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Epic of King Gesar
literary work, epic poem
Sex or gendermale Tekre
Name in native languageགེ་སར་ནོར་བུ་དགྲ་འདུལ་རྩལ་ Tekre
Located in the administrative territorial entityTibetan Empire, Mongolia Tekre
Main subjectGe-sar Tekre
GenreMongol epic poetry Tekre
Country of originPeople's Republic of China Tekre
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00204, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00204, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00204 Tekre

Rĩm Gesar (tiibẽ: གླིང་གེ་སར།, Wylie: gling ge sar), b sẽn gʋls tɩ Geser (sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn kẽed ne mongol rãmbã) bɩ Kesar (/ˈkɛzər, ˈkɛs-/), yaa seb-bɛd sẽn gomd tiibẽ la Azi tẽn-kɩremsã yell n gomd. Yaa yʋʋmd 200 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, bɩ yʋʋmd 300 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, la yʋʋmd 600 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã la b sɩng n gʋlsd seb-kãngã. Rẽ poore, nebã ra ket n togsd-a-la ne no-goamã, tɩ kɩt tɩ kibarã lebg sõma n paasdẽ. Bãngr-gomdã paama a sẽn da yaa to-to n sa wã, la a sẽn da yaa to-to n yɩɩd yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 12 soabã sɩngrẽ.

Sebrã gomda a Gesar[1] sẽn yaa nin-kãsenga, sẽn yaa naam soab ning sẽn pa zoet rabeem, sẽn yaa Ling (Wylie: gling) soolmã.[2] B gʋlsa-a-la yɩɩl-bɛd la vɛrse-bɛd buud toor-toor pʋgẽ, la b yɩɩl-a-la zĩig fãa Azi tẽn-sʋk la Azi soolmẽ wã. Yaa a sẽn be Tibɛt tẽnga pʋga.[3]

Sẽn zems bards 100 n be seb-kãngã pʋgẽ,[4] n ket n be Gesar bãndã sẽn be Chine wã. [5] Tibɛt, Mongol, Buryat, Balti, Ladakhi la Monguor yɩɩl-yẽgdbã kell n talla b no-goamã, la epikã kɩtame tɩ bãngdb wʋsg rat n bãng-a, bala yaa epik-rãmb a wãn nins sẽn be no-goamã pʋgẽ wã a ye n ket n yaa yɩɩl-yẽgdb sẽn tõe n tall b no-goamã. Yugur [6] la Salar,[7] sẽn yaa epõ wã vɛrse, b leb n gʋlsa a Baltistan Balti wã, Burusho wã sẽn be Hunza la Gilgit [8] la Kalmyk la Ladakhi nebã,[9][10] sẽn be Nepallã, la Altaik, Turkic la Tungus buud toɛy-toɛyã sʋka. B sẽn sɩng n yiis seb-kãngã to-to wã yaa seb-vãoog sẽn gʋls ne mongol buud-gomde, b sẽn yiis Pekẽ yʋʋmd 1716 wã.[11]

Yaa ne vɛrse-rãmb wʋsgo, tɩ ned kam fãa tar vɛrse-rãmb wʋsgo, la neb kẽer yetame tɩ b yaa sẽn zãr n yɩɩd dũniyã fãa wã. [12] Baa ne sẽn pa be sebr sẽn yaa vẽenega, tibetã seb-vãoog sẽn be Chine wã pida ne seb-vãoog 120, sẽn yɩɩd vɛrse rãmb milyõ a ye,[13] sẽn pʋɩ ne "sakr" 29. [14] Zĩigã seb-vãadã wilgame tɩ seb-vãad 50 la b sẽn yiis hal tɩ ta masã, sẽn kẽed ne Chine, Inde la Tibetã. [15]

On the Communication Forms of the Epic of King Gesar
scholarly article
Title深度的挤压与广度的繁荣——论《格萨尔》的传播形态, On the Communication Forms of the Epic of King Gesar Tekre
Author name string金石, 彭敏 Tekre
Language of work or nameChinese Tekre
Publication date2013 Tekre
Published inJournal of Tibet University Tekre
Issue03 Tekre

Tãnd sẽn yaa bĩngã

B wilgame tɩ b sẽn da get a Gesar yell ne b sẽn da boond-a Romã nebã tɩ a Sezaar wã, b yeelame tɩ yaa Turkic buud-gomd la b ra tõe n dɩk n tɩ togs-a Rom soolmẽ wã. Neb kẽer tagsdame tɩ yaa Mogol Kesar n kɩt tɩ b bãng tɩ b na n wʋma koɛɛgã. Mongol rãmbã da yaa taab n be ne Bizantins rãmbã, tɩ b rĩmã ket n tũnugda ne b yʋʋre.[16]

Sẽn kẽed ne numismatikã kaset[17] la kibay kẽer gomda Bactrian naab a Phrom-kesar yelle,[18] sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Kabul Shahi sẽn be Gandhara, sẽn da yaa Turkic rĩmã a Fromo Kesaro ("Rom Sezaar") sẽn da so[19] sẽn da yaa Khotan rĩmã rĩmã kẽed-n-taag yʋʋmd 800 wã sʋka.[20][21] Bon sɩngrẽ wã, From Kesar yaa zĩig yʋʋr wakat fãa, la a zɩ n gom naam soab yell wa a sẽn maan kaoosg pʋgẽ wã ye.[22] Tibẽ epõ wã vɛrse kẽere, rĩm a ye yʋʋr sẽn boond t'a Phrom Ge-sar bɩ Khrom Ge-sar yaa rĩm a yembr sẽn so tẽms a naasã  -  b wilgame t'a yʋʋrã bee yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 10 soabã pʋgẽ[23] la a Phrom/Khrom wã kell n yaa Irã buud (*frōm-hrōm) sẽn yaa Rūm/Rom. Gom-bi-kãngã sẽn yit Irã yaangã pʋgẽ wã bee Rom sẽn be yaangã pʋgẽ wã (拂菻 , Fólín) poorẽ, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ Byzance (phrōm- sẽn yit<*phywət-lyəm>).[24][25]

A. H. Francke ra tagsdame tɩ Tibɛt yʋʋr sẽn boond tɩ Gesar yita Sanskrit pʋgẽ. S.K. Chatterji sẽn sɩng a tʋʋmdã, a wilgame tɩ sẽn yaa a Kesar, Kyesar, sẽn yaa Ladakh buud-goamdã sẽn be Tibet buud-gomdã pʋgẽ wã rat n yeelame tɩ "b sẽn dog-a paalgã", la tɩ Gesar/Kesar sẽn be Tibet wã, wa sẽn be Sanskrit pʋgẽ wã rat ne 'rũm-rũm-n-soab' sẽn yaa Sanskrit buud-gomdẽ wã.[26]

Gesar ne Ling soolmã

Tibet wã, b pa wae n sãmbd t'a Gesar sɩd zĩndame ye. (Samuel 1993, s. 365) (Lǐ Liánróng 2001, s. 334) Bãngdb kẽer yeelame tɩ b rog-a-la yʋʋmd 1027, n tik seb-kʋd a ye sẽn gʋls yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã pʋgẽ, sẽn boond tɩ Mdo smad chos 'byung sẽn gʋls ne Brag dgon pa dkon mchog bstan pa rabã. [27] Kẽer yel-kãsems wõnda sẽn wilgd bũmb nins sẽn zĩnd Tibɛt kʋdemdã sɩngrẽ wã: kãadem ne Siin na-bi-pugla tẽegda kɩbay sẽn gomd rĩm a Songtsän Gampo kãadem ne na-bi-poak a Wencheng yʋʋmd 641 wã yelle. [28] Gʋls kẽer yetame t'a ra bee Golok,[29] Dotō ne Domé sʋka,[30] bɩ Markham, Tanak, Öyuk bɩ Panam tẽn-bil ning sẽn be Nyang kʋɩlgã noore.[31] Sẽn mik tɩ kɩbarã yel-solemd la a yel-bũndã pa zems ne zĩigã la wakatã, kibay nins sẽn be kɩbarã pʋgẽ wã pa zems ye. Baa ne b sẽn yɩɩl-a Tibɛt buud-goamã fãa pʋgẽ wã, b ra geta Kham la Amdo wa b sẽn da yaa zĩig ning b sẽn da moond-a wã. Tibɛt gomdã pʋgẽ, gom-bil ning b sẽn boond tɩ gling wã rat n yeelame tɩ " tẽn-bilã", la a tõe n yɩɩ " tẽn-kãsengã " wala Sanskrit gom-bilã dvīpa. [32] Ling ra yaa naam-bil sẽn da be Kham sẽn be Yangtze la Yalong kʋɩlgã sʋka. Gsumge Mani Stone Castle sẽn be Yalong kʋɩlgã sẽn yitẽ wã, yaa Gesar wẽnd-doog sẽn be a sʋka. A Lingtsang (Wylie: gling tshang) yaa soolem sẽn zĩnd hal tɩ ta yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã.

Epi wã sẽn paasã

Gesar of Ling riding a reindeer

A Turk Fromo Kesaro sẽn tõog n zab ne Arabi tãb-biis sẽn be Gandhara yʋʋmd 739 n tãag 745, n tõog n zab n sãam a Zezi wã, tõe n yɩɩ a Tibet wã.[33] Sẽn yaa pipi n be Ladakh, Baltistan la Gilgit wã, tɩ b sẽn wa n wa n zab ne Tibet nebã, b wilgame tɩ b yaa rĩm dãmb la Gesar sẽn be Bactrian soolmẽ wã.[34]

A sẽn yaa Tibɛt buud toor-toorã, a sẽn yaa a soabã yaa a sẽn sɩng ne a yiib-n-soabã sẽn wa n be Tibetã pʋgẽ wã. A sẽn wa n wa n yaa Sarma wã, wall a "pa-pa-rɩk" wã, yaa a sẽn wa n lebg a soabã. B sẽn da yet tɩ b gomda ne b noorã yaa nin-buiidã sẽn be zĩis a yiib sẽn yaa zĩ-zãrsẽ wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Bon (Ladakh ne Zanskar sẽn be Tibet mogrã rɩtgẽ wã, la Kham ne Amdo sẽn be be kiisgã), tɩ wilgdẽ tɩ gomdã tara buud toor-toore. La a R. A. Stein yeelame tɩ b sẽn da gʋls b goamã pa pĩnd n yɩɩd b sẽn da togs b goamã ye. [g]Sẽn yaa to-to ne gom-bi-pugl, neb wʋsg sẽn pa.[35]

Wala b sẽn da yetã, b ra tara buud toor-toor wʋsgo, la b pa tõe n gʋls sɛb nins sẽn be Biiblã pʋgẽ ye. La b sẽn da gomd bũmb ning sẽn yaa a Zeova Kaset rãmbã yell yʋʋmd 1500 wã wã, b wilgame tɩ b ra gomda bũmb ning b sẽn gʋls n gʋls a Byang chub rgyal mtshan pʋgẽ wã yelle. Baa ne a sẽn tar yʋʋm wʋsg n tãag masã wã, a sẽn yaa pipi n gʋls tɩ b gʋlsd a soabã yaa Moongol tẽmsã sẽn da gʋlsd a soab yʋʋmd 1716 wã. Tibɛt sɛb nins fãa sẽn paam n paam tõndã pa yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã ye, baa ne b sẽn tõe n dɩk pĩnd sɛb nins sẽn pa ket n tarã. Yʋʋm kobs 19 soabã la 20 soabã sɩngrẽ, bãngd a ye n yiisd kibarã ne tɩɩs n yiis-a. A ra yaa ling-tsang, sẽn yaa soolmã sẽn be Derge soolmã pʋga rɩtg-n-soga, n dɩk a yam a Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso, sẽn yaa Tibet karen-bi-laaga.

Tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, Gesar kibarã sẽn be zĩig ningã wilgdame tɩ b pʋd-a-la yʋʋr sẽn yaa toor-toore. Tibet nebã sẽn yeel tɩ Gesar yaa Ling Gesar, Ling Gesar la Gesar Norbu Dradul wã yʋʋr yĩnga. Buryat rãmbã sʋka, b boond-a lame t'a Abayi Geser Khubun. Khalkha wã sẽn yet tɩ yaa noorẽ wã, b boond-a lame t'a Altan Bogdo khan. Altai seb-vẽenega, b boond-a lame tɩ Sädängkäi Käsär la Sartaktai Käsär. [36] A sẽn be Balti la Ladakh nebã sʋka, a yaa a Gyalpo Kaiserr.

Sõsg la kibarã sẽn wilgd bũmb ning sẽn maandã

A sẽn yaa zab-gʋlsdã tara yɛl wʋsg sẽn tõe n sõng-a t'a bãng a sẽn maand to-to wã, la a sẽn pa tõe n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa sõma wã, a sẽn maand bũmb ning sẽn wõnd b sẽn maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa kibay wʋsg pʋgẽ wã, a gomda a sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn pʋgdã:

Rĩm a Ge-sar rogame tɩ b maan bõn-bãn-kãsenga, b yãagame tɩ b pa get-a ye. La a lebg naam soaba, n tõog n paam a pag a Brug-mo. A sẽn wa n wa n beẽ wã, a kogla a nin-buiidã ne neb sẽn yaa ninsaalb la sẽn yɩɩd ninsaalb fãa. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n wa paam kũum, a kẽnga zĩ-tẽng sẽn pa beẽ tɩ b tõe n wa fãag a nin-buiidã ne b bɛɛbã.[37]

A Samuels sẽn yaa a Zeova Kaset soaba, Gesar zab-gʋlsdã yaa a sẽn get a Tibɛtã buud-gomdã la a tũudmã sẽn yaa a taab taab taab pʋgẽ wã. (Samuel 1993, seb-neng 7-23); (Samuel 2005, seb-neng 166) Gɛs-sar yel-soalgã sẽn paam n paam-b wã yaa Buddzma tagsgo la yɛl sẽn kɩt tɩ b pa tõe n bãng 'sẽn-soab' ning sẽn yaa toor fasɩ wã.[38] B sẽn maan pĩnd wẽndẽ kibarã vaeesg n na n bãng bũmb ning sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn wilgd tɩ b tara b mens n get b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã, b wilga bũmb nins sẽn wilgd tɩ yaa Buddɛɛgdb n tar pãng n wilgdẽ tɩ b tara a Zeova. A Samuel sẽn mak Gesar buud a tãabo, sẽn yaa Mongool, Tibɛt soolmã, la Ladakh soolmã, sẽn da yaa toor-toorã, n makd bũmb ning sẽn pʋgdã:

  • (1) A Lha sẽn maan bũmb ningã.
  • (2) Khrungs sẽn pa mi a Zeova wã yell.
  • (3) Rã-rɩ-rɩkã yell.
  • (4) Bdud 'dul yel-solemdã.
  • (5) B sẽn wa n maand a Hor wã. [39]
  • (6) Sɩngr yel-soabã.

tɩ b tõe n paas

  • (7) Srid pa'i'u kosmogeni wã sẽn sɩng ne bũmb ning fãa. [40]

Tibet buud-gomd

Monument of Gesar of Ling, Yushu, Qinghai, 2009

Tibet buud-goamã yaa toor fasɩ ne taab wʋsg.[41] Naoor wʋsgo, b geta b sẽn maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa Buddismã wɛɛngẽ wã, tɩ b get dũniyã naanego la Tibet sẽn yita zĩig ningã. B sã n da gomd a Gautama sẽn yaa a Buddha yell n gomd bũmb a to pʋsẽ, b pa gomd a zugu, wall b gomd bũmb a taab sẽn pa sɩd be dũniyã tũudum pʋgẽ wã yelle. A Samten Karmay yeelame tɩ Gesar yaa ned sẽn da yaa nin-buiidã nin-buiidã sẽn da ket n yaa Buddismã nin-buiidã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, a Gesar zabda ne dharma bɛɛba, sẽn yaa sodaas sẽn yaa nin-kʋdã, sẽn tar pãng ne raood la zab-teedã, la yel-wẽn-maandb wala sɩlem la zãmbã.[42]

  • Kosmikã sɩngrẽ la Tibɛt pĩnd wẽndẽ: Bũmb a yembr sẽn wilgd tɩ dũniyã wa n wa lebg naam sẽn pa tar pãnga; zĩn-dãmb rĩm dãmb wʋsg (Wylie: bdud) ra zãgsame tɩ b pa na n sak-b ye. Rẽ kɩtame tɩ zĩn-dãmb wʋsg sẽn yaa ninsaalb rɩtbã la burkĩndb wʋsg sẽn be soolem wʋsg naaba sẽn get b yelle, n maand wẽnga. A Tibɛtã sẽn lebg bu-zẽmba n lebg Buddismã, a tãabã sẽn yaa rĩm-dãmb sẽn yaa Dharma wã pʋgẽ, yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ nebã pa mi a Zeova ye. B wilga bũmb nins sẽn kɩt tɩ b bãng tɩ a Padmasambhāva (b sẽn boond t'a Guru Rinpoche) tõog n tõog Tibɛt nebã.
  • Gesar rogem yaa yel-solemd bɩ sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn pa wõnd a taabã: B yeelame t'a pa tar ba, wala a Padmasambhava sẽn sõngd a saasẽ bõn-naandgã, n naan n tʋm a Ling rĩmã, la a paamame t'a yũ bõn-yũudl sẽn yaa bãan n kɩt t'a rog a ma zugã, wala a Athena sẽn be Greek mitoloog pʋgẽ wã. A ma wã sẽn yũ koomã sẽn maan sũ-noog ne a ma wã n dɩk a biigã n kõ a ma wã. [43] A rogame, a rogame, yaa a ba sẽn yaa yĩngr-soaba la tãnga sẽn yaa sõngã, la a ma sẽn yaa koom tẽngr-tẽngã wẽn-naandã, bɩ a rogame. A rogame t'a Chori yaa a Ling sẽn be Dza Valley wã pʋgẽ, a rog-a-la rĩm a Singlen Gyalpo ne a pag a Lhakar Drönma sẽn yaa Gogã.[44]
  • A roagdb: A tara a yao-rãmb a ye la a yaab a yiib. A yembr yaa "kẽngd-rũng" (Wylie: spyi dpon rong tsha), a Ling nin-kẽem sẽn yaa yam soaba, sẽn deegd biigã; a to wã, a Khrothung sẽn yaa yãgre la zãmbã, getame tɩ biigã yaa yell sẽn pak-a la a baood n na n maan-a wẽnga.
  • A Gesar sẽn yaa Wẽnnaam tʋmtʋmdã tʋʋmd yaa n na n tõog zĩn-dãmb sẽn tar pãng tẽngã zugã. [45] A sẽn ta a kom-bɩɩsã, b wilgame t'a yaa ned sẽn yaa ned sẽn ya zũnd, sẽn yaa nin-wẽng, sẽn yaa wẽnga, sẽn yaa ned ning sẽn pa mi a taabã[46], la sẽn yaa ned t'a pa mi a Zeova ye. A ba wã malɛk a Todong, yaa rĩm a yao wã, kɩtame tɩ a ma ne a biigã kẽng rMa tãnga, la a bɩɩme n vɩ weoogẽ, a biigã sẽn yeelg rẽnna la a yeelg n yeelg n zãad a zoob sẽn tar zoob-rãmb n kõ-a.
  • A Gesar sẽn lebg Ling rĩmã, a Gesar rɩka naam n kẽ kãadem ne a Brugmo, n kẽnda sãnem tãnsã zugu. A sã n tõog n tõog zabrã, a lebgda "Wõnda, a sẽn maand tʋlsã, a sẽn tõogd bɛɛbã", la a pʋdda a meng t'a Gesar. A sẽn da be a Kyang Go Karkar tʋʋlg zugu, a ne a tũud-n-taas 30 n zab ne tẽns nins sẽn be soogã sẽn makd wẽnga.[47][48]
Statue of King Gesar in Maqen County, Qinghai
  • A Gesar sẽn wa n be a pipi koe-moonegã pʋgẽ (a sẽn zabd ne a Klu btsan, sẽn yaa rɩtg zĩn-dãmb ning sẽn dɩt ninsaalb rɩtgã), a pagã, a Gurdkar (tõnd sẽn boond tɩ "tõnd-bilã"), sẽn yaa Hor rĩmã, yõka a pagã.
  • B leb n maana koe-moonegã a yiib: Gesar zabda ne rĩm a Sadam sẽn be Jang soolmẽ wã (neer n be Yunnan soolmẽ wã), la rĩm a Shingkhri sẽn be Mon soolmẽ wã.
  • A Gesar sẽn na n zab gãd-rãmb a 18 wã (Wylie: rdzong chen bco brgyad): B sõdga yɩɩl-gʋlsdb la b sõsdbã sẽn yet tɩ b sõdga to-to wã, la tɩ tãs-kãens pʋgẽ, b sõdgdame ne Tajik (Wylie: stag gzig) [49] la Khache sẽn yaa b mooslim dãmb bɛɛba.
  • Lhasa: Vɛrse kẽer yetame tɩ a sẽn tar yʋʋm 39, a maana zĩ-gũud a Red Hill (Wylie: dmar pori), sẽn zĩnd Potala roogã pʋgẽ. [50]
  • Zĩ-kẽem: A Gesar sẽn ta yʋʋm pis-naasẽ wã, a kẽnga bugum pʋgẽ tɩ yɩ a baasg pʋga, n yaool n bas ninsaalbã tẽng n leb n kẽng saasẽ arzãnã.

mos_Latn n lebg n lebg n wa n lebg n yaa Mongoolse (1716)

  • A sɩngda ne arzãn sɩngrẽ, a Ge-Ser rogem, a kom-bɩɩma, a kãadem ne Rogmo, la a sẽn paam tɩ Ling lebg rĩmã.
  • Geser tõoga tigr sẽn tar sor sẽn yaa kɩdga.
  • Geser kẽnga Sɩngr tɩ b kẽ kãadem ne Sɩngr naaba.
  • Geser sẽn tõog zĩn-naabã ne a pagã sõngre.
  • Geser zab ne rĩm-dãmb a tãabã
  • Geser sã n zab zĩn sẽn dɩkd b mens n lebg lama wã.
  • A Geser sẽn wa n na n fãag a ma wã, a kẽnga bugum pʋgẽ.[51]

Yʋʋmd 2017 wã pʋgẽ, b lebgda Biiblã buud-gomdã buud-gomd ning sẽn yaa Inglizã pʋgẽ.

Buryat version

Buryat-rãmbã sẽn gʋlsd seb-gʋlsdã gomda Gesar sẽn da zabd ne zĩn-dãmbã yelle. B leb n tara Gesar tʋʋm-kãsemsã sɩngr-gʋlsd sẽn yaa sõma la sẽn yaa to-to. Sã n yaa ne Biibl-kãensã, Zĩigã neb buud a taab sẽn boond tɩ Tengri Khormusta (Turmas, Khorbustu, Hormust) sẽn yaa kãsenga, n zab ne Atai Ulan sẽn yaa Wẽrgo wẽn-naandb sẽn yaa wẽnsã. A sã n wa tõog n na n kʋ-a, a Khormusta wãbda a Atai Ulan wã n na n gɩdg a vʋʋgrã, la a lobd a yĩngã wil n lobd tẽngã zug, tɩ b lebg zĩn-dãmbã la rũngã. A sẽn maan woto wã kɩtame tɩ ãdem-biisã sa. B tʋma a Khormusta bi-ribl sẽn yaa a bog-vɩɩgã (Bukhe Belligte bɩ a Uile Butelegcji) tɩ b wa maan bũmb ning sẽn sãamd tẽngã.

Buryat Biibl-kãng tara yɩɩl-rãmb 9 (eegre), tɩ b fãa gomda Gesar sẽn tõogd bɛɛbã to-to wã yelle.

  • Pipi: Gesar sẽn da yaa bi-bɩɩgã. A Gesar sẽn be bãensã roogẽ wã, a Gesar sẽn boond t'a Nyurgai (Sug-n-gãong) wã, sẽn ket n yaa bi-bɩɩga, n tõogd bõn-naandb a tãabo, la a kʋɩt-n-tɩrsã la a tãb-bi-poakã (gell-y a Heracles ne a Cú Chulainn) n kẽ kãadem ne kom-bi-pogs a yiib, n yaool n dɩk a yʋʋrã.
  • A yiib-n-soabã: A kẽnda ne a Alma Mergen sẽn yaa koom-koglg bi-pugli bi-pãngre. Rẽ poore, a baooda zĩn-dãmbã, sẽn dog a Atai Ulan zɩɩmã sẽn yitã. A Zezi sẽn yeel tɩ b na n maan yɩɩg n kõ-b-la b sẽn na n maan to-to wã, b yeelame tɩ b naaga tãnga.
  • A tãab soaba: A zabda ne Taiga wã zu-soaba, tigr-kãseng a Orgoli, sẽn dog a Atai Ulan nug- rɩtgẽ wã.
  • A naas soaba: A kʋʋ rũnda sẽn yaa kãseng n boond t'a Arkang sẽn dɩt wĩntoogã. A A Atai Ulan n dog a zug sẽn kaoogã.
  • A nu soaba: A zabda ne a Gal Dulme, sẽn yaa tãn-tãn-tʋʋmã nin-vɩɩm sẽn dog a Atai Ulan kũumã. A Gesar pa tõe n tõog a Gal Dulme a meng ye, a sẽn yaa bi-bõogo sõngrã yĩnga.
  • A yoob soaba: A zabda ne Abarga Sasen, zĩn-dãmb sẽn tar zut 15 sẽn dog Atai Ulan nug- rɩtgã pʋgẽ.
  • A lʋbɛ: A zabda ne a Shiram Minata, zĩn sẽn yit 'Tõnd sẽn be vɩɩm ne kũum sʋka' wã, sẽn dog a Atai Ulan gõeem ning sẽn be goabgã.
  • A na n zabame ne a tãabo. A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn yaa b nin-buiidã, b sẽn da maand yɩɩl a to wã wilgda b sẽn tõe n maan to-to.
  • A 9 soabã: A yaa tãb-bi-bees sẽn yaa a Lobsogoi, sẽn yaa a Atai Ulan poorẽ soaba. [52]

Kibsa wʋsg n be n pa be ne nin-yend nins sẽn togs tɩ b sẽn togs tɩ bũmbã pa beẽ wã. Wala makre, kibsa a Gesar sẽn yãnd a Gume-Khan sẽn yaa Sɩngd-n-soaba, bɩ kibsa a sẽn sãam a Zĩng a Naasã, zĩn-dãmbã sẽn pa tar bãngr wʋsg.

Gesar zab-gʋlsdã pʋgẽ, b sẽn gʋls-b to-to wã sẽn yaa toor-toorã kɩtame tɩ bãngdb kẽer tagsdame tɩ Buryat la Mongool buud-goamã pa zems ne Tibɛt buud-gomd a ye ye. Setsenmunkh yeelame tɩ b sẽn gʋls Mongool buud-gomdã yaa bũmb a ye n pa paam n põse. [53]

Balti and Ladakhi version

Sõng-kãngã pʋgẽ, b sõdga pʋ-bũn a yopoe wã:

  • B sẽn gʋls a Kesar kibayã pʋgẽ, b yetame t'a yaa Wẽnnaam bi-ribl (Lha Yokpoon) sẽn tʋm Miyul (Dũniyã) n na n lebs n kõ laafɩ la bãan.
  • Sã n yaa ne Balti sẽn togsd-a noorã, b dog-a-la Roung yul, Baltistan tẽnga pʋga.
  • A Dong-gsum Mi-la sngon-mo, sẽn dog ne yel-solemd kʋʋd a nin-saas a ye, tɩ b rog a Ling tẽngã. A yaa ba a yiibu la a lʋɩɩs neb a nii sẽn wat Gling./
  • A Bang-po rgya-bzhin yãka a bi-bɩɩg a yaoogã, a Don-grub, t'a na n dɩ naam Gling zugu. A kiime, a leb n dogda wa liii, la a lebg n boond-a t'a Gog-bzang lha-mo, la b boond-a tɩ Kesar/Kyesar.
  • A Kesar kẽe kãadem ne a Lhamo Brugmo la a lebg rĩm sẽn be Glingã.
  • A Kesar kẽnga Sɩna, la a kẽnga be n kẽ kãadem ne rĩmã bi-pugl a ye, a Yu'i dKon-mchog-ma.
  • A Kesar tõoga goabg nin-kãsemsã, a Ze-mo sẽn yaa goabg pagã sõngrã.
  • A sã n pa beẽ, a Hor rĩmã reega a pagã.
  • A sã n wa lebg n wa, a Kesar zabda a Hor rĩmã, n lebs a pagã n wa Gling. [54][55]

A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma wã

A Chadwick ne a Zhirmunsky tagsdame tɩ sẽn yaa pipi sõss nins sẽn be Moongol, Tibɛt la Ladakh wã pʋgẽ wã wilgda sõss sẽn zems ne buud-goam nins sẽn be Turki wã sẽn maand yɩɩl sẽn yaa kãn-kãe wã. a) Wa Kyrgyz sodaag a Bolot, Gesar me kẽe tẽng zug n wa lebg bi-bɩɩg n wa paam n paam n paam vʋʋsem sõng zaeebã. b) Tẽng zugẽ wã yaa koglg sẽn be tãngã zugu.  (c) D A yaa pag sẽn yaa yel-gɛt n na n wilg-a sorã, a sẽn na n yɩ wa rũmsã, wala Turkic shamaness kara Chach.  (d) Wa a Kara Chach, Gesar sẽn yaa a karen-saambã sõng-a lame t'a tõog zabr ne a bɛɛbã sẽn yaa nin-wẽnsã.  (e) Wa a Bolot, Gesar leb n waame n na n paam n dɩtẽ, la a zãad vɩɩm koomã. f) Wa Altai wã zak-biisã, Gesar kẽnga yĩngr n tɩ kẽed liiga n na n paam tɩtã sẽn na n maag a nin-buiidã. B wilgame tɩ Gesar siglgã kibarã ra yaa sõma ne Uygur Khaganate soolmẽ wã.[56]

Sõng sẽn yaa sõma

A Li Lianrong (李連榮) sẽn yeelã,

B sẽn kɩt tɩ b gʋls-a yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a yopoe wã, b pa tõe n yeel tɩ yaa gom-bi-pugl n kɩt tɩ b lebg sɛbã ye. Sẽn paase, a wilgame tɩ b ra tara yõod wʋsg ne Tibɛt nebã sẽn da be yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a yoobã la a nao-n-soabã sʋka, la pa yʋʋm kob-kãng ye. Woto, pa tõe n maan sogsg sẽn yaa sõma n wilg tɩ b sẽn yã bũmb ning sẽn zĩnd pĩnd wẽndẽ wã pa tõe n paam n bãng a sẽn wa n zĩndẽ ye. [57]

A Jiangbian wilgame tɩ tẽn-kʋdemdã sɩngr yaa buud toor-toore. A yeelame tɩ sẽn deng n wa n yɩ zab-gʋlsdb, Tibɛt nebã "ra tara kibar wʋsg sẽn wilgd saasẽ la tẽngã sẽn naan n naanã, b buud toor-toorã sẽn yitẽ, la b buud-toorã wa n yɩ wa neb nins sẽn be tẽng zugã. Rẽ n so tɩ b naan Gesar sẽn yaa ned ning b sẽn boond tɩ Sgrung wã. Sẽn paase, sẽn na yɩl n tõog n bãng-b sõma, Gesar lebga zab-gʋlsd sẽn yaa sõma".[58] Neb wʋsg sẽn maand yɩɩlã gomda yɛl kẽer b sẽn tẽr bɩ b sẽn gʋlsd b sɛbã pʋgẽ, tɩ kẽer me yɩɩl-b yɩɩl sẽn yaa wa b sẽn be b sẽn be bãnd pʋgẽ wã. Woto me yaa bũmb sẽn wõnd a sẽn maand ne a sẽn maand a Zeova raabã.[59]

Yaa yɩɩl sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn yaa gom-bi-bõoneg la b sẽn gomdã, Gesar yɩɩlã yɩɩlã paama b sẽn da pa tõe n yã n bãng a võor yʋʋm kobs-gĩnd wʋsgo. Gesar yɩɩl-gʋlsdã ra mienda a sẽn da gomd a pʋgẽ wã bal ye. A sẽn da wa n maandẽ wã, a ra pa tol n getẽ ye. Wala makre, rũndã-rũndã, dũni gill zabr a yiib-n-soabã kibar sẽn kẽed Tibɛt soolmẽ wã, a Khamthrül Rinpoche (1929-1980) ra gʋlsda kɩbay sẽn wilgd tɩ Gesar kẽnga Alemayn n na n zab ne zĩn-naabã, n tõe n yeel tɩ yaa a Adolf Hitler n gom rẽ yelle. [60][61]

Tẽebã wɛɛngẽ

Tibet nebã sẽn da tar pĩnd wẽndẽ wã ra yaa tẽn-tẽng la tẽn-tẽnga la b pa tar tẽng ye. Gesar kibarã wilgda b sẽn da be n be n getẽ tɩ b yaa nin-buiidã sẽn yaa nin-tɩrsã la b sẽn yaa nin -tɩrsã sẽn yaa nin na-tẽnsã la b sẽn be b soolmã pʋgẽ wã. Bãngr-goam kẽer wilgame tɩ Gesar yaa lama sẽn wilgd t'a yaa wag-rũng nin-vɩɩs sẽn maand bũmbu, la tɩ b sẽn yet tɩ a sẽn yaa nin-vʋʋs sẽn yaa a nin-vẽed sẽn pa tũud a Zeova wã, a yaa nin-kʋʋd sẽn pa tar tẽng ye, a sẽn yaa a Tibɛt tẽnga, la a yaa nin -vɩɩs nins sẽn maand bẽnegr tɩ b pa maand bũmbo. A zabã yaa zab-teed sẽn zabd ne nin-yãgdbã sẽn dat n tõogd a Gling soolmã, tɩ b get-b tɩ b yaa Buddism kɩɩsdba. La a sẽn tõogd dzongs bɩ gãndbã kɩtame tɩ b pa tõe n bãng bũmb ye, bala yaa b sẽn da tõe n wa maan n sõng-b tɩ b tõog n tõog n zab ne tẽngã. [62]

Sẽn nan pa kaoos, yaa wakat bʋg la b gɩdg tɩ b karemd-a Tibet zakẽ. [63] La b maandame tɩ b boond Gesar tɩ b maan-a wa b sẽn boond-a tɩ b tẽebã pãng sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩda. [64] Sẽn na yɩl n bãng tɩ b sẽn da maand bũmb ning sẽn da yaa zab-kãsemsã yʋʋm kobs-gĩndẽ wã, b ra tara bũmb wʋsg ne a Zeova tũudmã pʋgẽ. A kelug karen-biisã pa sak n deeg tɩ b gʋlsd a sẽn yetã ye, la a Kagyu la a Nyingma karen-biisa ra nong-a lame, n get-a t'a yaa a Padmasambhava sẽn maandã sẽn wilgdẽ la a yaa a sẽn zãmsd nebã bũmb ning sẽn yaa Buddismã wɛɛngẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa a Dzogchen karen-bi-bi-puglã. [65] Rẽ n so tɩ neb nins sẽn nong-a wã la sẽn kɩɩsd-a wã na n leokame tɩ yaa vẽeneg tɩ b pa segd n get-a wa tũudum taoor soab ye. La b pa get-b tɩ b tara tũudum taoor soab bal ye. [66]

A Orgyen Tobgyal wilgame tɩ b sẽn get a Nyingma wã, "bãngr ning d sẽn mi tɩ yaa Ling Gesar wã sɩd yaa a Guru Rinpoche mengã sẽn pukd a drala" (Wylie: dgra bla, "sũg-n-taab sɩɩgã"). [67]

A Chögyam Trungpa sẽn da yaa Kagyu ne Nyingma buud-goamã taoor soaba, la sẽn da lugl Shambhala Budismã diasporã pʋgẽ, sẽn paam n paam n paam belsgo ne Gɛrk filozof-rãmbã sẽn be polisã pʋgẽ wã, rɩka Gesar epã kibar sẽn be sõssã sẽn gomd gom-biis sẽn yaa sõma n gomd kom-bɩɩs sẽn yaa kom-bɛɛg sẽn yaa a Mukpo buud sẽn naan naan naan naan maan n naan naan naan lebg kom-bẽn-bɩɩse, n naan naan maan Tibet tẽnga sẽn yaa a yembr n naan naan yɩ a yembr. [68]

Sɩngr tẽnga taoor dãmb me sakda Gesar ne a tũudmã ne a taab sẽn yaa Zĩnd-rãmbã sʋka.

Baltistan soolmẽ wã, b ra gomda rĩm a Kesar kibarã zakẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽoogẽ wã, la masã, b pa le tõe n bãng-a ye, bala b tara sɛb sẽn tõe n sõng-a t'a bãnge. Sẽn yaa to-to tɩ b sẽn be tẽng kãngã wã yaa b sẽn yaa a Mooslim dãmb n be wã, b ra gomda yɛl sẽn yaa yamleoog bala, tɩ nebã ra tagsdẽ tɩ Kesarã pa ned ye, la yaa "hla hlu", Wẽnnaam bõn-naands sẽn yaa toor sẽn ka to, la Wẽnnaam sẽn kõ-b tõog n yɩɩd b taabã.

Gesar zãmsg pĩnd wẽndẽ

Yʋʋmd 1716 wã, b yiisda Gesar sebrã pipi seb-gʋlsdã ne Mongool buud-gomd ye. Yaa seb-kãngã n kɩt tɩ b lebg pipi Biibl-kãng buud-gomd sẽn be Zapõ wã pʋgẽ, sẽn yaa Rus buud-gomdã pʋgẽ, la a sẽn lebg n yiis a Moravi misioneer a Isaac Jacob Schmidt yʋʋmd 1836 wã. [69] Yʋʋmd 1839 wã, b lebg-a lame ne buud-gomdã sẽn yaa Alemã. A August Hermann Francke, sẽn yaa Moravi misioneer a to me, n tigim n lebg Biiblã n yi Ladakh tẽngẽ wã yʋʋmd 1905 n tãag yʋʋmd 1909 wã. Yʋʋmd 1942 wã, a George Roerich maana Gesar sɛbã vaeesgo (Roerich 1942; 277-315) 

Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã pʋgẽ, bãngdb a taab sẽn boond tɩ Nicholas Poppe la Walther Heissig n yiis-b Geser sɛb a taab sẽn yaa Mongool nebã.

Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã la yʋʋm kob-koglgã sɩngrẽ, b yiis-a lame, la a Rolf Stein sẽn lebg-a n lebg n lebg n wa Frans kʋdemdã pʋgẽ, la a yaool n pa pids-a ye. [70] A Stein pʋga a sẽn yiis seb-kãngã ne a seb-neng 600 sẽn gomd Tibɛt zab-gʋlsdã yell n get a Recherches sur l'Epopee et le Barde au Tibet wã. [71] Yaa woto n ket n yaa Tibɛt Gesar nin-buiidã zãmsgo. B sẽn lebg tɩ b lebg tɩ b gʋls-b n lebg n lebg n yeel tɩ b yaa b naaba, b gʋlsa b sẽn boond tɩ Kornman, a Khandro la a Chonam, la b yiis-a lame yʋʋmd 2012 tɩ b boond t'a "Gezar ning sẽn yaa Ling wã: Gesar sẽn dog ne yam-yãkrã, a yʋʋm pipi wã la a sẽn paam n lebg rĩmã". A David Shapiro sẽn lebg n togs seb-kãensã n wilg b sẽn tõe n wʋm b võore, la a yiis-b yʋʋmd 2019 wã, a sẽn boond tɩ Gesar of Ling: A Bardic Tale from the Snow Land of Tibet wã.

A naan-soabã pʋga, sẽn yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b boond tɩ Dũd ne Ling zabrã, yaa a Jane Hawes, a David Shapiro la a Lama Chonam n lebg n yiis a soab ning sẽn boond tɩ Dãtãana wã sẽn na n dɩt b naam: Gesar zab-gʋlsdã pʋgẽ yʋʋmd 2021 (Shambhala 2021)

A Matthias Hermanns (1965) leb n lebgda a to buud-gomdã buud-gomd a ye pʋgẽ. [72] B sẽn lebg Biiblã kãngã wã tika nug-rãmbã sẽn paam a Hermanns sẽn tigim Amdo wã zugu. Seb-kãngã me tara a Hermanns sẽn zãms Biiblã wʋsg n wilg tɩ b sẽn wilg tɩ b ra yaa Tibɛt tʋʋr-kɩrga pʋga la b sẽn da beẽ ne nin-buiidã, b wilgame tɩ b ra tara pãng n na n bãnge.A Hermanns tẽega tɩ b ra pĩnd n gʋlsd b sẽn boond tɩ "buudism" wã tɩ b naan wa lebg a Zeova Kaset rãmbã.

A Alexandra David-Néel sẽn lebg Gesar n lebg a Zezi n lebg a soabã yaa a "Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling" wã pʋgẽ, sẽn yi Frans yʋʋmd 1933 wã.[73]

B sẽn da maand zĩn-dãmb

A Nicholas Roerich sẽn yaa zĩn-dãmbã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ Gesar yaa nin-soab sẽn sakd a yĩngã sẽn yaa a soaba. B yeelame t'a na n waame ne sodaas sẽn pa tõe n tõog n kõ tɩrlem. A na n yɩɩ tãb-biis sẽn yaa kãn-kãe n zab ne-a. A Gesar me tara bõn-naands wʋsg: wed-bil sẽn yaa pemse, a sãtgã, a sãta, a sʋʋg la a gãagã.

Sebtiise

  1. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=JsVcPwAACAAJ
  2. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  3. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds2oBKF_FrUC&pg=PA299
  4. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  5. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=bXTYAAAAMAAJ
  6. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  7. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA76
  8. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  9. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=8sJUzU5-HncC
  10. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ohLEOapakJQC&pg=PA485
  11. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204100/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/11i/7_harvilahti.pdf
  12. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  13. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  14. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204100/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/11i/7_harvilahti.pdf
  15. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  16. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7xLbSCJJQC&pg=PA347
  17. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA367
  18. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  19. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA117
  20. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  21. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&pg=PA215
  22. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA117
  23. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  24. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=L09yvr4VgHcC
  25. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=F3ngtgAACAAJ
  26. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=g1CrCVrPNOUC&pg=PA323
  27. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20171202101746/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/16ii/Li_Lianrong.pdf
  28. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  29. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C&pg=PA194
  30. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C&pg=PA194
  31. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C&pg=PA194
  32. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsbSqhlL9YC
  33. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA367
  34. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&pg=PA215
  35. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ohLEOapakJQC&pg=PA485
  36. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=iTgOAAAAYAAJ
  37. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  38. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcHYoSVrT6gC
  39. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=iTgOAAAAYAAJ
  40. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  41. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=6A5vI6m-CH4C
  42. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  43. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=6A5vI6m-CH4C
  44. ↑ https://archive.org/details/warriorsongofkin0000peni
  45. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=6A5vI6m-CH4C
  46. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=iTgOAAAAYAAJ
  47. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  48. ↑ https://archive.org/details/warriorsongofkin0000peni
  49. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA261
  50. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=WhzF0N_X5KwC&pg=PA39
  51. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  52. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=wQdkcgAACAAJ
  53. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=SNKKPgAACAAJ
  54. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  55. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=g1CrCVrPNOUC&pg=PA323
  56. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcHYoSVrT6gC
  57. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20171202101746/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/16ii/Li_Lianrong.pdf
  58. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20171202101746/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/16ii/Li_Lianrong.pdf
  59. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  60. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=tvUKAAAAYAAJ
  61. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  62. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=JsVcPwAACAAJ
  63. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNDMPBjfAMC&pg=PA371
  64. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XXgy1WvZCI0C
  65. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=JsVcPwAACAAJ
  66. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=JsVcPwAACAAJ
  67. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7xLbSCJJQC&pg=PA329
  68. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7xLbSCJJQC&pg=PA347
  69. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ohLEOapakJQC&pg=PA485
  70. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=RKk2AAAAIAAJ
  71. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=iTgOAAAAYAAJ
  72. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=-Qq_SgAACAAJ
  73. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=6A5vI6m-CH4C

Sõndb sẽn be

  • Samuel 1993, pp. 68–9.
  • ^ Jump up to:a b Samuel 2005, p. 166.
  • ^ Chadwick & Chadwick 1940, pp. 48–9, 215–6.
  • ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Maconi 2004, p. 372.
  • ^ Jiàngbiān Jiācuò 1998, p. 222.
  • ^ Jump up to:a b Maconi 2004, p. 373.
  • ^ Dwyer 2007, pp. 75–76.
  • ^ Penick 2009, p. vii.
  • ^ Jump up to:a b Herrmann 1990, p. 485.
  • ^ Harvilahti 1996, p. 40.
  • ^ Harvilahti 1996, p. 43.
  • ^ Harvilahti 1996, p. 42.
  • ^ Kornman 2005, pp. 360, 367.
  • ^ Samuel 2005, p. 177.
  • ^ Maconi 2004, p. 374.
  • ^ Martin 2011, p. 127.
  • ^ Samuel 2005, pp. 170, 177.
  • ^ Needham 1988, p. 186 note g.
  • ^ Jump up to:a b Francke 2000, p. xxii.
  • ^ Lǐ Liánróng 2001, p. 328.
  • ^ Samuel 2005, p. 175.
  • ^ Shakabpa 2010, p. 193.
  • ^ Maconi 2004, p. 472.
  • ^ Rinbochay, Sö-nam-drak-ba & Rinbochay 1997, p. 39.
  • ^ Harmatta & Litvinsky 1999, p. 382.
  • ^ Vohra 1996, pp. 218–219.
  • ^ Stein 1959, p. 64.
  • ^ Samuel 2005, p. 165.
  • ^ Chadwick & Zhirmunsky 1969, p. 263.
  • ^ Samuel 2005, p. 173.
  • ^ David-Néel & Yongden 2004, pp. 2–3.
  • ^ Jump up to:a b c Maconi 2004, p. 376.
  • ^ David-Néel & Yongden 2004, pp. 73–99.
  • ^ Young 2004, pp. 72–3.
  • ^ Penick 1996, p. xi.
  • ^ David-Néel & Yongden 2004, p. 101.
  • ^ Penick 1996, pp. xi–xii.
  • ^ Chayet 2003, p. 44.
  • ^ Samuel 2005, p. 171.
  • ^ Sacharovska & Soloichin 1986.
  • ^ Sėcėnmunch 2004.
  • ^ Samuel 2005, p. 169.
  • ^ Chadwick & Zhirmunsky 1969, pp. 263–4.
  • ^ Lǐ Liánróng 2001, p. 335.
  • ^ Lǐ Liánróng 2001, p. 332.
  • ^ Samuel 2005, p. 178.
  • ^ Lopez 2007, p. 372.
  • ^ Samuel 1993, pp. 571–2.
  • ^ Jump up to:a b Samuel 1993, p. 293.
  • ^ Rinpoche 2005, p. 333.
  • ^ Kornman 2005, pp. 347–8.
  • ^ Penny 2013, pp. 185–187.
  • ^ Stein 1956.
  • ^ Stein 1959.
  • ^ Hermanns 1965.
  • ^ David-Néel & Yongden 2004.
  • ^ N. Roerich. The Squad of King Gesar. 1931

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  • Chadwick, Nora Kershaw; Zhirmunsky, Viktor (1969). B sẽn da gʋlsd-b ne no-goamã sẽn yit Asɩya sʋka. Yaa Cambridge University Press n yiis-a. ISBN 978-0-521-14828-3. B sẽn boond-a t'a "São Zé" wã
  • Chayet, Anne (2003). "Potala, Dalai Lamas pãn-tõogã makre". Pommaret, a Françoise (so-tũudã). Lhasas sẽn yaa Dalai Lamasã na-tẽngã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a yopoe soabã pʋgẽ. A BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12866-8.
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  • Harvilahti, Lauri (1996). "Epos la tẽnga bãngre: toeengã la nin-vɩɩsã" (PDF). Yaa b sẽn da togs-a wã. Pekẽ. 11 (1): 37–49. Archivée à partir de l'original (PDF) le 25 mai 2011. B paama-a-la yʋʋm 2011 sigr kiuug rasem 26 daare.
  • Helffer, Mireille (1977). Les chants dans l'épopée tibétaine de Ge-sar d'après le Livre de la Course de Cheval: Version chantée de Blo-bzaṅ bstan-'jin. Paris: Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-03309-1. B sẽn boond-a t'a "São Zé" wã yaa:
  • Hermanns, Matthias (1965). Das National-Epos der Tibeter Gling König Ge Sar. Regensburg: Josef Habbel Verlag.
  • Herrmann, Silke (1990). "Rĩm a Gesar sẽn yaa rĩm sẽn tar pãng wʋsg Ladakh soolmẽ wã vɩɩm la a kʋdemdã". A Honko, a Lauri (so-tũudbã). Tẽebã, kɩbayã, la nebã kibayã sẽn be dũniyã sɛbã pʋsẽ: a Kalevala ne a pĩnd dãmbã. A Walter de Gruyter, seb-neng a 2. 485–501. ISBN 978-3-11-012253-4. A sẽn da yaa ninsabls tẽnsa taoor soaba.
  • Hummel, Siegbert (1998). Eurasi kʋdemd sẽn be Tibɛt kʋdemd sẽn boond tɩ Gesar pʋgẽ. A Guido Vogliotti (sẽn lebg n gʋlsã). "Dharamsala: Tibɛt Tʋʋmã la Sɛb Gʋlsgo Sɛb Gʋlsgo. ISBN 978-81-86470-20-6. B sẽn boond-a woto wã yaa:
  • rgyal-mtsho, 'Jam-dpal (1990). "Rĩm a Gesar yɩɩl-gʋlsdbã". A Honko, a Lauri (so-tũudbã). Tẽebã, kɩbayã, la nebã kibayã sẽn be dũniyã sɛbã pʋsẽ: a Kalevala ne a pĩnd dãmbã. A Walter de Gruyter, seb-neng a 2. 471–484. ISBN 978-3-11-012253-4. A sẽn da yaa ninsabls tẽnsa taoor soaba.
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Zems-n-taase

  • Rĩm a Gessar
  • Rĩm a Gesar sẽn da pa ki wã
  • Rĩm a Gessar ne a Samzhug
  • Geser Epic - Buryat version sẽn lebg ne ãngilindã (Wayback Machine) ( Archived 29 June 2007)
  • Turke-rãmbã yel-bũndã gom-biis sõssã - Bãngr-gomd buud-goam wʋsg pʋgẽ
  • Yaa yʋʋmd 1835 Biibl ning b sẽn lebg ne mongol buud-gomdã n lebg ne Alemaynã.
  • B lebg-a-la mongol buud-gomd pʋgẽ (Khalkha Cyrillique)
  • Buryatã Biibl b sẽn lebg ne Risi wã
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