 48) tɩ b ra naan n naan alʋs-n-tɩrsã (polymite) Alegzandri. Pa mi tɩ yaa b sẽn da tigsd ne b sẽn tigsd ne taab n yaa b sẽn tigs ne b sẽn tall b sẽn tigsg ne b sẽn tar b sẽn tigimd ne taab n pa tar b sẽn gʋls ne b sẽn gʋls n yaa Gɛrk la Latin wã ye.

B yãa karɛt-rãmb sẽn yaa b sẽn da tar n dat n zĩnd yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a naas bɩ a nu soabã pʋgẽ, Turfan, Hotan soolmẽ wã, Doogã Turkestan soolmẽ wã. B yãa karɩs-rãmb me Lop Nur soolmẽ wã, la b yaa b sẽn da tar n kõ-b to-to, n tar b to-to n tar-b toore. B bee Victoria ne Albert Museum wã sẽn be Londẽ wã. [1] B yãa bõn-buud a taab sẽn yaa b sẽn da tar n yaa b sẽn pa tar b sẽn yaa b to wã Dura-Europos sẽn be Siri la Irãk At-Tar tãb-soobã , sẽn dat n zĩnd yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a pipi wã pʋgẽ.

B sẽn yã bũmb nins sẽn pa wõnd woto wã wilgdame tɩ b ra mii b sẽn da tõe n maan n ningd-b la b sẽn da maand n ningd b tapã tẽns nins sẽn be Azi-rɩtgã, hal yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a ye poore.

Kibar sẽn sɩngrẽ: yʋʋmd 500 sẽn deng a Zeezi rogmã - yʋʋmd 200 sẽn pʋgdã

B gomda Pɛrsi karpetã pipi yʋʋmd 400 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã wɛɛngẽ, Gɛrk gʋlsd a Xenophon sẽn gʋls a sebr ning sẽn boond t'a Anabasis wã pʋgẽ.

"αὖθις δὲ Τιμασίωνι τῷ Δαρδανεῖ προσελθών, ἐπεὶ ἤκουσεν αὐτῷ εἶναι καὶ ἐκπώματα καὶ τάπιδας βαρβαρικάς", (Xen. anab. VII.3.18)

Rẽ poore, a kẽngame n tɩ tɩ tɩ yã a Timasiõ sẽn yaa Dardãni, t'a wʋmame t'a tara Burkĩna wã yũud-n-taase la a gãneg-n-tɩrse.

"καὶ Τιμασίων προπίνων ἐδωρήσατο φιάλην τε ἀργυρᾶν καὶ τάπιδα ἀξίαν δέκα μνῶν." [Xen. anab. VII.3.27]

A Timasion me yũu a laafɩ wã, n kõ-a nug-buusg la gãag sẽn tar yõod n ta min piigã. [1]

A Xenofon yeelame tɩ Pɛrs kʋɩlen-kãnga yaa bõn-sõma la b segd n dɩk-a lame n kõ-b-la b tʋʋmdã. Pa mi tɩ b ra tigimd-b-la ne taab ye, wala b ra tigima ne taab n maandẽ, n yaool n yaa bũmb sẽn yaa sõma. La sẽn yaa sõma tɩ b gom-b-lɛ tɩ b gomd Pɛrs kʋdemdã yell pipi n wa zĩnd dũniyã sɛbã pʋsẽ wã kɩtame tɩ b bãng tɩ b yaa nin-sõngo, la b tar waoogre, la b yaa nin - sõdba.

Pa be Pɛrsi karpet sẽn kell n zĩnd Asemɛn (553-330 P.Y.), Seleukid (312-129 P.Y.) la Pɛrsi rĩm-dãmb (sẽn zems yʋʋmd 170 P.Y. - yʋʋmd 226 P.Y.).

Sasani soolmã: yʋʋmd 224-651

B ra miime tɩ b ra tara pãng wʋsg ne a soolmã sẽn da be be tẽng zug wakat kãnga. B ra miime t'a soolmã sẽn be be tẽng a to wã me yaa a sẽn da be tẽng zug yʋʋm 400 pʋgẽ. [1] Sasanid rãmbã sigla b rĩungẽ sẽn be Akemɛnid rãmbã sẽn da yãkd sẽkẽ wã pʋgẽ, la b sẽn da boond tɩ Ctesiphon tɩ b tẽng-bilã. Pɛrsi soolmã neb a ye sẽn wa n be wã, sẽn deng tɩ b bãng tɩ b pa mi a Zeova wã, b rɩka Zoroastri wã n lebg b tũudmã.

La b pa mi wakat ning la b sẽn sɩng n maandẽ ye. La b bãngame tɩ b ra tõe n maan-b-la b sẽn na n maan n tɩg-b b yĩngri. A Anatolii, sẽn be Byzãn ne Pɛrs sʋka, yaa Rom soolmã n so hal yʋʋmd 133 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã. Sẽn yaa a soab ne a politikã, a sẽn da toeem a taab zoodã la a zabã, la a sẽn da maand ra-paalgã, a kɩtame tɩ a Anatolii wã ne a Pɛrs soolmã zems taaba. Sẽn yaa sõma, tẽns a yiibã fãa ra tara taab sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da tarã, la b sẽn da maand b sẽn datã. A yaa a Antiyos sẽn da be Rom soolmẽ wã. A Jan van Eyck sẽn maan "Paele Madonna" zugẽ, a sẽn maan bũmb ning ne Turk kʋɩl-kẽengã, b sẽn da maand n dat n bãng tɩ yaa Rom soolmã sẽn kaoos n sɩng n be wã la b sẽn da get tɩ b yãee a Khirbat al-Mafjar sẽn yaa Umayyad roogã pʋgẽ wã.

B ra mii b sẽn da maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da boond tɩ b sẽn da naan n naan n naan tɩ b naan n naanã. B ra zãada sãt-tʋʋm wʋsg sẽn yaa sãt-to-to-tʋʋm n maand ne sãt-tɩrgã, la b ra ket n zãada ne b meng wẽnd-doogẽ wã. [1] B ra zãmsa bõn-kãens wʋsg Tibɛt tẽn-bɛdb pʋsẽ, la b zãaga b mens ne maan-kʋʋdb sẽn zoe n kẽng Nepal wã, la b ra zãmsa b mens ne b mens n yi tẽn-tẽng sẽn wõnd Astana Silk Road sẽn be Turfan soolmẽ wã. Bãngdbã sẽn da maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma ne Pɛrs nebã, b wilgame tɩ b ra tara bõn-naands wʋsg ne pĩnd wẽndẽ soabã a Al-Tabari sẽn togs tɩ b ra rɩka a Kosew pĩig ning sẽn yaa Kosefõn sẽn deeg yʋʋmd 637 wã. A al-Tabari sẽn wilg tɩ b ra maanda woto wã kɩtame tɩ pa wõnd b ra tigimd-a lame ye. [20][21]

B wilgame tɩ b sẽn yã bũmb nins b sẽn yã Afgɛns tʋʋr-dgã pʋga, b ra tara karbõnd 14 sẽn be yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a yiib-n-soabẽ wã n tãag Sasani soolmã sɩngrẽ wã. Bãngr-goam kãensã sʋka, b kẽer wilgda rũms sẽn tar bi-bees wala b sẽn tar biisi (to-to-to wã, b sẽn maand n maand sor n tẽegd Pazyryk karpetã) bɩ bõn-vɩɩs sẽn tar biis sẽn yaa kibay. B maanda ne weedã, ne b sẽn da tar-a wã, la b maand ne a to wã. B maanda ne a to-to wã, la a to wã, b zãada ne a to sẽn pa zems ne a to, sẽn yaa wa a sẽn da yaa a to wã ne Pɛrs la a sẽn da be tẽns a to wã n dat n maan ne a to. B sã n da tar rog-n-tɩr a tãabo, b sã n da maand a tãabo bɩ b sã n pa maand a tãbo, b sãnda yaa b sẽn da maand a to wã. B sẽn da yã wã, b yãta b sẽn yã wã.

Baa ne b sẽn tõe n kɩs sɩd t'a ra yaa Saasã nebã wakatẽ wã, b pa get tɩ yaa wa Arãb sẽn deeg-b rĩmã sẽn bilg-b to-to wã ye. B sẽn da tar b gãagã n paas tɩ b gãag b gãagdã, b wilgame tɩ b segd n maneg n zãad b mens ne b taabã. B sẽn maan rũmsã la b sẽn yãgdẽ wã, yaa nin-buiid n da tʋgd-b-la. [1]

B sẽn wa n wa n wa ne a Zezi la a Caliphate wã: 651-1258

B sẽn deeg Pɛrs ne b sẽn deeg a Moyiizmã kɩtame tɩ Sasan soolmã saagr wa n be yʋʋmd 651 soabã, la tɩ Zoroastri tũudmã saagr wa ne a sẽn wa n be Pɛrs soolmẽ wã. Pɛrs lebga a Zeova dũniyã rẽndã, tɩ b sẽn yaa a Moyiismã naaba naam na n soog-a.

Yaa pipi naoor la Arabi nebã sẽn get tẽngr la pĩnd wẽndẽ yɛl yɛl gʋlsdb sẽn wa n tɩ be Pɛrsã wã wilg tɩ b ra rɩkda karpetã n maand bũmb ning b sẽn da maand tẽnga zugu. A Hudud al-'Alam gʋlsd sẽn pa mi wã yeelame tɩ b ra tolga karpetã Fārs pʋgẽ. Yʋʋm 100 poore, a Al-Muqaddasi goma karpetã yell Qainatã pʋgẽ. Yaaqut al-Hamawi togsa tõnd tɩ b ra tolga alʋr Azerbaijan yʋʋmd 1300 soabã pʋgẽ. A Ibn Battuta sẽn yaa Arabi ra-kẽemdã yeelame tɩ b ra tara gãneg sẽn yaa vãad b taoore, a sẽn wa n tɩ be Idhej Bakhthiari atabeg zĩiga, sã n wa be sẽoogẽ wã. B wilgame tɩ b ra maanda karpetã ne b buud fãa. [1]

B sẽn wa n zab ne a Bagdad (1258) wã, a Hulagu Khan sẽn wa n be a Moongol soolmẽ wã kɩtame tɩ a Abbasid Kalifã tõog n bas a naamã. Yʋʋmd 1261 wã, Abbasiid rãmbã naam-dãmbã sẽn da yaa a Zeova Kaset rãmbã siglgã n be Mamluk rãmbã tẽng ning sẽn boond tɩ Kairo wã. Baa ne a sẽn pa tar pãng politikã, a kell n dɩka a naamã tũudum yɛlẽ hal tɩ ta Ottoman rãmbã sẽn deeg Eziptã (1517) poore. Mamluk soolmẽ wã, b ra yiisda gãnd-rãmb sẽn boond tɩ mamluk-rãmbã. [1]

Seljuk rãmbã sẽn zabd ne Turko-Parsã nebã: 1040-1118

Ges-y me: Turkish carpet

Sẽn sɩng ne a Seljuk rãmbã sẽn kẽed n zabd Anatolii la Pɛrsi rɩtg-beedã, a yii ne a Turki-Pɛrsi buud toor-toore. B yãa alʋs sẽn yaa b sẽn da yã wã b sẽn yã tɩ b be Alâeddin Masjidã sẽn be Konya, Turki wã, la a Eşrefoğlu Masjidã Beyşehir soolmẽ wã, la b dat n yeelame tɩ b maana a yembr ne Anatolian Seljuq wakat (1243-1302). B yãee bõn-naands wʋsg Fostat, sẽn yaa Kair tẽnga pʋga. [1] Bãngr-kãensã kɩtame tɩ d bãng sẽn tõe n yɩ a Seluq kabɛɛbã to-to wã. Sẽn paase, b wilgame tɩ b sẽn paam b sẽn da tar b mensã ra yaa bũmb sẽn pa tar yõod wʋsg ne b taabã ye. La b pa mi sã n yaa la b sẽn maan to-to tɩ b tõog n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa wa Perse wã ye. La b ra tagsdame tɩ yaa ne b sẽn da yaa nin-buiidã la b ra segd n tũ-a.

B sẽn da yiisd karpetã b sẽn da tar n yiisd a Eşrefoğlu Masjidã, Beysehir, Tʋrki wã. A Seljuk wakatã, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 13 soabã.

A Zɛljuk kabɩt sẽn yaa senɛtɩ 320 ne 240 (126 ne 94), sẽn yit Alâeddin Masjid, Konya, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 13 soabã

Mongol Ilkhanate (1256-1335) la Timurid soolmã (1370-1507)

A Moongol naab n zãmsd Korã. Ra-sid-ad-din sẽn da boond t'a Gami wã sẽn da maand bũmb ningã. Tabriz (?), yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 14 soabã pipi pis-yendã

Yʋʋmd 1219 n tãag 1221, Moongol rãmbã ra zabda ne Pɛrs tẽngã. Yʋʋmd 1260 poore, Hulagu Khan la sẽn wa n wa n wa yaa Burjigin rĩm-dãmb a taab sẽn be Pɛrsã nebã ra tara "Ilkhan" yʋʋr n boond-a. Yʋʋm kobs a 13 soabã saabẽ, a Ghazan Khan me maana tẽnga gãd a ye Shm sẽn be Tabriz tẽngẽ wã. A yeelame tɩ b bao b roogã gãnd ne Fārs kabɛɛgẽ. [1]

Yʋʋmd 1335 wã, a Ilkhan Abu Said Bahatur sẽn ki wã, Moongol rãmbã naamã pa le tar pãng ye, la Pɛrsi wã lebg n lebga politikã. Yʋʋmd 1381, a Timur kẽnga Irã n lebg a Timurid soolmã sigand. A poorẽ dãmb sẽn yaa Timurid rãmbã, kell n dɩka Iran wʋsg hal tɩ b wa tõog n sak "Wẽnda Pe-pugli" Turkmenid rãmbã sẽn da be a Uzun Hassan soolmẽ wã yʋʋmd 1468 wã.

Yʋʋmd 1463 wã, Venes tẽnga senatã sẽn baood taab n na n maan sõor ne Ottoman-Venetian zabrã (1463-1479), kɩtame tɩ b zemsd ne a Uzun Hassan bʋʋdã taoorã Tabriz. Yʋʋmd 1473 wã, b tʋma a Barbaros Tabriz. A sẽn wa n togs a sẽn tʋm Venesia senatã pʋgẽ wã, a goma a sẽn yã roogã gãndgã yell naoor wʋsgo. A gʋlsa woto: b ra maanda ne silk.[30]

Yʋʋmd 1403 wã, a Ruy González de Clavijo ra yaa a Henri III sẽn da yaa Castille nin-buiidã tẽn-boog a Timur sẽn da yaa Timurid soolmã sigandã la a sẽn da soogd a naamã wã zakẽ wã. A wilgame tɩ a Timur sẽn da be Samarkand wã roogẽ wã, "b ra zãada gãnd ne gãnd la b zãada gãnda". [31] Timurid wakatã miniaturã wilgda karpetã ne geometrikal sẽn yaa ne karpetã, karpetã la ãdsã, karɛtã la bãnd-rãmbã, la wakat ninga b sẽn dɩkd ne Kufic gʋlsrã. B pa tõog n paam n paam n kõ-b b sẽn da maand n yɩɩd yʋʋmd 1500 ye. [1]

Safav dãmb wakat (1501-1732)

A yaa "Salting" sullã ned a ye. Bĩng, silk la metalã. Safavid wakatẽ, yʋʋmd 1600 wã poor.

Yʋʋmd 1499 wã, roag a ye n wa n be Pɛrs soolmẽ wã. A Shah Ismail I, sẽn lugl-a wã, ra yaa a Uzun Hassan zakẽ. A yaa Pɛrs tẽnga taoor soab sẽn yɩ pipi wã sẽn zĩnd Araab soolmã pʋgẽ wã, la a kɩtame tɩ Shia wã lebg Pɛrs soolem tũudmã. [1] A ne a pʋ-pʋgdbã, a Shah Tahmasp I la a Shah Abbas I, lebga Pɛrs Safavidã meebã fãagdba. Yaa vẽeneg tɩ a Shah Tahmazp n lugl a gãorẽ Tabrizẽ, la yaa vẽeneg t'a Shah Abbas n lugl-a a rɛɛk Tabriz sẽn be Persi tʋʋr-dũniyã no-wũndã n kẽng Isfahan sẽn be Perzi soolmã pʋga. Sẽn na yɩl n bãng tɩ yaa tʋʋm-no-kãsems la b sẽn da maand Perzi wã, b yeelame tɩ "pa kaoos la b yik n lebg tʋʋm-nood n lebg tʋʋm sẽn yaa sõma ye". [1]

A Rothschild sẽn boond tɩ Silk Medallion karpetã, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã sʋka, Doha, Islamã Art Museum

Safavid soolmã wakat yaa bũmb sẽn yɩ kãseng wʋsg ne Pɛrsã nebã sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã. Safavid wakat sẽn kaoosã, b ket n maana karpet-rãmb n paas b sẽn da maand to-to wã. D sẽn mi tɩ pipi karpet-rãmbã sẽn yaa b sẽn maan to-to wã wilgda bũmb sẽn yaa sõma woto wã, d tagsdame tɩ karpet-no-no-kãsemsã ra zoe n beeme hal tɩ b ra wa maan karpet-n-soabã sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd pĩndã. Sẽn mik tɩ b pa paam n paam n yiis Safavid wakat pĩnda wã, b maana vaeesg n bao n bãnge Timurid wakatã sebr vẽenemã la fɩtɛɛrã sẽn yaa kãn-kãe wã. B sẽn maan fĩng-kãensã wilgda gãnd-rãmb sẽn tar sãnemã ne b sẽn maand b sẽn pa tõe n maan bũmb a to wã, la b sẽn maand wa b sẽn maand ne b sẽn pa maand bũmb a to, la b maand b sẽn maand a woto ne "bu-rɩt" sẽn yit a Zeova nengẽ. B sẽn da maandã wõnda a sẽn da maand to-to wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa a sẽn boond t'a Holbein wã. A tõe n yeelame tɩ b ra tõe n basa a sẽn maan to-to to wã. [Bɩ y ges kɩbayã.]

Ardabil karpet wã V&A wã. B gʋlsa zĩ-kãng sẽn pẽ ne soogã zugu.

"Tõnd sẽn naanã"

Yʋʋmd 1500 wã saabẽ wã, b ra toeemda b sẽn da maand karpetã to-to wã. B ra tara gãnd-rãmb n maand wa b sẽn boond tɩ medayllã, la b sɩng n maand wa bõn-naands sẽn tar bũmbu. B ra tara bõn-naands wʋsg la b ra tar bẽdg wʋsg n maand tɩ b tõe n maan tɩ b maan tɩ b zemsd ne taab la b tõog n maan tɩ bũmb fãa yɩ sõma. B sẽn da naan n naan n naan tɩ b yaa "bu-rɩt" wã, b lebs n maana b sẽn da boond tɩ "bu-ra-rɩta" wã ne b sẽn da yaa "bubrã" la b sẽn boond tɩ arabesk. B sẽn da maand woto wã fãa ra baoodame tɩ b maan bũmb wʋsg n yɩɩd b sẽn da maand to-to wã. Woto me, b baoodame tɩ fɩtɛɛrã naan fɩtɛr ning b sẽn naanã, tɩ fɩtɩrsã maan a sẽn naanã. Rũndã-rũndã, yaa ne makr sẽn boond tɩ karikatɛɛr n kɩt tɩ b tõog n maan woto (Ford, 1981, seb-neng 170 [34]). Sẽn yaa to-to ne Safavid nebã sẽn maan woto wã, yaa vẽeneg tɩ b pa mi ye. La b tʋʋmdã kɩtame tɩ Kurt Erdmann bool-b tɩ "kẽer meebã na n yɩ bũmb sẽn pa yɩ sõma ye". [Bɩ y ges sẽn yaa to-to wã.]

A Clark "Sickle-leaf", rãam rull la karpet sẽn yaa ne karpetã, tõe tɩ yaa Kirman, sigr a 17 soabã

Yaa vẽeneg tɩ b sẽn da naanã yaa minimãr-dãmb n deng n naanã, bala b sɩngame n na n zĩnd sebrã pʋgẽ la b gʋls sebrã sẽn be b nengẽ wã yʋʋmd 1500 soabã. Yaa woto n kɩt tɩ b sɩng n maand "sẽn yaa buud toor-toore" sẽn boond tɩ Islamã. B yãa b sẽn da maand ne b sẽn boond tɩ "Lechek Tornj" wã pipi n yeel tɩ "Medaillon" la "Erdon" wã. Yʋʋmd 1522 wã, a Ismaël I tʋma karẽn-bi-pɛɛlga Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād sẽn yaa Herat lekollã karẽn-bitre, t'a yɩ rĩm-dãmb raagã taoor soaba. A Behzad tara pãng wʋsg Safaidã meebã wɛɛngẽ. Safaid rãmbã sẽn yaa toor ne b sẽn yã wã pa yembr ne b sẽn wilg-b miniatɛɛrã pʋgẽ wã ye. Woto me yaa sɩda ne Eropã sẽn maandã: b pa makd Anatolii wã rẽnna ye. Rẽnna pa makd ne Eropã rẽnna sẽn maan yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 17 soabã ye. [1] Wala Ardabil karpetã, karpetã kẽer sẽn tar gʋls-b sẽn tar datã, bãngdbã sẽn baood n na n bãng n bãng n wilg tɩ Safavid karpetã sɩngame ne-b:

Mam ka tar zĩ-sõng dũni pʋgẽ sã n ka yãmb tãb-soab ye. Dẽn-kãngã bal n na n kogl m zugã. Tʋmtʋmd a Maqsud sẽn da be Kashan soolmẽ wã, yʋʋmd 946 wã. -Ardabil karpetã sẽn gʋlsd ne bũmb sẽn yaa bĩngd

Yʋʋmd 946 wã yaa yʋʋmd 1539-1540 soabã, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ Ardabil kabɛɛg yaa Shah Tahmasp naamã wakate. A sẽn kõ kabɛɛg-kãnga Ardabil tẽnga a Safi-ad-din Ardabili sẽn yaa Safavid rãmbã naam-rãmbã ba wã. B tõe n yãa gʋls-vɩɩs a to "Tõndã gãagrã" zugu, masã sẽn be Miilã, Poldi Pezzoli Museum pʋgẽ, n dat n yeel tɩ b gʋlsa a yʋʋmd 949 AH/AD 1542-3 wã:

Yaa Ghyath ud-Din Jami sẽn maan ne yẽesem n tõog n maan tʋʋm-kãnga sẽn yaa sõma n noom tõnd yʋʋmd 949 wã. - Milan wã wãndã gãagã sẽn gʋlsd bũmb sẽn yaa bĩngd

A Shah 'Abbas I. tẽn-boog sẽn be Venise, a Carlo Caliari, 1595.

Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 17 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra paasda sɛb sẽn wilgd tɩ b ra tõe n bãng n bãngame tɩ b sẽn dat n bãng bũmb ninsã yaa sõma. B kõ-b-la Safaid-rãmbã tɩ b kõ-b tẽns la tẽns nins sẽn be Erɔpã tɩ b maan-b tɩ b paas zoodã pãnga. Yʋʋmd 1603 wã, a Shah Abbas kõo a Marino Grimani, sẽn yaa Venise wã ned sẽn yaa doge wã, karpet sẽn tar sãnem la sãnem laad sẽn bĩngd ne wã. Europɛt nebã sɩngame n na n kosd b mens n yiisd karpetã Isfahan la Kashan tẽnga kamb sẽn naan naan naan naan yɩll n dɩk b toor-toor b sẽn da tõe n dɩk n dɩk n naan yɩll ne b toor-toorã. Wakat ninga, Polõnd rĩmã a Sigismond III Vasa tʋma Armen Sefer Muratowicz n tɩ tʋm Kashan n na n tɩ kõ Polõnd rĩm-dãmb a nii kabẽt sẽn na n yɩ wa b sẽn na n yeel tɩ b na n yeelg-a lame. Sẽn da yaa a Moorã, a Mooratowicz kõ-b-la a Polõnd rĩmã, la a kõ-b la a Korã ligd yaoodã. [1] Safavid rãmbã sẽn da maand wa b sẽn boond tɩ sebã, la b ra maand wa b sãnem la sãnem la b ra tẽedame tɩ yaa Polɩɩs n naan n maan-b. Baa ne yel-wẽnã sẽn paam tɩ b maneg-a wã, b pa leb n pʋd-a "Poland" bɩ "Polonaise" ye. A Kurt Erdmann n wilg tɩ b na n yãka "Shah Abbas" karpetã yʋʋr sẽn zems n yɩɩd. [1]

Safavid rãmbã sẽn da maand karpetã

A Edwards sɩngda a sebr ning sẽn gomd Pɛrs karpetã wɛɛngẽ, n wilg tʋʋm-kãseng a nii sẽn zĩnd wakat kãngã:

  • Ardabil Carpet – Victoria and Albert Museum
  • Hunting Carpet – Austrian Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna
  • Chelsea Carpet – Victoria and Albert Museum
  • Allover Animal and Floral Carpet – Austrian Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna
  • Rose-ground Vase Carpet – Victoria and Albert Museum
  • Medaillion Animal and Floral Carpet with Inscription Guard – Museo Poldi Pezzoli, Milan
  • Inscribed Medaillon Carpet with Animal and Flowers and Inscription Border – Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 32.16
  • Medaillon, Animal, and Tree Carpet – Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris

Safavid "Vase technique" sẽn yit Kirman

Yaa Kirman soolmã sẽn be Pɛrs soolmã kiidã pʋgẽ la b yãkd Safavid-rãmbã. A May H. Beattie wilgame tɩ b sẽn naan n naan n naan b gãandã yaa bũmb a yiibu: [1] B yãega gãnd-rãmb a yopoe: gãnd-roog sẽn tar bãn-rãmb la koom-koglgã; gãnd-n-goam sẽn tar bẽnd sẽn yaa bãn-n-soaba; gãnd sẽn tar bẽn-soaba, la b sẽn pa tar bẽnda. B sẽn maand b toor-toorã yaa ne no-rɩk sẽn pa zems taaba. Bãagã sẽn yaa waadã zĩiga, b zĩi n be ko-kãnga pʋga, n kɩt tɩ b lebg pipi la tãab-n-soabã. A sã n yaa silk bɩ b sẽn boond tɩ bĩis bɩ bĩis n yaa bĩisã, b sã n yaa bẽedã, b yaa bĩisi. A sã n wa rɩka a tãmbã, a na n kɩtame tɩ b maan bũmb a tãab-n-soabã.

"Vase technique" karpetã sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd a taabã fãa sẽn yit Kirmān wã yaa "Sanguszko sullã" sẽn boond tɩ Sanguszko zakã yʋʋr sẽn pʋga. B sẽn maan b sẽn na n maan n naan b mens ne b mensã yaa wa b sẽn maan ne b mens to-to wã. B sẽn yã wã, b yãgda ninsaalb sẽn yaa b rãmb sẽn yaa b mensã. B wilga rũmsã sẽn zabd ne rũmsã b sẽn maandã, la b wilga wed-rãmb b sẽn zabd b nao wã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn da tar-b n na n zabd ne rũmsã, b sẽn zabd ne b rũmsã la b sẽn zab ne b rũmsa wã. Sẽn be-b sʋka, b zabda ne bu-zẽmsã. B sẽn da gʋls tɩ b sẽn wa n baas n naan-b yʋʋmd 1006 sẽn zems yʋʋmd 1596 wã, b sẽn da gʋlsd bũmb ningã ne a sẽn be Ganjali Khan kompleksẽ wã, b dat n yeelame tɩ b maana yʋʋm 16nd-bi-gĩnd 16 wã saabẽ bɩ yʋʋm 17nd-biiga sɩngrẽ. [1] "Vase technique" karpet a yiib a taab tara gʋls-sõamyã ne daar: a yembr tara daar ning sẽn be 1172 AH/AD 1758 la a sẽn da tʋgd-a wã yʋʋr: a Muhammad Sharīf Kirmānī; a to wã tara gʋls- sõamyã a tãabo sẽn wilgd tɩ a Mo'min sẽn yaa Qutb al-Dīn Māhānī biiga n tʋgd-ba, yʋʋm 1066-1066 AH/AD 1655-1656. Safav rãmbã sẽn da yaa b yaab-rãmbã, b ra ket n tolgdda karpetã Kirman soolmẽ wã, Safav rãmb rogmã sã n wa lʋɩ yʋʋmd 1732 wã poore (Ferrier, 1989, seb-neng 127 [38]).

Yʋʋmd 1666 wã, a Abbas a yiib-n-soabã naamã saab n wa n sɩng Safavid rãmbã naam sɛɛbo. Tẽnga sẽn da yaa naongẽ wã ra paamda b rãmb naoor wʋsgo. Sẽn paase, Ghilzai Pakhtun naab a yembr yʋʋr sẽn boond t'a Mir Wais Khan n sɩng bãn-soaba Kandaharã pʋgẽ, n tõog Safavid sodaasã sẽn da be Irãn-Georzi soolmã naab a Gurgin Khan taoore. Yʋʋmd 1722 wã, a Pɩɛɛr Kãsengã sɩngame n zab Rus-Pars zabrã (1722-1723), n deeg Irã soolmã sẽn be Koakasi soolmẽ wã, tɩ rẽ sʋka, Derbent, Shaki, la Baku, la Gilan, Mazandaran la Astrabad. Yʋʋmd 1722 wã, Afgaans sodaag a Mir Mahmud Hotaki sẽn lʋɩt taoor n kẽng Irã kiidã, n gũbg-a, la b reeg Isfahan. A Mahmud yeelame t'a yaa Pɛrs rĩm-dãmb naab. La b sẽn da wa n beẽ wã, b ra pa tõe n maan bũmb ye. Rẽ poore, Safav rãmbã soolmã saabã kolgame.

Galerie: Safavid wakatẽ Perse tapẽ

A Afsharid (1736-1796) ne a Zand (1750-1796) naam-rãmbã

Pɛrsi nug-dʋʋg sẽn be Pɛrsi soolmẽ wã (sẽn be zĩig ningã)

Irã tẽnga pʋga, a Nader Shah sẽn yaa Irã tẽnga Afshar sodaas sẽn yit Khorasan wã n lebs n deeg a pʋga. A tõoga Afgaansã la Ottomansã, n lebs n kɩt tɩ Safavidsã lebg n zĩnd a naamã zĩigẽ, la a maana sõss tɩ Rusã yi Irã sẽn be Kaʋkaas soolmẽ wã, a sẽn maan a Resht kaoolã la Ganja kaoolã maasem yĩnga. Yʋʋmd 1736 wã, a Nader meng paama naam tɩ yaa shaa. B pa yãt bũmb sẽn wilgd tɩ b ra tol n maand karpetã ye. A ra pa tol n maan karpetã wakat ye. [1]

A Qajãr soolmã (1789-1925)

Yʋʋmd 1789 wã, a Mohammad Khan Qajar n lebg Pɛrs rĩmã, sẽn yaa Qajar rogem siglgã luglg soaba, sẽn kõ Pɛrs soolmã bãan-kãseng la bãane, la sẽn na yɩl tɩ b tõog n vʋʋg n wa tʋmã. Yaa rĩm-dãmb a tãabã sẽn yaa kãsm dãmb sẽn yaa kãsemb-kãsems sẽn yaa Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar la Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar n vʋʋg Perz soolmã pĩnd wẽndẽ no-rãmbã. Tabriz nebã sẽn da maand bõn-naandsã rɩka a yõorã, la yʋʋmd 1885 sẽn kolgã, b lebga Pɛrs soolmẽ wã sẽn naan naan naan naan maan-n-tɩrsã siglgã sigdb. [1]

Pahlavi soolmã (1925-1979)

Rus Révolutionã poore, Pɛrsi lebga zabr zĩiga. Yʋʋmd 1917 wã, Britani wã tũnugda ne Irã n zab ne Risi, n pa tõog n tõog n sãam a Révolutionã ye. Sobiɛt sullã sẽn da wa n zabd ne a Zeova wã kɩtame tɩ b lebg Pɛrs soolmã pʋga. Yʋʋmd 1920 wã, Irãnsã goosneema wã ra pa le tar pãng wʋsg a sẽn da tar tẽngã zugã ye.

Yʋʋmd 1925 wã, a Rezā Shāh sẽn deeg b sẽn deeg n deeg b sẽn kõ-a wã kɩtame tɩ a Ahmad Shah Qajar, sẽn yaa Qajar soolmã naab a to wã, lebg rĩmã, la a lugl Pahlavi soolmã. A kɩtame tɩ b tõog n kɩt tɩ b maan b naamã n tãag Iran Révolution wã yʋʋmd 1979. A Reza Shah maana siglgã, a maana siglgã la a maana politikã, n kɩt tɩ b naan naan naan naan maan-kʋʋd a Zeova. Sẽn na yɩl n kɩt tɩ b naamã tall pãnga, a Reza Shah ne a biig a Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ra baood n na n vʋʋga pĩnd wẽndẽ Pɛrs nebã. A sẽn lebg n wa n kɩt tɩ b lebg n tʋmd ne b sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã, yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne b sẽn maand woto wã. Yʋʋmd 1935 wã, a Rezā Shāh lugla Iran Carpet Company, la a kɩtame tɩ goosneema wã tõog n tõog n tʋm karpetã. B ra tara karpet-rãmb sẽn yaa sõma n na n tall n tɩ kõ tẽns a taabã. [1]

Pahlavi rogem-n-soaba ra modẽna Iran goosneema wã n get b sẽn na n tõog n dɩ b naamã. A Reza Shah yaa pipi Pɛrs rĩm sẽn maan woto ne zab-teed rũndã-rũndã. A sodaasã sẽn kɩt tɩ b gɩdg n maan b sẽn datã, b gɩdgame tɩ b ra maan b sẽn pa tõe n maan b toorẽ wã yʋʋm 1930 wã pʋgẽ, b gɩdga nebã tɩ b ra yeelg b bugum futu, la b gɩdg-b lame tɩ b ra tũnug ne zĩm-dãmb la yurts Irã pʋgẽ ye. B sẽn pa tõe n yi n kẽng tẽn-zẽmsẽ wã, la b sẽn da pa le tar b rũngã, kom kʋʋ neb wʋsg sẽn da be tẽn-zẽngẽ wã. B sẽn wa n wa n maand yʋʋm 1940 wã la 1950 wã, b paama laafɩ sẽn kaoosd n paas n paas n wa n wa ne tẽns a taab sẽn be be beẽ wã. A sẽn lebg a pʋɩta, a Mohammed Reza Shah, kɩtame t'a naamã pãng paas yʋʋm 1950 wã. A sẽn maan maan tẽng toeeng yʋʋmd 1962 wã, sẽn yaa sẽn boond tɩ Wilgr ning sẽn yaa kʋɩl-poakã fãagra, baa ne a sẽn da yaa sõma ne tẽn-kaoodbã, a sãama siglgã siglgã sigls sẽn yaa siglgã sigl-n-taag sẽn yaa wa Qashqai nebã, la siglgã siglg ning sẽn yaa sigl-naagã. Yʋʋm kobs sẽn looge, sẽn da yaa yʋʋm kobs-rãmb la sẽn da yaa n be n maand n maand n kõ-b karpetã, sẽn kẽed n wa n boog n wa n wa n lebg n wa ne bõn-naandb sẽn yaa bõn-naands la teed sẽn yaa teed sẽn yaa b toor-toorã sẽn kẽed ne nin-tũus-nin-naand yʋʋm kobs a 19 soabã saabẽ wã, Iran soolmã sẽn wa n wa ne a naamã wakat sẽn kaoos wã politikã sãama-b lame. [1]

Rũndã-rũndã

Gʋls-n-taag sẽn yaa rũndã-rũndã

Iran Révolutionã poore, sɩngrẽ wã, b pa tõog n bãng bũmb wʋsg ne Irãnd nebã sẽn da maand karpetã ye. Yʋʋm 1970 wã la 1980 wã pʋgẽ, neb wʋsg ra nong n nong Gabbeh karpetã sẽn sɩng ne neb nins sẽn yaa nomad rãmbã n da na n maan b toorẽ wã. B sẽn da maand bũmb wʋsg ne b sẽn da maand to-to wã ra noomẽ tẽns nins sẽn be tẽnsẽ wã nebã.

Yʋʋmd 1992 wã, a Tehran sẽn zĩnd pipi Pɛrs kongr la kibayã pʋgẽ, b wilga pipi naoor fasɩ wã karpetã sẽn yaa sõma. [1] Pɛrsi wã nin-bũudb wala Razam Arabzadeh ra tara gãd-n-tɩrs sẽn yaa toor-toorã, la b sẽn maand b toor-toore. [1] Sẽn mik tɩ b ket n maanda tigimsã wakat fãa wã, rũndã-rũndã, b tõe n yãa bũmb a yiib sẽn maand Iran nebã sẽn maand karpetã. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n tall minim ning sẽn yaa sõma wã, b modgdame tɩ b tall minim ning b sẽn tar rũndã-rũndã wã n kẽng yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 21 soabã pʋgẽ. La sẽn yaa to-to wã, kom-bɩɩsã sẽn da nong n paasd b sẽn da nong bũmb nins sẽn maand ne bũmb nins sẽn yaa toor-toorã [44] wã ra pa le tar bũmbu. Woto yaa ligd sẽn yaa sõma n paamd kamb nins sẽn maand karpetã. Sẽn yaa a soaba, b na n kõo b sẽn na n maan bũmb ning n naan yɩ a soaba, la b wilg b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan bũmb ninsã. A Zeova sẽn wa n bas tɩ b kẽes b toog Irãnsã teedã zabr pʋgẽ wã, a tõe n kɩtame tɩ Amerɛk nebã leb n paam n paam tɩ b rɩk Pɛrs kʋɩlen-kʋɩlen-kãnga.

Rũndã-rũndã, sã n yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b ra tʋmd ne b taabã, b na n paama ligd sẽn ka sɔoge, la b na n yɩɩga b taabã. B sẽn da maand ne masĩn-kãsemse, b sẽn da tar bẽedã, wall b sẽn da maand n kõ-b b nusã, la b sẽn da get-b tɩ b yaa tao-tao la b pa tar ligd wʋsg n tõe n maan woto wã, b tõe n maana "Wẽndã" modgdb sẽn yaa sõma, la b pa tõe n maan bũmb sẽn yaa sõma ye. B sẽn da maand ne pe-yãg lãm sẽn yaa b sẽn da tar nãagd ne b sãnemã, b baooda b nusẽ-gãosgo. B ra koosda b teedã ligd sẽn yaa taase, tɩ yaa rẽ yĩng la b ra maand b tʋʋm wʋsg n yiisd-b la b ra pa toeem ye. Woto kɩtame tɩ Pɛrs nebã ra ket n yaa bõn-naands sẽn yaa sõma, tɩ yaa bõn-sõma la b ra maand n dat n bãng b sẽn tõe n maan to-to.

D sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ninsã

A lãm

Pɛrsi nebã wʋsg sẽn maand karpetã, b maanda ne pe-piis fut. A sẽn yaa a soaba la a sẽn yaa a to wã sã n yaa a toore, a sã n yaa ne a toore la a toore. La a sã n yaa a sã n tar a zoobã, a sã n pa tar a zoobo, a sãn yaa a sãn pa tar a sãn-kãnga. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa kʋɩɩs piisã, b sãnda b sãnda-ba. B sã n yãkd b sã n dat n dɩt-b n dɩt b sã n dɩt n dɩt a sã n dɩtẽ, b tõe n dɩtame. B sẽn da maand n naan n naan b rũmsã, b ra yaa b sẽn naan n naan n yiis b rũms nins sẽn ki wã. B boond-b lame tɩ kurk bɩ kork lã, tɩ b paamd-a ne lã sẽn be piisã zugã. [1] Rũndã-rũndã, b tũnugda ne we-rũng sẽn wat ne tẽn-zẽmsẽ wã me, wala sẽn yit Nouvelle-Zélande wã, tɩ bõe, b pa tõe n pids ko-rũngã baoob sẽn yaa kãseng ye. B leb n tũnugda ne ra-bɛd la bʋʋd fiber. B tũnugda ne bʋʋg peend n paasd b sẽn tõe n maan n kõ b sẽn tõe fãa n tõog n tõog n maan bũmb n na n tõog n sãam b mens to-to. Wakat ninga, b tũnugda ne kamel weel ne Pɛrs nebã sẽn da yaa b rãmbã. A yaa wa b sẽn da ningd-a-la ne lik bɩ b sẽn da pak-a ne a yĩn-vɩɩm. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b yetame tɩ b yaa we-rũng we-rãmba, la b yaool n yaa pe-rũng wa b sẽn da yeel tɩ b yaa pe-yãgs we-rãmbã. [1]

Koom-dãmbã

B sẽn naan n naan b teedã, b naan n naan n naan-b tɩ b naan n maan b toorẽ teedã. Sẽn pa tõe n paam coton wã wã, b rɩkda weel n maand waadã, tɩ b rɩkd ne weelã sẽn yaa b sẽn naanã. B tõe n kɩtame tɩ b ningd b b bĩngã n paas n paas b sẽn tõe n dɩk n dɩk bĩngdã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, gãnemd gãnemd yaa sẽn na n gãe gãnemd tẽnga, tɩ sã n yaa ne weelã, b tõe n boogda b gãnemd ne waagã. [1] Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã, b rɩka b sẽn da maand ne b sãnemã n na n dɩk b sẽn da yaa sãnemã. [1]

Silk

A Silk yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõodo, la b tũnugda ne-a n maand gãnd-n-tɩrsã. A sẽn tar pãng n tõe n tall a to wã, b tũnugda ne a to wã n maand silk warpse, la a leb n beed a to wã pʋgẽ. B tõe n dɩka so-pĩnd n wilg bũmb nins b sẽn maan ne so-pʋʋndã. A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn da maand bũmb nins fãa wã yaa sõma. A sã n yaa a sẽn yaa a sẽn maan bũmb ningã, a tõe n maana bũmb sẽn yaa sõma. A sã n yaa tɩ b pa tar pãng ne a to wã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b maan b mens ne a to

Dɩt sẽn yaa to-to

B sã n naan b toogã, b sã n naan n naan b toorẽ toogã, a yaa b sẽn maand n kõ-a toogã. Sẽn yaa to-to tɩ b lebgd n gilgd-a wã, b boond-a lame tɩ b wẽnda. B sẽn boond tɩ tãnsã yaa S-twist bɩ Z-twist sẽn zems ne b sẽn na n gilgã (Ges-y kɩ-kãnga). [1] D tõe n wẽnda tãns a yiib bɩ a yiib n paas n kõ-b t'a lebg kãenkãe. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n da tar b nus n kõ-a, b sãnda b sẽn da tar b nugẽ wã yaa Z-twist la b maand-a. Wala a sẽn maand a Zeova Kaset rãmbã buud fãa, mam sẽn pa maand a Mamluk rãmbã, a Pɛrsi nebã fãa ra rɩkda "Z" (sẽn pa tũud a Zeova wã) la "S" (s'a Zeova wã sẽn tũud a Zeova noyã) sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da pakd a weenã.

Dãm

B sã n wa ningd-a-la ne bũmb ning b sẽn boond tɩ mʋʋndgã, b tõe n kɩtame t'a lebg wa a sẽn na n maan to-to wã. Rẽ poore, b paasda bõn-bõoneg n paas tɩ b ket n yaa bõn-bɛɛg sẽn tar sẽk wakat sẽn be bãensã pʋgẽ. Rẽ poore, b basda tɩ fʋrgã kʋɩɩ, n ningd-a t'a yɩ wa wĩntoog la sobg. Rɩll kẽer, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa yĩn-gãmdo, baoodame tɩ b tall tɩb sẽn yaa wa ne tɩb sẽn tõe n sãam wall n sãam a nengã. Woto kɩtame tɩ b sẽn tar zĩ-gãosgã lebg n paame, la b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b maan bũmb sẽn na yɩl tɩ b ra wa maan bũmb sẽn pa wõnd b sẽn da maandã.

Dẽngr

B sẽn da tũnugd ne bũmb nins b sẽn boond tɩ farzã wã, b ra yiisda bõn-kʋds la bõn-bugsã. Yʋʋmd 1856 wã, Ingletɛɛr pis-bi-vɩɩs a William Henry Perkin ra naan n naan n naan maan pipi anilinsã, sẽn boond tɩ mauveine. Rẽ poore, b ra naan n maana bũmb a taab sẽn tõe n kɩt tɩ b yĩm-gãosgo. B sẽn da yaa pa-bõoneg, b sẽn maand b toor-toor la b sẽn da nong n tũnug ne-ba, b sẽn dɩkd b toor-toorã n makd ne b toor-tõeemã, b wilgame tɩ b tũnugda ne-ba hal yʋʋmd 1860 wã sʋka. Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm 1980 wã, b vʋʋga bũmb ning sẽn yaa toor-toorã sẽn na yɩl n kɩt tɩ b yĩm-b n lebg ne bãagã. B maana kiim wã bãngre, tɩ b bãng tɩ b ra tõe n dɩka b yĩnsã ne b yĩns n yiisd b yĩns-n-tɩrsã.

Sã n yaa ne bãngrã, b sẽn maan ne b sẽn naanã, b rɩka b sẽn tõe n maan ne b sã n maan ne bũmb ning sẽn yaa to-to wã:

  • Roog sẽn yaa miuug sẽn yit Madder (Rubia tinctorum) 
  • Zĩis sẽn yaa wa bõn-buudã, sẽn tar soog (Allium cepa), kamill buud toor-toor (Anthemis, Matricaria chamomilla), la Euphorbia,
  • Dũniyã neb wʋsg sẽn pa mi tɩ b yaa nin-tɩrsã, b pa mi tɩ yaa nin-tũusdsã ye.
  • Gɛt ne Indigo la sãnem la a lebg ne a yiib n ningd-a,
  • A yaa ne waas-rɩt sẽn yaa wa ne waas sẽn yaa waas-m-meng n pa tar waas-d-meng ye.
  • Blue: Indigo sẽn yit Indigofera tinctoria pʋgẽ.

B ra tara bũmb kẽer b sẽn da maand ne wã, wala b sẽn da boond tɩ indigo bɩ madder. Zĩig bɩ bug-zĩigã sẽn yaa bõn-bɩɩs toor-toorã yaa toor-toore. Rɩt wʋsg kõta sãnemd sẽn yaa wa rãamã, Dyer kibrã (Reseda luteola), sãnemd lakspurã, wall Dyer sumachã (Cotinus coggygria). Rɩt-rãmbã la roog-rãmbã, la tɩɩs a taab tara sãnem sãnem. [1]

Irã pʋgẽ, b vʋʋga b sẽn da maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa toor-toor ne b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã yʋʋmd 1990 wã, sẽn yɩlẽ tɩ b paam n bãng bũmb nins b sẽn maand ne b sẽn da pa maand bũmb ninsã. La b sẽn da maan bũmb nins sẽn be toor-toor n maand bũmb ninsã, b ra ket n minimame.

Bõn-buud-n-tɩrsã

B yiisda karminsã laad-d-d-laad-dẽ-d-yãkrã sẽn tar rãamã, wala koksi wã la Porphyrophora buud toor-toorã (Armenian la Polish cochineal). B ra deng n yiisda ko-kẽengã, sẽn boond tɩ "laq", n yi Ɛnd soolmẽ wã, la kaoosg zug me b yiisa Meziik la Kanari tẽn-yũudse. B ra tũnugda ne bugum-gãosgo tɩ b yiisd-b zĩig ning b sẽn pa yet tɩ b bɩɩsd wa bugum-goamã. Wala makre, Pɛrsi sẽn be mogrã la sẽn be mogr-goamdã pʋga. [1]

Dãmbuã

Sẽn na yɩl n bãng tɩ b tõe n maana bũmb nins b sẽn da maand rũndã-rũndã wã, b tõe n paama bal ne b sã n pa tar b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã, b pa tõe n bãng tɩ yaa bũmb nins b b sẽn da maan ne-ba, wall b sẽn da tʋm ne-ba. Rũndã-rũndã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b tʋg-b ne farb sẽn yaa sõma n yãk b toorẽ wã, n kõ-b yõod sẽn yaa sõma la sẽn yaa sõma. [1]

Dẽn-kãnga

B sẽn boond tɩ abrash (Turkish abraş sẽn yit ne "sẽn yaa bãnd sẽn tar pʋ-peelem", yaa "sẽn tar pʋ-beesd", yaa "b sẽn tar pʋs n yaa bãnd n yaa bãnda") wã yaa sã n wa n wa n pa tar rẽnd sẽn yaa to-to. B yãta a Abrash sẽn yaa bũmb ning b sẽn da ningd tẽns a taab n dat n yeel tɩ yaa wa b sẽn da yeelgd-a wã. A sẽn zĩndã wilgdame tɩ yaa ned a yembr n da tʋgd karpetã, la tɩ pa tar sẽk bɩ pãng sẽn sek n tõe n segl karpetã n kɩt tɩ b maneg a to wã ye. Wakat-wakate, b ra sãnda lã-bõon-bil-bil-bẽes bal n yaa b sẽn da tarã. A sã n wa paam t'a sã n wa pa tar futã, a leb n da rɩkda a sẽn da wa n yãgd-a wã. Sẽn yaa lebend tɩ sã n wa yaa ne taab n ningd-a, b pa le tõe n le paam-a ye. Woto yĩnga, b sẽn yã bũmb ning sẽn yaa toor-toorã wilgdame tɩ yaa tẽn-tẽnga, wall buud-gomd sẽn yaa toorẽ wã la b get-a tɩ yaa sõma la sɩd soaba. B tõe n kɩtame tɩ b rɩk b mens n dɩk b mens n naan maan b sẽn da yãkã. [1]

Teknɛɛg la sigls

B sẽn da maand tɩ b tʋg rẽnna

Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maneg b kaamã, yaa tɩlae tɩ b rɩk sẽk wʋsgo.

Sẽn na yɩl n sɩng n maan gãagã, ned segd n baoo yẽbgr sẽn tar gãagã la a sẽn tarã: Yaa gãagã sẽn yaa kãn-kãe, b sẽn maan ne bĩis, laad bɩ silk n zãad gãagã. B boond tɩ yel-bũndb sẽn be tɩrg-bẽdgẽ wã sẽn be a to wã tɩ b lebgd a to wã yaa yel-bẽnegr. B sã n da tar karpetã, b sã n da gãnegd a to wã, b sãnda yaa ne karpetã ne a to wã.

Yaa ne bũmb a taab n kɩt tɩ b tõe n sɩng n tʋm ne b sẽbgã. Rẽ poore, b sẽbda b sẽn da tar lãm, b sẽn da yaa b sẽn da boond tɩ bĩis bɩ b sẽn da naan n yeel tɩ b yaa bĩisã n pʋgd taab n gũbg b sẽn da be be be wã. B sẽn paasd b sẽn da tar to-to wã, b lebgda gãnd sẽn yaa gãndã. B sã n wa tar b no-kãnga, b sã n wa n dɩkd n kõ-b-la no-kãmã, b sãn ket n maand n kõ-a-la no. Rẽ poore, b sã n wa n wa n tigim-a, b sãame n na n kɩt tɩ b gãd-a n paas a pãng la b gãd a sẽn da wa n tigimd-a wã. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n bãng bũmb ning b sẽn tʋgdã, b tõe n yãka bũmb ning b tʋgdã sẽn yaa sõma, la b bãng sẽn yaa sõma.

B sã n wa n wa n naan n naan n maneg n maneg n naan n kõ-b b toogã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b maneg n maneg-b lame.

Dɩt-d-la

B pa tar minim wʋsg ne bũmb nins b sẽn maandã ye, la b yaa gãnd la b yaa toor-toorã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b segd n maana bũmb sẽn yaa sõma, n kɩt tɩ b tõe n pʋɩ-b n lebg sãnem-biis. D sã n dɩkd bũmb n kõ-a, a tõe n kɩtame t'a kẽe a toore, n pa tõe n kẽe a woto ye.

Dɩlla sẽn yaa to-to

Kẽer sẽn yaa n kẽnd n maandẽ wã, b tʋgdda b gãag n maandẽ. Irã, Firuzabad tẽng sẽn pẽ

B sẽn tõe n gãnegd b mens n kõ tẽnga, yaa b sẽn tõe n kõ-b-la b nus n kõ-ba. Yaa ne b sẽn dɩkd b sẽbgã n na n tõog n tall pãng n paas tɩ b tõe n tall pãng tɩ b tõog n tall pãnga. Woto yaa sõma tɩ b tõe n tigim-a, la b tõe n zãag-a-la ne yamleoogo. B sẽn maand b sẽn maand ne b sẽn maand n maand n maand ne b to wã yaa bilf wʋsgo, la b sẽn maand b to wã pa tar pãng n yɩɩd b sẽn maand tɩ b maand ne b toor-toorã ye. [1] Neb nins sẽn be tẽn-tẽnsã pa tõe n dɩk gãnd sẽn yaa bĩng ye, bala b rɩta zĩiga wʋsgo, la b pa tõe n tũnug ne-b tɩ b pa tar pãng ye. B sẽn yaa ligd sẽn ka sɔng la b sẽn tõe n dɩkd b mens n dɩkã pa tar yõod wʋsg ne tẽn-tẽnsã karen-biis ye. [1]

Dɩt-vɩɩs

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b tũnugda ne b sẽn da yaa sõma n yɩɩd b sẽn da tarã n tʋmdẽ. B sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd yaa b sẽn tõe n dɩkd b sẽbdã n tʋm ne b sẽbdbã. A Tabriz buud sẽn yaa tɩrg tʋʋlg tõe n kɩtame tɩ b tʋg rẽnna n ta a sẽk naoor a yiibu, la b pa tõe n tʋg rãnna sẽn ta a sẽka ye. Sẽn yaa lebendã, karpetã zãagrã yaa ne gãnd sẽn yaa ne gãn-gãongã. [1]

Bãagrã yaa buud a tãab sẽn yaa toor-toor n tõe n yɩ ne taab n paas ne taab: tẽn-tẽng sẽn yaa gãndg la b boond tɩ Tabriz bɩ Bunyan wã, la b boond-b tɩ rol-balk sẽn yaa gãnda.

  1. Tẽnga gãag sẽn yaa gãagã (dar sabet [51]) yaa Irãan tẽnga la a yaa gãag sẽn ya gãagã la gãag sẽn be tẽngr bɩ sẽn yaa gãaga sẽn yaa gãage. B sã n wa n zãad b bĩngã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b wẽe bĩng n kẽ bĩng-n-tɩrsã pʋgẽ. B sẽn maand a woto wã, b tikda b toore.
  2. Tabriz tʋʋg (dar Tabriz [51]), sẽn boond tɩ Tabriz tẽnga yʋʋr yĩnga, b tũnugda ne-a Irãn tʋʋg-beedã pʋga. B sẽn maand woto wã yaa toor-toor la b maand woto. B sã n dɩk b bĩng n kõ-a, b tõe n kɩtame t'a lebg wa a sẽn datã. B sã n wa n tigimd a to, b tikda a to n zĩndi. Woto ket n yaa wa b sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b yiis b gãagã, n yaool n yiis b gãaga.
  3. B tũnugda ne rool-roolã (dar gardan, [1] "rool-roola") sẽn yaa tʋʋm-kãseng sẽn yaa Turki wã pʋgẽ, la b leb n beẽ ne Persi la Indi. A koosda gãnd a yiib sẽn yaa tɩrs sẽn be tɩ b gãnd-a wã. Bãmbã fãa tara gãnd-n-tɩrse, wall b sẽn tõe n pak-b to-to wã. B sã n wa n wa n segl a karpetã, b sã n wa tigs-a n ta a tẽngrã, b na n kɩtame t'a lebg sõma. B tõe n maana gãnd sẽn yaa wa sẽn datã. Tʋrk soolmẽ wã, b sã n wa tigim taab n kaoog b sẽn na n maan bũmb ningã, b sãn ket n tigimda taab n kaood b sẽn na maan bũmb ningã.
A sẽn yaa gãn-kãsenga, a yaa kaju bɩ koji, sẽn sõngd tɩ b tõogd n get a sẽn be to-to wã. B boond-a lame t'a huf bɩ haf. A kɩtdame tɩ b welg b sẽn be zĩig ningã.

Irãns sẽn boond tɩ bĩngã pʋga yaa:[52]

  • sãdar, tãntãrã supã (horizontal, equivalentã cu tãntãria warp) 
  • zirdar, sẽn yaa tẽngre (sẽn yaa zugr sẽn yaa to-to, sẽn yaa to ne yĩnsã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sã n yaa tɩ b gũbg-a ne gãndã) 
  • rasto, rɩtg nẽg (tũusg); wakat ninga b tũnugda ne b nẽg a yiibã fãa
  • chapro, rɩtg n tãag (tũusg) 
  • kaju ya koji
  • huf wala haf
  • Goveh, b sẽn yãkd zirdarã n na n kɩt tɩ b gãnegd b tɩʋʋgã.
  • Takhteh Alvar, sẽn tõe n tall-a-la a sẽn tõe n sak n tall a sẽn tõe to-to.

Bãag sẽn yaa bĩngã tara gãn-biis a naase. [1]

Sõngr

Yaa tʋʋm-teed nins b sẽn da tũnugd ne b tʋʋmdã pʋgẽ.

Sẽn na n tʋgd-a wã segd n paama tʋʋm-teed wʋsg: daood sẽn na yɩl n tʋg a toogã, a sẽn na n tʋg n tʋg-a toogã, la a gãneg a toogã ne a nug-n-taag sẽn na n sõng-a t'a tʋg a woto, la a tʋg-b-la a toogã n tʋg t'a tõe n tʋg ne a toogã. Tabriz tẽnga, b paasda sʋʋg ne gãnd n loe b no-bãnã, tɩ kɩt tɩ b tʋmd tao-tao. Wakat ninga, b tũnugda ne ligdi-pugli sẽn yaa bilf n yiis ligdã, tɩ b yaool n yãkd a toore.

B tũnugda ne tʋʋm toor-toor sẽn paasd b sẽn na n pakd b weftã. Irã, b sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn tigsd bũmbã zĩis kẽer, b tũnugda ne tʋʋm-teed a taab n maand bũmbã. Kerman tẽnga pʋgẽ, b tũnugda ne tʋʋm-teed sẽn wõnd sãnem n be gãagã pʋgẽ. Bijar tẽnga pʋgẽ, b pakda tʋʋm-teed sẽn wõnd nug-kẽem n kẽesd b gãn-kẽemsã sʋka, n na n kɩt tɩ b gãnegd a to n paase. Bijar me yaa yʋʋr sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn maand ne b sẽn maand n maand ne koomã, n maand ne b tɩtã, n kɩt tɩ b pakd b sãtgã, n kɩtdẽ tɩ b gãnegd b sãtaagã, b sãtbã la b sãtã wã. B sã n wa n dɩka b sẽn na n dɩka, b na n dɩga b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n dɩka a meng n dɩka. B pa tõe n tol n sãam a to wã ye.

B tõe n maana tʋʋm toor-toor n sẽb we-raoogã, tɩ yaa ne a sẽn na n maneg to-to wã bɩ a sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maneg to wã. Naoor wʋsgo, Sɩngr kʋɩlgã sã n wa lebg sõma, b sã n wa n maneg n maneg n naan n maneg n kõ-a-la b sẽn dat n maan to-to wã, b na n kɩtame tɩ b maan to-kãseng n kõ-ba.

Dẽn-kãnga

B sẽn boond tɩ Perse wã, b sẽn boond tɩ "Giordes" wã yaa bũmb a yiib n kɩt tɩ b tõe n yeel tɩ b yaa toor-toore. "Senneh nood" gomdã yaa bũmb sẽn lingd neb wʋsgo, bala b sẽn da naan n yeel tɩ senneh tẽnga yaa nood sẽn yaa a taab n kɩt tɩ b tõe n bãng n bãng n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa a soaba. [1]

Sẽn na yɩl n loe ne taab n paasdẽ, b leb n dɩkda b to wã n dɩk n dɩk n kõ-b tɩ b rɩk n dɩk n tɩge, n yaool n dɩk n kẽe n tɩge.

B sã n da gãnegd a to wã, b sẽbda a to wã n pʋɩ-a n kõ-a. Pɛrsi wã nug tõe n pukame n be rɩtg bɩ rɩtg zugu. [1]

A sẽn yaa a sẽn pa tar to-to wã kɩtdame tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb sẽn yaa to-to n yɩ to-to, tɩ b tõe tɩ b maan bũmb sẽn pa to-to. Wala sẽn wilgd a Senneh karpetã sẽn tar bõn-naands sẽn yaa sõma, sẽn yaa ne a sẽn dɩkd a nẽg n tigimd a to wã, a sẽn maand to-to wã sã n yaa sõma, a segd n basa a sẽn maand a woto wã n yɩɩd a sẽn maand nẽg a to wã. [25]

B leb n tũnugda ne karpetã sẽn yaa a Zufti karpetã n paas n kɩt tɩ b gãd karpetã ne karpet a naas n pa tar karpet a yiib ye. [1] B tõe n maana karpet sẽn tõe n sõng ned t'a ra wa n maan ne a sẽn tõe n maan to-to wã, la wakat ninga b tũnugda ne karpetã sẽn tar bal-balg wʋsg pʋgẽ, wala b sẽn maand pʋʋgẽ wã, n kogl b teedã. La b sẽn da maand tɩ b sẽn da ningd karpetã zãng bɩ b sẽn da tigim-a wã pa tar pãng n yɩɩd karpetã sẽn da yaa to-to wã ye. [1]

Dẽn-kẽeng sẽn yaa bĩngd

B sẽn da maand tɩ b yĩn-gãosgã yaa sõma, b sã n wa tar b sẽn da maand n kõ-b-la b sã n dat n bãng b sẽn tõe n maan to-to. Sẽn yɩɩd tɩ yaa gãag sẽn yaa a meng n be, b sẽn dɩkd b gãagã zug n naan n naan b teedã. B sã n wa n yãkd a to, b na n kɩtame tɩ b gãd a to.

B boond-b lame tɩ kilim. Kilim kabɩtã (wõnda ne teedã, fu-rãmba la rũmsã) tara yõod ne nin-buiidã la neb nins sẽn yaa nomad rãmbã. B sẽn da maand b sẽn da nong-b to-to wã, b ra rɩkda kilim-rãmbã n pak b gãndã, b pak-b-la b yagsã, b pak b gãnda, b pakd b gãndbã, b pakda b gãndb la b pakd-b-b-ba.

Bõn-naandsã sẽn yaa bĩngã yaa toor-toore, n dat n yeel tɩ:

  • Herati
  • Jajim
  • Gelim (Kilim)
  • Maleki
  • Sirjan
  • Soumak (Soumakh)
  • Suzani

Dɩt-yãk

Dɩlla la dɩlla

  • Ghali (Pars: قالی, lit. "karpet"): karpet sẽn yaa kãsenga (190 × 280 cm).
  • Dozar bɩ Sedjadeh: Gom-biigã yita Pɛrs kʋɩlen-kãsengã pʋgẽ, tɩ yaa "yi" la zar. Dɩlla yaa d sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa sõma n paas tɩ d tõe n maan to-to.
  • Ghalitcheh (Pars: قالیچه): karpet sẽn yaa Dozar buud-goamã, la b sẽn tol n maan ne sõma.
  • Kelleghi bɩ Kelley: Yɩɩll sẽn kaoos n ta yʋʋm 2000 wã. A yaa cm 150-200 (59-79 in) x cm 300-600 (120-240 in). B saka karpetã zug n get-a woto (kalleh wã võor yaa "goam" ne Pɛrs).
  • Kenareh: B sẽn yaa bilf n kaoos: cm 80-120 (31-47 pou) × cm 250-600 (98-236 pou). Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b tara gãnemd gãnemd karpetã (kenār wã võor yaa "gɩlla" Pɛrs kʋdemdã pʋgẽ).
  • Zaronim: yaa zar 11⁄2 la a zemse. B sẽn yaa gãnd-kãense yaa samd sẽn ta cm 150.

B boond-b lame tɩ Gelim (گلیم; sẽn tar tɩ loe ne "Zilo Zilou", sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "grã-gãm-gãm". [1] Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan woto, gelimã yaa gãag sẽn yaa gãag ne gãag sẽn ya gãag ne bĩis sẽn yaa gãage (bĩis n yaa kilim la soumak).

Tʋʋmd ning sẽn be zĩ-kãnga, b sẽn boond tɩ medaliõ wã la b sẽn boond t'a wã

D tõe n bãnga bũmb ning sẽn be karpetã pʋgẽ wã sẽn wilgd tɩ b manegda karpetã. Ned a yembr sẽn maand bũmb ning sẽn yaa tɩlae tõe n dɩka a zĩigẽ wã fãa, wall a tõe n dɩkame n lebg n lebg n wa.

Tẽns nins sẽn tar pĩnd wẽndẽ ne pĩnd wẽndẽ meebã, wala Pɛrs buud-goam nins sẽn da yaa b rãmbã, b tõe n zãmsa b sẽn miẽ wã, bala b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã yaa zakã rãmb bɩ buud-goambã minimã rẽndã. Yaa woto n tõe n sõng-b tɩ b tall bũmbu. Sẽn na yɩl n tall bõn-naands sẽn yaa sõma n paase, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn yaa sẽn yaa tɩrsã, b getame tɩ b talld bõn-naandbã ne gũusgu, n tall-b ne seb-vẽenega, la b tall-b-la ne seb-no-kãnga. B boondame tɩ karɛt-bilã. A sẽn maand-a tãn-kãnga, a tara a sẽn na n dɩk a sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tall a sẽn tõe n maan to-to wã. Yʋʋm kobs sẽn looge, b pa toeem wʋsg b sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã ye. Rũndã-rũndã, b tũnugda ne kom-bɛɛg n maand b sẽn tõe n dɩk n dɩk b sẽn tõe ne b sẽn tõe fãa n dɩk n tʋm ne b sẽn na n tʋk to-to wã. [Bɩ y ges sẽn yɩ to-to wã.]

B sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b naan yɩ gãn-kãnga, b ra tõe n maana bũmb nins sẽn yaa toor-toorã. B sã n wa n wa baas n naan n naan n yãk b sẽn na n maan bũmb ningã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b tagsdame tɩ b ket n maanda woto. La a Zeova sẽn yeel tɩ b maan bũmb ninsã yaa toor ne a sẽn yeelã. A Zeova sẽn yeel t'a maan bũmb ninsã pa zems ne a sẽn yetã. Sẽn sɩng ne Korãn sẽn lebg n lebg n lebg ne a Uthman Ibn Affan yʋʋmd 651 AD/19 AH la Umayyad Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan siglgã, b sẽn maan a Zeova wã me lʋɩɩs n gʋls la b maneg a sɛbã zugu. Pɛrsi wã sẽn yaa gãagã zĩis wʋsg pida ne bõn-naands sẽn yaa b sẽn da pa tar n tõe n yã, tɩ b get-b wa b sẽn boond tɩ " infinite repeat " wã. [1]

B tõe n kɩtame tɩ b maneg n maneg n maneg b mens n paas ne b sẽn naan maan bũmb ninsã. A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn da maand bũmb ning sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da maandã, b maana woto. B leb n maana b sẽn da-bẽd-b to-to wã. Yʋʋmd 1500 wã, b ra maandẽ "Lechek Tornj" (dẽn-tʋʋmd la zĩ-gũud) sẽn yaa Pɛrs nebã sẽn da nong n boond tɩ "Pɛrs" wã, tɩ b na n maan sebrã sɛb la b na n yɩ sɛb sẽn wilgd tɩ b tõe n maan sɛb n tɩgse. Yʋʋm kobs a 16 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra rɩkda-a lame n naan naan naan naan naag ne gãndb. B tõe n maana ne bãnd-dãmb sẽn yɩɩd a ye, la b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b tall-b-la ne pãng la b tall-ba. B tõe n pʋga karpã pʋga, n pʋga a pʋga, tɩ b pʋga a toore, n pʋg a toore.

Sẽn yaa toor ne Anatolian karpetã, Persian karpet medillon wã makda pipi karpetã la b lebgd n maand woto.

Pɛrsi nebã sẽn da maand karpetã wʋsg pʋsẽ, b baooda karpetã pʋga ne bãnd sẽn yaa bĩngd wall bĩngde. B tõe n yɩɩg a yembr n ta piig, la naoor wʋsgo, yaa tẽn-kɩtbã, wall bãens rãmbã sẽn gũbg-b n yaa kãsenga. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b tara b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb n wilg b sẽn yaa sõma wã. B sẽn tar-b n paasã wilgdame tɩ b yaa nana-nana, wala b sẽn maand tɩ b yaa wa b sẽn tar seb-n-tɩrsã. B ra ket n maanda b sẽn da nong n na n maan bũmb ning sẽn na yɩl tɩ b tõog n tõog n tõog tɩ b tõog tɩ b maan bũmb a to wã. Sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa karmaan karpetã sẽn be yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã saabẽ wã, la b tõe n yeelame tɩ b ra rɩkda karpetã ne b sẽn da naan n naan n naan ne a Aubusson bɩ a Savonnerie wã.

Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa toog ne nebã, yaa sõma tɩ b maan bũmb sẽn yaa toog wʋsg ne b taabã. B segd n maana bõn-naandsã woto tɩ b tõog n kɩt tɩ b tall n paag b sẽn be b sẽn be zĩig ning sẽn yaa kʋɩl-n-tɩrgã la sẽn yaa b sẽn be be zĩig ning n paag-b ye. Rẽ baoodame tɩ ned sẽn yaa minim soab maan minim n naan maan bũmb ning a sẽn datã, bɩ a maan n naan maan karikatur n yaool n maan-a. Sã n yaa tɩ b sẽn maan tɩ b manegd bũmbã yaa sõma, b boond tɩ b "kẽnga" bɩ b "kʋmd taaba". Tẽnsẽ bɩ tẽn-tẽnsã pʋsẽ, b sẽn da nong n tʋgdẽ n pa yãkd b sẽn na n maan bũmb ningã, b pa tõe n welg sogs-kãense ye. Rẽ poore, b pa na n le maand bũmb ning b sẽn da yeelã ye. Wala makre, b sã n wa n wa n maan bũmb ning b sã n pa maand bũmb ning sẽn yaa sõma wã, b na n sɩngame n sɩng n maand bũmb ning a sẽn yeelã. B sẽn bãng bũmb ning sẽn be tẽn-kɩrgã pʋgẽ wã sõngda tõnd tɩ d bãng tẽn-kʋdse, wall tẽn-kʋdsã sẽn yaa neb sẽn pa be tẽngẽ wã, ne tʋʋm-no-kãsems sẽn be tigisgã.

Dɩlla la b sẽn naan maan bũmb nins sẽn yaa toor-toorã

Yaa b sẽn tõe n maan tɩ b tõog n manegd b zĩ-kãens to-to. Sẽn yaa to-to wã tõe n yɩɩ toor-toorã, la b tõe n maana bũmb wʋsg n yaool n pa tõe n maan woto ye. B sẽn da ket n maand woto wã sʋka, b tũnugda ne botã "karpetã raab" fãa. B tõe n wilga a Boteh ne a sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa b zʋgd bɩ b sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a soab. B sẽn da maand karpetã n yɩɩd fãa yaa karpetã sẽn be Kerman tẽngã zugã. Wakat ninga, Seraband, Hamadan, la Fars ra-pakrã wilgda a sẽn maand bũmb ninsã fãa. Bãngr-rãmb kẽer sẽn yaa bõn-naandsã yaa pĩnd wẽndẽ bõn-naandb wala vɩɩm tɩɩgã, wall bõn-naambã la b sẽn tar-b tɩbse, wala ãdsã wall b sẽn boond tɩ palmɛtã.

B tõe n yãka neb a taab n naan maan b toor-toor n naan maan bũmb a taab n paas n naan maan sẽn yaa to-to:[25][34]

  • A Herati wã yaa gãag sẽn tar tɩɩs sẽn tar tɩɩg n be a kolgẽ wã, tɩ b gũbg-a ne vãad sẽn yaa wa laandã, tɩ b boond tɩ "kẽedã". B tũnugda ne Herati modɛlbã "karpetã pʋga" fãa.
  • A Mina Khani wã yaa bõn-naands sẽn be rũm-rãmb pʋsẽ, tɩ b yaa ne tãnd-rãmba (tõnd sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa bĩngd) bɩ ne pʋ-tẽeb sẽn yaa pʋ-tẽer. A ra yaa zĩig fãa. A Mina Khani sẽn da maandã yaa b sẽn get Varamin karpetã zugu.
  • A Shah Abbasi sẽn maanã yaa pa-pa-pals sull n naanã. A Shah Abbasi yel-bũndã b yãta naoor wʋsgo Kashan, Isfahan, Mashhad la Nain karpetã pʋsẽ.
  • B sẽn boond tɩ Bid Majnūn wã yaa wa log-n-tɩr sẽn yãgdẽ, la yaa log-n -tɩr sẽn yaa wa logd sẽn yãgd n yãgdẽ. B wilgame tɩ b yita Kurds buud toor-toore, bala b sẽn yã bũmb ning sẽn yɩ pipi wã yita Bidjar soolmẽ wã.
  • A sẽn boond tɩ Harshang bɩ Crab wã yita a sẽn kɩt tɩ b naan maan woto wã nengẽ. B yãta karpã bãndã fãa, la a wõnda a Safavid wakatẽ wã, la karpã "gãndb" tõe n yaa arabesk sẽn yaa sẽn zems ne taab n yaa sẽn zems zãngã. B ra sɩng n maana woto Pɛrsi soolmã Khorasan soolmẽ wã, la b sɩng-a lame n lebg Isfahan 'in and out' palmette wã. [1]
  • A Gol Henai sẽn yaa bõn-buud sẽn pa wõnd a taabã, kɩtame tɩ b pʋd a yʋʋr t'a yaa a Henna tɩɩgã. Bãadã wõnda gãag balsam n yɩɩd, la tẽns nins sẽn be tẽnsẽ wã sɛbã pʋsẽ, b makda-a ne wed-rũng kastaa wã yiri.

Pɛrsi wã rẽnna rẽnna

Dɩt-kãnga

B sã n getẽ tɩ b sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ b maand bũmb ninsã, b geta Pɛrs nebã sẽn maand bũmb ninsã. Tẽns, tẽn-bɛdse, la b sẽn da maand ne b zagsã wã, tẽn-tẽnsã la tẽn-tẽnsã, b ra maand-b lame tɩ b ra tõe n dɩk-b-la b zagsã pʋsẽ, n koos-b-ba, la b ra tõeeme n tɩ yi tẽns a taab pʋsẽ.

Dẽn-dãmb sẽn pa tar bũmbu

Neb buud toor-toore n yiisd karpetã, la b maand-b-la ne b pĩnd wẽndẽ la b minim toor-toorã. Sẽn mik tɩ b ra yaa b mens n naan naan naan tʋk-n-tɩ-kãnga, b modgdame tɩ b tõog n tũ buud-gomdã. La yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 20 soabã pʋgẽ, b toeemame n lebg neb sẽn pa nong n kẽnd n kẽnd n pa nong n kẽngd tẽngẽ wã, b sẽn da maand b toorẽ wã, bɩ b sẽn da modg tɩ b kẽng n tɩ zĩnd tẽngẽ wã. Yʋʋmd 1970 wã, b wilgame tɩ b ra pa le maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa toor-toor ne taab ye. La yʋʋm a wãn pʋgẽ, b lebs n maana bũmb nins sẽn pa tar yõod ne nebã ye.

Pɛrsi nebã sẽn da yaa b rãmb sẽn be tẽng-n-tɩrgã sẽn yaa b rãmbã sẽn yaa b rãmbã bãngr-goam

Kurds Bakhtiari & Luri Chahar Mahal Qashqai & Khamseh Afshari Beluch
Dẽn-kãnga symmetric symmetric symmetric symmetric and asymmetric, open to the left symmetric and asymmetric, open to the right mainly asymmetric open left, few open right or symmetric
Warps and wefts Wool, sometimes cotton. Warps white or brown, wefts brown or red Wool, goat hair, cotton. Warps brown or white, wefts brown or red. Cotton, wefts sometimes blue Wool, warps white (Q.) or white and brown (Kh.), wefts natural colours or red (Q.), or red and brown (Kh.) Wool, warps white and brown, wefts orange red or pink Warps white, wfts dark brown, later cotton
Dĩis sẽn pa mi overcast and reinforced dark brown or goat hair, reinforced reinforced, black wool reinforced, two colours (Q.), overcast and reinforced, natural or dyed wool (Kh.) reinforced with dyed wool overcast in brown wool or goat hair
Sẽn baas ne Kilim, 2 cm (0.79 in) to very long Kilim, 2–8 cm (0.79–3.15 in), natural colours or stripes Kilim, 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) Kilim, 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in), interlaced or brocaded Kilim, 2–15 cm (0.79–5.91 in), natural colours or dyed stripes 2–25 cm (0.79–9.84 in), coloured stripes and brocaded
Rõ-rãmbã sẽn yɩɩd yellow, natural or corrosive brown dark blue, bright red, strong yellow dark blue, bright red, strong yellow bright, shining red, different hues of blue, scarcely yellow, green red changing into yellow, salmon red bright blue

Kurdsã

Kurdsã yaa buud a ye, la b wʋsg bee Turki soolmã sẽn be zĩ-bʋgo, sẽn be Irã ne Irã ne Irak kiidã la Siri kiidã. [58], Kurdsã neb wʋsg sẽn be tẽn-tẽngã la b sẽn tar zĩ-zãnga wʋsg wã yaa toor-toorã. B ra maanda b toor-toore, hal n sɩng ne tẽn-tẽng ne tẽn-bɛd sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd, n tãag Senneh, wall teed sẽn yaa toog n wa ne Bijar kabẽ wã. [59] Baa ne sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn yaa toor ne Pɛrs nebã sẽn da maand Kurdã, b segd n gesa bũmb a to yelle.

Senneh karpetã

Tẽnga sẽn boond tɩ Sanandij, sẽn da boond tɩ Senneh wã yaa Irãn soolmã sẽn boond tɩ Kurdistan wã tẽn-kãsengã. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n bãng b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã, b ket n boond-b-la "Senneh". B yaa Pɛrs kʋɩlen-kẽengã sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd a taabã sʋka. B ra tara gãn-kãnga n tigim-a sõma, la b ra tara b yẽbgr ne b b sẽn boond tɩ bĩisã. Bãagrã kẽer sẽn yaa sõma wã tara sãnem-bõoneg sẽn yaa toor-toore, tɩ kɩt tɩ b tõe n maan sãnem-dãmb sẽn yaa toorẽ wã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b tũnugda ne kolor sẽn yaa biru, wall roog sẽn yaa yĩn-bilg. Sẽn da yaa pipi wã yaa a Herati wã, la a sẽn da tar a zug n tar a meng ne a sẽn da maand a toor-toorã. B leb n yãa bõn-naands nins sẽn yaa sɩd-sɩd n yɩɩd b sẽn tar n na n tall n kẽng Eropã me. [1]

Bijar karpet

Bijar tẽngã beeda Sanadij sẽn be sa-no-rɩgse, n zems kiim 80 n ta zĩ-kãng. Tẽns a yiibã la b zĩ-kãens sẽn gũbg-b wã yaa tẽn-bɛd sẽn maand karpetã hal yʋʋmd 1800 soabã tɛka. Bijar ne tẽn-bɛd nins sẽn be be-b be wã sẽn yaa gãn-kãsems n tar b sẽn tõe n maan n bãng b sẽn tõe ne bũmb ninsã n yɩɩd Senneh gãn-bɛd sẽn yaa gãnda. A Bijar karɛtã yaa karɛt sẽn yaa wʋsg n be n maand ne tʋʋm-teed sẽn yaa toor-toorã. B sã n wa na n tʋgdẽ, b pa segd n zãadẽ ye. B sã n bas tɩ b gãnegd a to wã, a sã n wa lebg kãn-kãe, a sãame wã leb n yaa kãn-kaak wʋsgo. B sã n wa tigimd a to wã, b sã n wa gãdd a to, b sãnda a to wã. B sẽn pa tar b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ninsã yaa b sẽn pa tõe n maan to-to wã. B sã n dɩkd bũmb sẽn yaa gãn-kɛglem toor-toorã n paasdẽ, b manegda a toore. Naoor wʋsgo, a tãabã sʋka, a yembr yaa kãsenga n yɩɩd a taabã. B sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa b to wã yaa b sẽn tar no-rɩt-rɩta wã sẽn yaa 60 n yɩɩd 200 ne a sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa buudu (930-2100/dm2), la yaa naoor wʋsgo b sẽn yaa a 400 n yɩɩd (6200/dm2).

Bijar karpetã sã n yaa ne sãnem ne zĩm-bilã, a yaa ne sãlem la a yaa ne sũ-sãoong sẽn yaa miuug sẽn yaa yĩn-gãm-gãm. B sẽn da maandã yaa Pɛrs nebã, la b yaa Herati wã la b yaa Mina Khani, Harshang la medaliõ sẽn yaa nana. Naoor wʋsgo, b sẽn da naanã yaa sõma n yɩɩd a taabã, la b sẽn naanã, b sẽn naan-a to-to wã kɩtame tɩ b bãng a Bijar nebã sõma n yɩɩd b sẽn maan bũmb ninsã. Bijar kabẽ wã pa tõe n leb n yɩlem tɩ b pa tõe n sãam a yẽbgr ye. Sẽn paase, b pa yãend bũmb ning sẽn yaa sõma ye, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn yãend bũmb nins sẽn yaa bilfã. B sẽn boond tɩ "sampler" gãndb sẽn tar pãng sẽn yaa kãsenga, tɩ b wilgdẽ tɩ b yaa tãb-biis la b yaa tãp-biis n wilgdẽ tɩ yaa b sẽn maandẽ la b sẽn maandã bal n wilgdẽ. Bijar karpetã sã n wa lebg b toorẽ wã, b leb n yiisda-b lame.

Kurds tẽn-tẽng gãagrã

Sẽn na yɩl n bãngẽ, yaa vẽeneg tɩ bũmb wʋsg pa be ne Koorã tẽngẽ wã sẽn yaa Koorã nebã, bala, b pa yãend-b ye. Naoor wʋsgo, b tõe n yeelame tɩ b yaa "Pɛrsi soolmã sẽn be sa-no-wigim-tẽngã, n tõe n yeel tɩ yaa Kurdã". [45] Wala sẽn yaa to-to ne tẽn-tẽng la tẽn-tẽnga sẽn yaa neb sẽn pa beẽ wã, tẽn-tẽns sẽn yaa tẽng-tẽnga wã yẽbgr yaa wa b sẽn maan ne wũnd. Ko-rãmbã weel yaa sõma, la b sã n wa tar-a, a pa tard-a ye. Woto yĩnga, sã n yaa ne kurdã sẽn naanã n naan maan tɩ b naan n maan wa b sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b naan tɩ b maan wa "tẽnga" wã, b tõe n yeelame tɩ b naanã yaa kurdã sẽn maan bũmb ningã. Sẽn yaa to-to wã, b sẽn da tũnugd ne b sẽn da nong n maand bũmb ninsã kɩtame tɩ pa nana b sẽn na n yãkd b sẽn yaa naaneg bɩ buud toor-toore wã ye. B yãa tɩ b rɩkda tẽns nins sẽn pẽ wã buud toor-toore, wala Anatolii wã wall Perzi soolmã sẽn be rɩtg-wũndã. Sẽn paase, Pɛrsi soolmã sẽn be dig-no-dʋʋgẽ wã, wa Hamadan, Zenjan, bɩ Sauj Bulagh tõe n da tũnugda ne "Kurd" sẽn yaa b sẽn da maandã pĩnd wẽndẽ, la yaa ne b sẽn maand bũmb nins sẽn be Pɛrsi wã kibayã sasa wã.

Qashqai

Sẽn sɩng ne a Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn da be a Zeova nengẽ wã pa le mi ye. B gomda Turkic buud-gomd sẽn wõnd Azerbaijan buud-gomdã, la b tõe n yiga tẽns a tãabo n yi rɩtgẽ wã n kẽng Fars soolmẽ wã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a tãab soabã pʋgẽ, sẽn na yɩl tɩ Moongol rãmbã tõog n zab ne-b. A Karim Khan Zand yãka Chahilu buudã taoor soab t'a yɩ Qashqai wã pipi Il-Khan.[25] Neb nins sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd yaa Qashguli, Shishbuluki, Darashuri, Farsimadan, la Amaleh. Gallanzan, Rahimi, ne Ikdir me yiisda gãnd sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd b taabã. B getame tɩ Safi Khani la Bulli buud-goamã sẽn da maand karpetã yaa sõma n yɩɩdã. [1] B yaa bĩis la b yaa bĩisi, tɩ b yaa ne bĩis sẽn yaa ne bẽis sẽn yaa wa ne bĩisi. A Qashqai kabɛɛsã tũnugda ne no-goosgo sẽn pa zems ne taaba, la a Gabbeh kabɛɛsã sẽn yaa a Qashqai n fõgenã tũnugda ne n kõ no-goose sẽn pa zems taaba. B sẽn pa tar b sẽn na n maan bũmb ninsã kɩtame tɩ b pa tõe n maan bũmb ye. B sã n wa tar bẽedã, b yaa ne yĩn-vɩɩs wall b yaa wa roog sẽn yaa miuugã. B sẽn da maand b mensã, b zãada wũnd sẽn tar baleng toor-toorã n naan yɩ "barber paal" la wakat ninga b manegda wũnd n kõ-b tɩbse. A sẽn da tar karẽn-biisã sɛɛg a yiibã fãa tara karẽn-bil sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa waasg la sẽn yaa waase. Yʋʋm kobs a 19 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra lugla tigis-kãsems n get a Firuzabad tẽngã zugu. B ra maanda rugs ne b sẽn da maand n maand n pa le maandẽ, la b ra maandẽ wa a Herati wã, la b sẽn da maan n maand n pʋʋsdẽ wã. Wakat ninga, a Herati wã tõe n wa n yaa wa a sẽn pa tar pãng la a sẽn pa zemsã. B leb n boond-b lame tɩ Qashqai wã, b sẽn da maand ne b sẽn da tar b sẽn pa tar to-to wã yĩnga.

B sẽn boond tɩ Shishbuluki wã (tõnd sẽn yaa "kẽng a yoobã") yaa zĩ-bĩis sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yãgd b mensã sẽn yaa bĩis sẽn tar zĩ-bẽes sẽn yaa bẽes sẽn kẽed ne bõn-bẽed sẽn yaa bẽnegr sẽn yaa bãn-bẽse. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b yaa miuug la b pakd-b ne sãnem bɩ ne bõn-buud. Dãrasuri kabẽ wã yaa wa Shishbuluki wã, la b pa tol n yɩ sõma ye. [1]

Sẽn mik tɩ yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã pʋgẽ, neb wʋsg sẽn da yaa n kẽnd n pa nong n vɩ a Zeova wã saaga, masã, b maanda b toor-toor ne b tẽn-bɛdẽ wã, n tũnugd ne b sẽn da maand ne b sẽn maand ne b mens n pa tõe n maan bũmb a to ye. B tũnugda ne buud toor-toor sẽn yaa toor-toorã sẽn tũud ne Qashqai nebã, la yaa naoor wʋsgo tɩ pa tõe n yeel tɩ buud toor-toore yaa buud toor-tòor ye. B wilgame tɩ b sẽn da maandẽ yaa tẽn-tẽnga la b kẽesd b meng tẽn-tẽngã tẽn-tẽngã nebã sʋka, b sẽn da tagsdẽ tɩ b sẽn maan n naan yɩg n naan yɩk n naan yɩgdẽ. [1]

B sẽn wa n lebg n wa n yiisd b toor-toor wã kɩtame tɩ b tõog n yiisd a Zeova Kaset rãmbã. Yʋʋmd 1990 wã, sẽn da yaa a Abbas Sayahi [44] sẽn naan naan naan naan wa n yiis-a wã, la sẽn yaa Gabbeh karpetã, n sɩng n maand Shiraz wã, n kɩt tɩ b tʋlg n bãng-b wʋsgo, yʋʋmd 1992 wã, b sẽn wa n wilg-b yʋʋmd 1992 wã wã, n wilg-ba yʋʋmd Pɛrsi wã kibsã sasa. Sɩngrẽ wã, b ra maanda b toorẽ wã, la b ra yaa b sẽn da tar b toorẽ to-to wã n na n maan bũmb n kõ b zakã la b tẽn-tẽngã. Ne b sẽn wa n lebg n wa n tar b toor-toor wã, b paama Gabbeh sẽn yit Fars soolmẽ wã. B ra tara yam n baoodẽ tɩ tẽns nins sẽn be Zapẽ wã na n bao n bãng b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ninsã, la b ra pa mi b sẽn na n maan bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma ye. Rũndã-rũndã, sẽn yaa teedã wɛɛngẽ, Gabbeh karɛtã sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn yaa nana wã ket n yaa nana, la b yaa nin-tɩrs sẽn tar yam n maand b toorẽ bõn-kãens. [1]

Khamseh Federation

Yʋʋmd 1800 soabã pʋgẽ, Pɛrs Qajar soolem n lugl Khamseh (tõnd buud a nu) sull tɩ b tõog n zab ne a Zeova. B sõorã yaa Araab, Pɛrs la Turkic buud toor-toor neb a nu. A ra naagda Araab buudã, Basseri, Baharlu, Ainalu, la Nafar buudã. [1] Yaa toog tɩ b wilg tɩ b ra yiisda kamse wã ne kamse, la b tũnugda ne "kamse" n wilg tɩ b yaa ned sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo. B sẽn da maand ne wels sẽn yaa yĩns la b sẽn da maand n pa tar bĩisã, b yaa Arab Khamseh karpetã la b pa getẽ ye. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b get-a lame tɩ b yãgda piis sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ "murgh" sẽn yaa b sẽn boond t'a "birã" wã, tɩ b yã-a lame. B sẽn boond tɩ Basseri wã yaa b sẽn pa tar to-to wã, b yaa b sẽn tar to- to wã, b tara vẽenem n yɩɩd b sẽn tarã, b yaa gãnd sẽn yaa kãsenga, b yaa yaa b sẽn yaa b sẽn get-b to-to n yaa b sẽn maand-b to wã, la b yaa b yageng sẽn yaa yaa yaa yaa orange. [1] B yaa buud sẽn gomd Turki wã n be Darab soolmẽ wã, la b pa mi b sẽn naan maan-b koodã zĩig ningã ye.

Luri

A Lurs rãmbã beeda Iran sẽn be mogrã la zĩ-wũndã. B yaa Indo-Europɛt dãmba. B sẽn gomd-b wã yaa Bakhtiari buud-gomdã la Kibɩr-Kurd buud-gomdẽ. B ra tara b tapã wã Shiraz. Bãadã tara yĩn-ko-to-to-tõnd sẽn yaa waad sẽn yaa ne tãns a yiib sẽn yaa ne bãad-n-taag a yembr fãa. B sẽn boond tɩ noodã yaa simetrik bɩ asimetrik. B getame tɩ b tara tɩɩs sẽn maand b toor-toorã, wall b getame tɩ yaa b sẽn tar laandã la b tar n kõ-b laandã. [1]

Afshari

Afshar neb yaa Turkic buud-goam sẽn yaa neb sẽn yaa n-tɩg n yaa n-tɩɩg-n-tɩg-n na-tẽnga, sẽn yɩɩd fãa be tãens pʋga pʋga pʋgã sẽn gũbg tẽng ning sẽn yaa Kerman wã sẽn be Iran soolmã sẽn be zĩ-gõoneg soolmẽ wã. B maanda karpet-rãmb sẽn yaa b sẽn maand n pa tõe n maan bũmb a to wã, la b maand b sẽn pa tõe n maand bũmb a to ye. Yaa ne sãnem la wa ne waare. Sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da tar n naan n naan n yã a sẽn yaa a soaba, b pa tõe n yã a to wã ye.

Beluch

Baloch rãmbã bee Irã kiidã pʋga. B tʋgdda gãnd-rãmb sẽn yaa bilf-bilã la b tʋgdda bag-rãmb ne kolor sẽn yaa miuug la zũuni, tɩ b naag ne sẽn yaa wa-a-la-bu-zũuni la sẽn yaa pemse. B leb n tũnugda ne rãamã yĩn-kãsemse. [1]

Tẽnsã gãndb

Tẽnsẽ, b sẽn yiisd ko-kãsemsã, b wae n tallda-b-la ne tigis-kãsemsã yʋy n wilgdẽ tɩ b yaa b sẽn na n maan bũmb ninsã. Wakat ninga, wa "Serapi" gãagã, tẽn-kãng yʋʋr yaa zʋg-sõng sẽn wilgd tɩ ned yaa sõma. Tẽnsã gãagrã tõe n paama b sẽn pa tar pãng n paasã, la b sẽn tall b sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd wã. [1]

Sẽn na yɩl n bãng tɩ b sẽn naanã yaa sõma, b segd n goma a sẽn naanã yelle.

  1. be b sẽn boond tɩ "doseer" sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn pa tar pãng sẽn yaa to-to wã, sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn pa tar pãnga, sẽn yaa to -to wã
  2. b sẽn pa tar karikaturã;
  3. b sẽn da pa tar zĩ-bɛd sẽn zems taaba;
  4. b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb toor-toor ne b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã.

Tẽnsẽ wã, b sã n wa maan n kõ-b b sã n dat n kõ-ba, b sãnda yaa wa b sẽn kõ-b sã n kõ-a b sã n kõ b sã n pa kõ-b ye. B sẽn maand b teedã pa sõma wala b sẽn maand tẽngã teedã sẽn yaa wa b sẽn maandã ye. B sã n wa maand woto, b tõe n paama yel-wẽn-kãsemse. Sẽn yaa nana, b pa tõe n tall b sẽn yaa sõma wã n tõog n tall ye. Woto yĩnga, tẽn-kʋdg gãagã yaa toor-toore, n pa tar bĩis sẽn yaa sõma ye, la tõe n pa tol n yaa wa sẽn yaa yɩlem ye. Sẽn yaa toor ne b sẽn maand karpetã, b maanda b toor-toor ne b sẽn maan karpetã. Tẽnsẽ wã, b pa tõe n maan tɩ b yĩn-kãnga lebg wa b sẽn da maand b sẽn da pa tõe n maand to-to wã ye. B sã n mak ne buud-goamã sẽn da maandã, b pa tũnugd ne kilim sẽn yaa b sẽn da zɩt n maan n yaool n maan n kõ-b ye. B sẽn maand ne b sẽn maand ne bũmb ning sẽn be b sẽn maand n pa tar b sẽn tõe n maan ne bũmb ning b sẽn maandã, b wilgda b sẽn yi zĩig ning b sẽn yi wã. [1]

Iran sẽn be sa-noog

Tabriz yaa Irãn sẽn be sa-kãsengã sẽn be saagr-dʋʋgã. D sã n dat n bãng tɩ b yaa b sẽn naanã, d segd n baooda d sẽn tõe n maan to-to. Heriz yaa zĩig ning b sẽn naan naan naan naanã n yiisd karpetã sẽn yaa gãnd ne zĩ-kãnga. B maanda b sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond-b tɩ b "tũudã" la b sẽn boond b tɩ b "to-to-to" wã. B getame tɩ b yãta b sẽn boond tɩ medayllã sẽn be zĩ-kãnga, tɩ b gʋlsd-b ne pemsem. B sẽn maan b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ninsã yaa ne b sẽn maand bũmb ning fãa, n maand bũmb sẽn yaa sõma. B boond-b-la tɩ Serapi. Sarab tẽn-tẽngã yaa zĩ-dãmb sẽn zoetã la b sẽn maand yɩɩlã, tɩ b yaa na-bɛd sã n yaa na-bõonẽ bɩ b yaa naandẽ wã. B sẽn da tar b mens n na n maan bũmb ninsã, b ra tara b mens n maand bũmb ninsã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sã n dat n bãng tɩ b yaa ne b sẽn yaa n tar b zʋgdã, b sãn yaa ne b zʋgdbã, b sãnda yaa ne b sãn-kãnga. B sẽn boond tɩ Bakshayesh tẽn-tẽngã, b pʋdga b b bẽedã ne b gãn-kãsenga sẽn tar gilg sẽn yaa wa gãn-goamã, la b sẽn tall sãnem-gãm-gãmdã sẽn yaa wa sãnem-goam-gãmda. Karadja yiisda zoees sẽn tar karz-rãmb la a nii-rãmb sẽn yaa toor-toorã. [1]

Iran sẽn be tẽns a taab pʋsẽ

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, tẽns nins sẽn be Zapõ wã yaa Hamadan, Saruk ne a tẽn-kɩrgã Arak, Minudasht, sẽn boond tɩ Lilihan ne Serabend, Maslaghan, Malayer la Feraghan.

  • Maslaghan karpetã yaa bõne (120 × 180 cm), la b maanda b b sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond t'a karpetã, b maanda b sẽn boond n'a karpã bɩ b sẽn boond ne b sẽn boond-b tɩ b sẽn dat n maan n kõ-ba. B sẽn boond tɩ "lobed Göl" wã, b sẽn yã a sẽn yaa gãndã ne a sẽn yaa tãnga wã, la a yaa ne a sẽn tar bãnd-bõonegã. A Malayer, a Sarouk ne a Feraghan bee taab sʋka. B tũnugda ne b sẽn da yaa b sẽn da maandã ne b sẽn maandã.
  • B sẽn boond tɩ Malayer karpetã yaa b sẽn tar karpetã n tar karpet-rɩtgã la b sẽn dɩkd karpetã sẽn yaa a yembr n tar karpã. A sẽn yaa a Zeova Kaset soaba, a Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn yaa b tẽed-n-taasã, la a sẽn yaa b karen-biisã, a Zeova sakda b mens sõma.
  • A Sarouk sẽn da naanã, a ra tara ãds sẽn yaa zũnd ne a gãndã. B sẽn da maand a Sarouk karpetã, b toeemame n naan naan yɩ ne b sẽn da pa rat n maan bũmb ning ne-a wã. B sẽn da wa n maan karpetã n yiisd-a wã, b peegda-a lame. A Feraghan kabɛɛsã pa yɩ sõma n yɩɩd a Sarouk ye. Naoor wʋsgo, b getda a Herati wã sẽn yaa bũmb ning fãa. Sã n yaa ne medayõn-rãmbã, b wilgdame tɩ b yaa neb sẽn tar b toor-toor ne b sẽn maand to-to wã. A ye yaa roog sẽn tar sãnem n yaa wa a Feraghan kabɛɛbã. [1]

Iran zĩm

Yʋʋmd 1900 wã sʋka, yaa Abadeh ne Yalameh tẽn-tẽnsã la b sɩngd b teedã raabã. A Abadeh kabɛɛsã zãmsa Qashqai lagem-n-taar sẽn yaa toor-toorã, la b ra tũnugda ne bĩis n maand bĩis la b bĩis-n-tɩrsã, tɩ b sã n da tarẽ, b da ningd-a-la ne biru. Yaa ne a Khamseh sẽn da naan-a tɩ b ningd-a tɩ yaa ne a sẽn naan n maneg n kõ-a. Naoor wʋsgo, b ra yaa pemse. [50]

Iran sẽn be Eastern

Doroksh tẽn-tẽngã yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Perzi soolmã sẽn be Eastern Pɛɛrsi wã. B sẽn tũnug ne yaaorã la b maand n wilgd b sẽn maand to-to wã. Naoor wʋsgo, yaa kʋɩlen-kãseng a ye bal la b tõe n maan. B sẽn da tar no-rɩkã yaa b sẽn pa mi taab ye.

Dẽn-dãmb

A Tabriz sẽn be Zapõr, a Kerman Ravar sẽn be Kibɩr-tẽnga, la a Mashhad sẽn be Irã tʋʋr-rɩtgã, ne Irã tẽn-bõonegã sẽn yaa: Aran va bidgol, Kashan, a Ravar, a Isfahan, a Nain la a Qom yaa tẽn-tẽngã teedã sigls kãsenga. [1]

  • Aran va Bidgol tara Irã wã na-bãnd la a sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩdã. A sẽn yaa nin-sõngo, a sẽn yaa nin - noog la a sẽn yaa sũ-bʋgsemã kɩtame tɩ tẽngã lebg Irã tẽngã sẽn yaa zĩig ning sẽn tar pãng n yiisd karpetã, la a yaa tẽn-kãng n lebg a yiib soaba sẽn maand karpetã dũniyã gill zugu.
  • Yʋʋm kobs-gĩnd wʋsg la Tabriz yaa gãag sẽn naan naan naan naanã. Neb wʋsg sẽn maand bõn-naandsã yaa Tabrizi sẽn da maand n maand bõn-no-kãsemse.
  • A Kerman yaa b sẽn boond tɩ karpetã sẽn yaa sõma, sẽn tar sãnem la sẽn tar sãlem ne a sãnem, la a sẽn tar sãtem la a sãnem. B sẽn da maand b medayllõ wã yaa sõma, la b getame tɩ b sẽn maand b bote wã yaa sõma.
  • Mashhãd sẽn yaa masã yaa sõma. B wae n tũnugda ne ko-kẽeng sẽn yaa miuugã. A Emogli (Amoghli) kabɛɛsã yaa silk la b maand b sẽn boond tɩ Mashad wã. B wilgame tɩ b tara arabesk sẽn yaa sõma tẽngã zug.
  • Kashan yaa Irã tẽn-bil sẽn yaa pipi n yiisd karpetã. A sẽn da boond t'a wãbd silk karpetã, a vʋʋgame yʋʋmd 1800 soabã saabẽ. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 wã sɩngrẽ, b ra maanda karpet-rãmb sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da nong n pa zemsd b sẽn da maandã, la b ra maand-b ne karpet-n-tɩr sẽn yaa wa a sẽn yaa wa wa b sẽn boond tɩ karpet-roog sẽn yaa wa n yaa wa a wa n yaa sẽn yaa wa ne a sẽn yaa miuug bɩ a yaa wa ne bõn-buud sẽn yaa wa ko-toog sẽn yaa ne a sẽn tar a pãng n yaa wa n be a zug n pa tõe n maan a to wã.
  • A Isfahan, Nain la Qom me vʋʋgame, wall b sɩngame n maand tapɩt yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã sʋka. B maanda a woto ne a sẽn yaa a to wã. B sẽn da maand b teedã, b ra rɩkda Safavid rãmbã n maand b teedẽ. A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn da maand bũmb nins fãa wã, b ra maanda woto. Isfahan karpetã zãada yĩn-gãm-rɩd ne biru.

D sẽn yi

  • Abadeh
  • Aran va bidgol
  • Afghan
  • Ahar
  • Afshar
  • Arak
  • Ardabil
  • Bakhtiari
  • Bijar
  • Borujerd
  • Heriz (Hariz)
  • Isfahan
  • Jozan
  • Kashan
  • Kashmar
  • Kerman
  • Lilihan
  • Mashhad
  • Nain
  • Ravar
  • Shahsevan
  • Shiraz
  • Qom
  • Tabriz
  • Varamin
  • Zanjan

Koɛɛg-dãmb

Yʋʋmd 2002 wã, Irã ra yiisda nug-n-tɩrga sẽn tar ligd milyõ 517 n yiisd tẽn-zẽmsẽ. A Iran sẽn tall karpetã n yiisdã yɩɩ dollars milyõ 635 yʋʋmd 2004 wã [bãngr-goam sẽn dat n paam update wã] ne Iran Carpet Company sẽn yaa goosneema wã n yiisd sõorã. Yʋʋmd 2006 zĩ-lik kiuugã, Irãnsã tẽng zug karpetã siglgã wilgame tɩ karpetã sẽn yaa b sẽn da tʋm ne b nusã n yiisd ra-kãnga wã yaa pipi n yiisd b sẽn pa yiisd raʋã wã pʋgẽ, la tɩ yaa a tãab-n-soabã n yiisd a taabã. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n paam n tõog n tʋm tʋʋm-kãsemsã, b yãka tʋʋm-kãsenga n na n sõng-b tɩ b tõog n tʋm n tõog n sõng b nin-buiidã.

Sẽn pa tar-b bãngrã la b paas-b-la b sẽn maandã kɩtame tɩ b tall n paoogd b sẽn maand n maandẽ wã. [1]

Yʋʋmd 2008 wã, Iran sẽn tall nus-tũudã sẽn yaa ligd milyõ 420 bɩ dũniyã wã wã sẽn yaa 30% wã. [1] [2] Iran tara teed sẽn yaa b nusẽ wã n tʋmd tẽns 100 pʋsẽ, bala, b sẽn da maand ne nusẽ wã yaa b sẽn da tʋmd ne teed nins sẽn pa tɩlsd kaamã n yiisd wã. Yaa Etazĩni n yaa Pɛrsã nug-n-tɩrgã importã taoor soaba. Yʋʋmd 2011 soabã pʋgẽ, a Obama sigla sɛb sẽn paasd gɩdgr nins sẽn be Irãnd sẽn naan tɩ b tall n tall n kẽng tẽngẽ wã, tɩ kɩt tɩ b pa le tall n tall Irãnd karpetã ye. Yʋʋmd 2016 yʋʋm-vẽkr kiuug rasem 16 wã, b sẽn yiisd gɩdgr kẽer n yiisd a Zeova Kaset rãmbã, Irãan sẽn yiisd karpetã pipi kibayã sõor yɩɩ milyõ 60.[60] Yʋʋmd 2017 wã, Iran ra yiisda nug-dãmb sẽn tar ligd milyõ 24,3 la a pa le tʋmd ne Turki wã ye. A sẽn yiisd nug-dãmbã sẽn tar ligd milyaar 1,77 la a maan yʋʋmd kãng pʋgẽ wã. [1]

D sẽn mi n mi n bãng bũmb ninsã

  • B yeelame tɩ "Pɛrsi wã yel-wẽnã" yaa yel-wẽn sẽn maan ne yam, la b yeelame tɩ yaa gom-kãensã n wat ne gom-kãensã: "Pɛrs nebã sẽn da tʋgd bũmbã, b tʋgdame tɩ b tʋgd bũmb sẽn pa zems ne Wẽnnaam sẽn naanã bala". [1]
  • A Ardabil karpet wã yaa Perse karpet sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd fãa, sẽn be Victoria la Albert Museum wã sẽn be Londẽ wã. B gʋlsa Biiblã kopi rãmb wʋsg sẽn tar pãng hal sẽn yaa bilf n ta sẽn tar pãng n ta sẽn yaa kãsenga. A "Ardabil" be Downing Street 10 wã, la baa a Hitler me ra tara "Ardabila" a Berlin sɛbã pʋgẽ. [1] [2]
  • A Afshar sẽn da tar yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 17 soabã, a sẽn da tar a neng n yaa a Perse wã, la a ra koosda a soab ligd milyõ 33 ne milyõ a 8 wã. [70]
  • "Sõndã gãag" sẽn be Sultan Qaboos Masji wã sẽn be Muscat, Oman soolmẽ wã tara mɛtre 4 343 (46 750 m2). A sẽn naan naan maan yʋʋm a naase, tʋmtʋmdb 600 n tʋm n kõ-a tʋʋmde. [1]
  • Iran me yaa tẽn-kãseng sẽn maan karpetã sẽn yaa kãsenga sẽn maan ne nusã, sẽn tar metr kare 60,545.9 (metr kare 66,624.9). [1] [2] [3]

Ges-y me

Dɩt-rãmbã

  • Dilmaghani
  • Gabbeh
  • Gelim (Also Kilim or Kelim)
  • Heriz rug
  • Kashan rug
  • Tabriz rug

Ko-kãnga

  • Azerbaijani carpet
  • Oriental rug
  • Quilting
  • Scandinavian rugs
  • Arraiolos rug

Tẽnsã tẽnsã

  • Baharestan Carpet
  • Carpet Museum of Iran
  • Flying carpet
  • Nazmiyal Collection
  • The Poot (Persian carpet documentary)
  • War rugs
  • The Phoenix and the Carpet

Sõsg a taab

  • Jenny Housego: Tribal Rugs: An Introduction to the Weaving of the Tribes of Iran, Scorpion Publications, London 1978 ISBN 978-0-905906-05-8
  • Ulrich Schurmann: Oriental Carpets, Octopus Books Limited, London 1979 ISBN 0-7064-1017-3
  • Ian Bennett: Oriental Rugs, Volume One: Caucasian, Oriental Textile Press Ltd, England, 1981 ISBN 978-0-902028-58-6
  • Jan David Winitz: The Guide to Purchasing an Oriental Rug, The Breema Rug Study Society & Dennis Anderson Photo-Publishing, Oakland, 1984 ISBN 0-930021-002
  • Andrew Middleton: Rugs & Carpets: Techniques, Traditions & Designs, Mitchell Beazley, London 1996 ISBN 1-85732-634-2
  • Ulrich Schurmann: Caucasian Rugs, Washington International Associates, Accokeek, Maryland, 1974 ISBN 0-915036-00-2
  • James D. Burns: Visions of Nature: The Antique Weavings of Persia, Umbrage Editions, Iceland, 2010 ISBN 978-1-884167-23-2
  • Peter F Stone: Oriental Rugs: An Illustrated Lexicon of Motifs, Materials, and Origins, Tuttle Publishing 2013 ISBN 978-0804843737

Sebtiise

.

  1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica
  2. ↑ http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00382
  3. ↑ http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00383
  4. ↑ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82/%CE%96
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