Wp/mos/Danza da los Voladores
| Subclass of | Mexican folk dance, indigenous American dance  |
|---|---|
| Country | Guatemala, Mexico |
| Country of origin | Mexico |
| Intangible cultural heritage status | Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity |
| Described at URL | https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00175, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00175, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00175 |
Dãnza de los Voladores (Spaañã pʋgẽ: [ˈdansa ðe los βolaˈðoɾes]; "Dãnga sẽn lʋɩt-bã wã dansã"), bɩ Palo Volador (dãnga sẽn yɩgd-bã [ˈpalo βolaˈdoɾ]; "dʋnd n lʋɩt-ba"), yaa pĩnd wẽndẽ Mesoameriikã maan-kʋʋr la waoogr sẽn ket n maand rũndã-rũndã, baa ne b sẽn toeem-a wã, Meziik soolmẽ. B tẽedame tɩ b yita Nahua, Huastec la Otomi nebã sẽn be Meziik tẽnga pʋga, la b pʋgl n yalsa Mesoameriikã fãa. Rɩt-kãngã pʋgẽ, b ra maanda yɩɩl la b ra yikda tãns sẽn zems mɛtɛɛr 30 n yi n tɩ lʋɩ tẽnga. Sẽn yaa a nu soabã ket n be tãnsoogã zugu, n na n yɩɩl la a wẽed fõnd ne bob. Sã n yaa ne mit a ye, b maana kibsã n na n yeel wẽnnaam dãmbã tɩ b kɩt tɩ kom-kãsengã sa.Baa ne a sẽn pa sɩng ne Totoc nebã, rũndã-rũndã, a yaa sẽn kẽed ne-b wʋsg, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn be Papantla la a pʋga, sẽn be Meksik soolmã Veracruz soolmẽ wã.UNESCO kɩtame tɩ b yãk-a tɩ b lebg nin-buiidã sẽn pa mi bũmb ning sẽn be tẽngã zugã, tɩ sõng tɩ b tõog n vɩɩmd ne b mens dũniyã pʋgẽ. Azteek rãmbã ra tẽedame tɩ b sẽn da boond tɩ Danza de los Voladores wã yaa b buud-gomdã mak-sõngo.
A kūudumdé[edit | edit source]
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Tʋʋm 450 sẽn looge, tẽn-kʋdgã ra yaa kãsenga, tɩ komã ra wa n yõk nebã. Wẽnnaam dãmbã ra pa tol n kõ-b-la saag ye. [1]B maana kibsã n na n noog Wẽnnaam rãmbã sũuri, la b lebs n kõ-b-la saagã. Kibar kẽer pʋgẽ, yaa tẽn-kʋdg nin-kẽem dãmb n lugl-a, tɩ b yãk kom-bɩɩs a nu sẽn da yaa nin-sõamyã. Sãnda pʋgẽ, yaa rao a nu wã bal n lugl rogemã. Yaa ne tãensã Wẽnnaamã noor la b kao tɩɩg ning sẽn yɩɩdã sẽn be logtoogã pʋga pʋga pʋgã pʋgẽ wã n yiis a kamb n tall-a n kẽng tẽn-gãongã. B maana bũmb wʋsg n kɩt tɩ b gãneg gãagã. Kom-bɩɩsã leooda b tãnsã, tɩ b na n yi n bas-b lame tɩ b na ne yɩɩl. Yaa woto la b maan tɩ saagã wẽneg a Xipe Totec la Wẽnnaam a taab sũy noom ne-a. Rẽ n so tɩ saagã sɩng n lebg n sɩng n lebg tɩ tẽngã rogem lebg n waame. [2]
La b pa mi rog-n-kãng sẽn yaa to-to wã ye. B tagsdame tɩ a yii Siera de Puebla la Veracruz tãensã pʋsẽ. Yaa sẽn sɩng ne a Zezi sẽn da wa n be tẽngã zugã la b sẽn da wa ne a Zezi wã. B wilgame tɩ b ra maanda ritualã n dat n bãng tɩ b maana a soabã. A Zezi sẽn wa n pa wa n zĩnd a Zezi soolmẽ wã, a ra maanda bũmb wʋsg n paas tɩ b ra segd n bʋgsda a zugu. B ra tagsdame tɩ b wẽnda wa bõn-buudã, la b yeelga b mens ne zĩ-bõonegã, la bu-rãmbã, la buudu. Dʋgd-kãensã ra makda tẽngã, sa-gãongã, bugumã la koomã wẽnnaam-dãmb. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã tɛka, b ra kẽeda wĩntoogã waoogr ne wĩntoogã, wala yʋʋm-vẽk kiuugã kibsã. Rɩt-kãngã yaa bõn-naandg sẽn yaa saag la wĩntoog wa a Xipe Totec la Tlazolteotl sẽn tũud-a to-to.
Maya mitolozi wã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ dũniyã naanegã wata ne bõn-buud a ye (Itzamna) sẽn be dũniyã tɩɩgã (dũniyã zĩiga). "Wĩndb" a nu sẽn be tãb-tĩiga zug n makd bõn-buudã wẽnse.[3] [4][5]Dẽnsa-kãsengã sẽn na n yɩɩdã yaa zĩ-kãnga, n wẽed fõnd sẽn wilgd liuuli sẽn yimdã. "Wõndã" a naasã (b sẽn makd zĩ-naasã) wẽnda b sẽn na n yɩg n na n wilg tɩ b sẽn na yɩl n paam n paam n vɩɩmd tẽngã zugã, b wẽnda wa "wõndã".[6] Sɩngrẽ wã, b ra yaa rao a nu bal bal bal bal ye. B ra yeelgdame tɩ b yaa bõn-vɩɩs n tar b futã, tɩ b fãa kẽed n yɩɩd n yaool n loe b pʋga.[7] Meziik tẽn-bɛd wʋsg gɩdgame tɩ b ra maan woto, bala b paamame n kiime, tɩ sã n wa yɩ woto bɩ b kiime.
A Diego Durán sẽn tall Aztectã minim wʋsg n deeg a Spaansã zab wakatẽ wã, goma bũmb sẽn maan tɩ tẽegd a Danza de los Voladores yelle. A yeelame tɩ Aztect-rãmb naab a Ezhuahuacatl n maan maoong n lʋɩ b mens n yi n bas b gãnd sẽn tar a zãadg n ta a 20 (õnda yaa a sẽn tar a mɛt 120 n ta a mɛtri, tɩ b tõe n yeel tɩ a mɛtrii yaa a mɛt a 6).[8]Rũndã-rũndã, b naan n kẽnga b sẽn boond tɩ voladores wã n na n kẽnga a polã naoor 13 fãa, n maan kareng 52 bɩ yʋʋm nins sẽn be Azteek "kalendr roondã pʋgẽ". [9]
B sẽn deeg-a wã poore, b ra pa le maand a woto ye. La a Juan de Torquemada ra ket n gʋlsa bũmb wʋsg a sẽn maand to-to wã. Kiris-nebã ra pa sakd "paagand" maandb woto sẽn yɩ to-to wã ye. Sẽn yaa sõma tɩ d bãng bũmb wʋsg yaa pipi Europɩɩ nebã sẽn wa Meeksɩ wã sẽn gʋlsd la b gomdã yĩnga. Rẽ poore, b ra na n paasda katolik rãmbã sẽn da maandã, tɩ b wa maan-a wa b sẽn da nong n maand b sẽn da wa n deeg-a wã. B sẽn maan-a wã fãa saaga Meziik la Amerika sẽn be zĩ-kãnga pʋgẽ, tɩ neb a wãn n kell n vɩɩmd, tɩ b sʋka Totonac nebã.[10]
Baa ne a sẽn pa sɩng ne Totonac rãmbã, rũndã-rũndã, b wae n makda a ne Papantla soolmã Totonac rãmba. Rũndã-rũndã, toeeng wʋsg n zĩndame. La b sẽn da wa n maand woto wã, b ra yaa b sẽn da maand bũmb nins sẽn pa tar yõod ne b taabã. Sẽn yɩ-a toog wʋsg n yɩɩ tɩ b kẽes pagb n maan kibsã. Sẽn sɩng ne pĩnd, yaa gɩdgr tɩ b bas pagb tɩ b lebg voladores, la neb a wãn n lebg woto, tɩ b fãa bee Puebla soolmẽ. A Jesús Arroyo Cerón sẽn yɩ pipi pagb sẽn zãms pagb wã, a kiime a sã n lʋɩ koom-koglg zug yʋʋmd 2006 wã Cumbre Tajín kulturã kibsã sasa.[11] Toto-nak rãmbã kãsem dãmbã tẽedame tɩ yaa Wẽnnaam sɩbgr la b pa sak tɩ pagb nins sẽn kẽed-b tɩ b maan-bã maan-a ye.[12]
Sõngr sẽn yaa to-to[edit | edit source]
Sẽn paase, sã n yaa tɩ b maand tɩ b maand b sẽn pa maand bũmb ninsã, b maanda bũmb a taab me. Nahuã la Otomi nebã sʋka, b pa mi n kiid pĩnda n yaool n yi n ta tigis-kãsengã ye. B leb n tara seb-kãngã pʋgẽ, tɩ b sẽn yaa n kõ-a wã yaa a nu tɩ pa a na n kõ a naas ye. Wakat ning sẽn yaa nin-buiidã sẽn nong n na n maan yɩɩlã yaa Zʋk-n-soaba, tɩ b maan kibsã sẽn boond tɩ Huapangueada. D sã n wa yɩɩl ne taab, b segd n maana noor tɩ b maan noor daar a ye bɩ rasem a taab n yaool n maan kibsã, la b ra maand yoob ye. Woto, b na n kɩtame tɩ Wẽnnaam nin-buiidã ges kibsã sõma. B sã n wa tar-b n maand woto, b wʋsg bee Puebla soolmẽ.La b sẽn da wa n maand bũmb ning fãa wã, b ra pa le tõe n bas tɩ pagb maan tʋʋm-kãnga ye. A Papantla, sẽn yaa tẽn-kãng sẽn yaa pipi sẽn tũud ne maan-kʋʋrã, a Consejo de Ancianos Totonacas (Totonac Kãsem dãmbã Rʋʋsg) gɩdgame tɩ pag pa kẽes a roogẽ ye. Sẽn yaa minim, b pa kẽesd pagb ne taab Totonac wã kibsã pʋgẽ ye. Baa ne rãam ning b sẽn boond tɩ La Maringuilla wã, rao n get pagã sẽn yaa ãndã. B sẽn gɩdg-a wã yita tẽebo tɩ pagbã yaa "bõn-wẽns sẽn wat ne sũ-beed" la b sẽn na n kẽes b pʋgẽ wã yaa yel-wẽn la b na n sãama Wẽnnaam sũ-puugrã.
La tẽns kẽer pʋsẽ, wala Cuetzalan la Pahuatlán Puebla la Zozocolco de Hidalgo Veracruz, b kõo pagb sor tɩ b yɩ voladores.Sẽn paam-b sor n na n kẽnga, b segd n deng n maana tʋʋm-no-kãsems sẽn na yɩl n kos Wẽnnaam la Katolik rãmbã sugri, b sẽn maan tɩ b yaa pagã yĩnga. [Pagbã me segd n yɩɩ pʋg-paal sẽn pa tar rao a ye, b sã n pa kẽ kãadem, bɩ b sã n kẽ kãadem, b pa segd n kẽ kãadem n yaool n maan yoob ye. B sã n mik tɩ pag sẽn maand b sẽn datã n maan bũmb ningã pa zems ne yoobã, b tall-a-la n kẽng tẽn-kugrã sẽn gũbg-a ne bug-yũudl la kaam. Malɛk-kãseng a Misɛl wall a Zak sẽn yaa sõngã sẽn tall makr n wilgd sɩbgr ning b sẽn na n maanã, b sã n wẽ-a ne b nengã, b na n sɩbg-a lame. B yetame tɩ b maanda woto n maag pagã "tõogã". B tẽedame tɩ pagb nins sẽn pa sakd noy kãensã na n wa kɩtame tɩ b maan yel-wẽn-kãsemse. [ B sẽn da wa n maand bũmb ningã ] .
Pa mi tɩ b ra basame tɩ pʋg-paalã maan volador wakat ning ye. A Jesús Arroyo Ceron yaa rao a ye sẽn deng n zãms pagb n kõ b zãmsgo, a sẽn zãms a bi-pugl a Isabel yʋʋmd 1972 wã. Rẽ poore, a zãms a biiga a tãabo. Yʋʋmd 2006 tʋʋlg kiuugã, a sẽn da tar yʋʋm 70 wã, a lʋɩ koom-koglgã zug n ki Cumbre Tajín kibsã sasa. B tẽedame t'a ra lʋɩta "Wẽnnaam dãmbã poorẽ", la tɩ b tẽedame tɩ Wẽnnaam sɩbg-a lame. Bãag ne tɩɩg n maan n maan n tẽegd a Zezi. B miime tɩ pagb sẽn maand b b bĩis n maand bĩis a yiibu.
Gwatemala, b ket n maanda yɩɩl sẽn boond tɩ Palo volador, a Joyabaj (lug 15), Chichicastenango (yakõ 17-23) la Cubulco (yakõ 26).[13]
Tɔgɩnɩka version[edit | edit source]
Sẽn zems ne Totonac mitã, wẽnnaam dãmbã yeela nebã yaa: "Tãnd-y la d na n gesa". Rũndã-rũndã, wẽn-naandbã sẽn noomã ket n yaa ritualã sẽn yaa to-to wã pʋga. [14] Tɔgãs roog ning b sẽn da pakd kibs-kãngã pʋgẽ wã yaa fu-rɩt sẽn yaa miuug ne fu-rãmb sẽn yaa pemse, fut sẽn be b gãagã zug la pe-kẽer. B sẽn da maandã, b ra tara b nusã, b sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã, la b ra tara bũmb a taab n maand n kõ-b. A sẽn da gãnegd a gãagã ra makda zɩɩm. B sẽn da maand n na n kõ-a sũ-noog wã, b ningda-a-la b sãnem. B ningda-b-la wĩntoogã, la b ningda a zug-n-soaba. B sẽn maand-b woto wã yaa b mens n maand la b tõe n yaooda pesos 5000 n ta 8000 fãa.
Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn yãkd tɩɩgã n na n kao-a wã sɩngda ne yɩɩl ning b sẽn na n yɩɩl n yaool n wa n maan n bas tɩ b sẽn na yɩl n paam n paam n tõog n yɩɩl b sẽn na maan n kõ-a wã. B boond tɩ tɩɩg yãk-a, n kao-a la a zẽk-a tɩ tsakáe kiki. Yaa tɩ b kẽed weoogẽ n bao tɩɩg sẽn zems tɩ b bao n deeg-a, la b kos tãnga wẽnnaam a Quihuicolo tɩ b kõ-a sor tɩ b tɩ rɩ-a. B sẽn yiis tɩɩgã rũmsã n tɩ tall-a n kẽng b sẽn da maand tɩ b maan-a wã zĩigẽ, b maana gãag n na n maan tɩ b gãd tɩɩgã sẽn tar mɛtɛɛr 30 wã. Sẽn deng n wa n zẽk-a, b ningda b sãn-do, b ningd-a-la b sãnẽ wã, tɩ b kõ-a-a-yã. Rẽ poore, b sã n wa n gãnegd tẽn-gãongã, b sãame n kɩtd tɩ tẽngã rogdẽ. [3][9] A yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ b tõe n bãng tɩ tẽngã yaa bũmb sẽn be saasẽ la tẽngã sʋka. Rẽ poore, b sã n wa n ningd b zĩiga la b dansã, b manegda b rãamã n ningd-a tɩ yaa wa sor n kõ-a, la b ningd-b-a tɩ b yũud sigaar.
La naoor wʋsgo, b ra rɩkda gãnd sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yãkd-a wakat fãa, tɩ yaa wa b rɩkd wa b sẽn dɩkd wa b rɩkdã. Rɩk-kãensã, b sɩngda ne yɩɩl la kibs sẽn boond tɩ "bi-ribl". Naoor wʋsgo, b sẽn boond yɩɩl ning b sẽn sɩng n yɩɩdã tɩ "kʋm-y sugrã bi-ribl". Rẽ poore, b paasa sɩngda n yik n tãag tãnsãb-kãsengã, tɩ b taoor soab bɩ "kapor" n lʋɩ taoor. A pa na n sig ye, a na n paa a gãagã zug hal tɩ ta a waoongã saabẽ. B sẽn boond tɩ manzana wã yaa gãn-kãseng sẽn be b tãntã zug n na n maan tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb n sõng-a. Sẽn yit kaabsa wã pʋgẽ, b gãda karɛt sẽn boond tɩ karɛt sẽn be b poorẽ wã. Neb a naasã sẽn wẽed b logtoogã n gũbg a zugã, a na n yɩɩla fõnd ne a bobã .B mii tɩ b sẽn sɩng ne wĩntoogã yaa zĩ-kãng n kɩt tɩ b tagsd tɩ vɩɩmã yita zĩ-kãng. Bãag a naasã yaa naoor piig la a tãab ne a yembr, tɩ yaa yʋʋm pis-naas la a yiib la woto. Yaa yʋʋm nins sẽn be Meso-Amerikã yʋʋmdã pʋgẽ wã sõor. Rẽ poore, a na n wõgemda a meng n na n bãng wĩntoogã, n maan yɩɩl wakat fãa.
Voldur a naasã makda bũmb a naasã sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn be tẽngã pʋgẽ wã: tẽngã, yĩngrã, bugum la koomã. Bãagdã makda wĩntoogã a nu soaba. A na n lʋɩɩsa a na-kẽengã zug n lʋɩ n wa lʋɩ tẽnga. B sẽn wa n gãddd a to wã, b leb n maand b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ningã. Sã n wa yaa ne voladores a taabã sẽn sigd n sigd tẽnga, kaporã yɩɩla "sẽn-sɛgd-a" la a dansã sẽn be platformã sẽn yaa bilfu. [1] Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa sigl n wa, b sãnda sãnda sã n wa kiidẽ.
Tẽns nins sẽn tar b sẽn pa tõe n yã bũmb ninsã la b sẽn tall b sẽn pa yã bũmb ninsã[edit | edit source]
A Pãntla Volodore rãmb waoogr kibsã paama UNESCO wã sẽn wilg tɩ b yaa nin-buiidã sẽn pa tar b sẽn tõe n yã bũmb ninsã yʋʋmd 2009. Yaa pipi Meziik tẽnga kibs ning b sẽn deeg n deeg b waoogrã, la pipi wã yaa b sẽn maan n wilg b sẽn ki wã kibsã yʋʋmd 2008. A Fidel Herrera Beltrán sẽn yaa goobneerã paama kũunã Veracruz tẽnga neba ne a goobã yʋʋr yĩnga, la sẽn yɩɩd fãa yaa tẽnga neb sẽn be Totonacapan soolmẽ wã. B maana kibs ne a sẽn paam n deeg-a wã yʋʋmd 2009 zĩ-likr kiuug rasem 12 wã, a Takilhsukut Park sẽn be El Tajín la a taab sẽn be Meeksɩ wã pʋgẽ. B gʋlsa tʋʋm-kãnga ne a Toliman, Peña de Bernal, Querétaro, Otomi-Chichimecas nebã Tradisiõ wã.
Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tall a vɩɩm, yaa tɩlae tɩ b bãng tɩ yaa b sẽn mi tɩ yaa b tʋʋmdã n kɩt tɩ b tõog n tall-a. B sẽn yãk-a wã, b maana b sẽn tõe n wilg tɩ b tara tẽnsã sẽn tar yõod n yɩɩd b sẽn tõe fãa n tall b mens n kõ b mensã. B sẽn maan modgr a ye yaa b sẽn na n naan n naan n kõ-b b kambã b sẽn tõe n dɩk b mens n dɩk b kambã b kambã sẽn na n dɩk b b mens n kõ wã. A tara karen-biis 70 la 100 sẽn zãmsd Biiblã, n bãngd a sẽn maan bũmb ning ne a Zeova wã sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã. Yaa b sẽn da rɩkd tigis-kãnga sẽn boond tɩ tsakáe kiwi t'a yi weoogẽ wã.A Veracruz tẽnga zãma wã n get b kambã sẽn sɩng b yʋʋm a yoob la a nii wã. Neb wʋsg yita Plan de Hidalgo, El Tajín, San Lorenzo, Arroyos del Arco la Oxital sẽn be be-b be-be-be-tẽngã, la b ba wã la b yaab-rãmbã yaa voladores. Lekollã baoodame tɩ b karen-biisã segd n tũ noy kẽer, wala b sẽn tõe n gom Totonac buud-gomdã, la b pa sak tɩ kom-bɩɩs gomd ye. La b sẽn sɩng b yaab-rãmbã la b yaab-dãmbã nengẽ, b zãmsda b kambã b sẽn na n wa n tar yʋʋm a nii bɩ piigã. Sẽn na yɩl n lebg volador ne Totonac zãma wã, b tog n maana yʋʋm 10 bɩ 12 n segl b mens n tõog n yɩ .
B sẽn dat n kogl la b paas b sẽn maandã n paas yaa "Encuentro de Voladores" (Volador yãkrã), sẽn sɩng yʋʋmd 2009 wã, la sẽn naag ne "Cumbre Tajín" sẽn be El Tajín zĩiga, yʋʋmdã kibsã kibsã. Daar a nu, b sẽn da be zĩis toɛy-toɛyã n na n maan yɩɩl ne b sẽn da tigim-b tigisgã. Sẽn na yɩl n bãng neb nins sẽn maand woto wã, pa rẽ bal la b segd n maan ye. B sẽn boond tɩ voladore wã yita San Luis Potosí la Gwatemala.
Bũmb a ye sẽn kɩt tɩ b segd n kogl-a wã yaa tɩ b pa maand a woto ne tũudum yɛl ye.Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm 1970 wã, b lugla b sẽn na n maan b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan b tʋʋmdã. Sẽn yɩɩd neb 600 n be Meziik tẽngã pʋgẽ.
Tẽns sẽn pa waoog pʋgẽ, b maanda a Zeova waoogrã daarã bɩ tũudum yɛl a taab sasa, la tẽns nins sẽn yaa kãsenga pʋsẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn be tigimsã pʋsẽ, b maanda-a-la wa b sẽn dat n kõ kũunã.Mak-biis a yiib n be wã yaa voladores nins sẽn maand Xcaret la Xel-Ha wã, la Totonac voladores wã sẽn be Chapultepec Park Mexico City wã, sẽn yaa park-rãmb nins sẽn pakd-b n yɩɩd wã. Neb kẽer sẽn maand b sẽn tõe fãa n wilg tɩ b waoogda b taabã, b yaool n maand yɩɩl ne nebã. B sẽn boond tɩ "Bocas del Río" wã yaa sull sẽn yaa siglgã taoor lʋɩtb sull sẽn get b yell sõma. B sẽn maan woto wã yaa tɩ b na n kõ turistbã bũmb sẽn tar waoogre, sẽn pa yĩm b sẽn yi wã. B fãa yaa Papantla tẽnga neb. B maanda kibsã zĩig sẽn yaa zĩig sẽn yaa pa-tẽnga, la b segd n basa bũmb nins sẽn yaa baaske, la karẽn-bɛdẽ wã b sẽn maandẽ.
Sẽn na yɩl n paas b sẽn maandã la b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã tẽn-zẽmsẽ wã, b tigimsã maana yɩɩl Meziikã zĩis wʋsg la tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, tɩ b maan yɩɩl nins sẽn be tẽns a taab sʋkã. A Voladores yɩɩla Zapopum kibsã Guadalajara, San Pedro kibsã Monterrey,India kibs kibsã kibsã a Milwaukee, Karneval kibsã Valparaíso, Universal Forum de las Culturas sẽn be Barcelone, la ne taab kibsã sẽn be New York.
Tẽngã nebã sẽn nongã[edit | edit source]
Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n paam n bãng b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ninsã, b segd n maana yɩɩl n wilg b sẽn tõe ne b zʋgdã.
A Miguel yɩɩla "Without Question" sẽn yit filimã pʋgẽ wã.
Gesã tãabã[edit | edit source]
Sebtiise[edit | edit source]
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20091013111448/http://dti.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3755&Itemid=329
- ↑ http://www.municipiopapantla.gob.mx/content/view/94/17/
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110719094325/http://www.arts-history.mx/banco/index.php?id_nota=24062004102402
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20191022181812/http://www.mty.itesm.mx/dhcs/deptos/co/co95-832/Proy_2002_S1/VoladoresPapantla/html/t-origenesdelritual.htm
- ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-499-293-9
- ↑ http://www.lajornadadeoriente.com.mx/2008/04/01/puebla/o1ame14.php
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090626163359/http://www.municipiopapantla.gob.mx/content/view/21/30/
- ↑ http://www.philipcoppens.com/rebuildingcreation.html
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd8DAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA104
- ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press
- ↑ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/03/21/index.php?section=espectaculos&article=a09n1esp
- ↑ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/03/26/index.php?section=espectaculos&article=a18n1esp
- ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090418010531/http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/6344-Los-voladores-de-Papantla-%28Veracruz%29