Wp/mos/Congolese rumba

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Congolese rumba
music genre
Subclass ofmusic of Congo Tekre
Inception1940s Tekre
Based onson cubano Tekre
Country of originDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo Tekre
Influenced byCuban rumba Tekre
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Tekre
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01711, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01711, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01711 Tekre

Congolese rumba, b sẽn boond me tɩ African rumba, yaa reem mizik buud sẽn yit Congo Demokaratic Republic wã ( sẽn da yaa Zaire) la Kongo Republic wã ( sẽn da yaa French Congo). B sẽn boond tɩ rumba wã yaa bũmb sẽn tar pãng dũniyã gill zugu, la a ket n bee African mizikã pʋgẽ. Yʋʋmd 2021 yʋʋm-sar kiuugã, b paas-a-la UNESCO sẽn boond tɩ " Patrimoine culturel immatériel " wã pʋga.[1][2][3]

Rumba sẽn be Kongo wã tara gitaar yɩɩl sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo, bas-yẽes sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo, la yɩɩl sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo. B tõe n yãame tɩ yɩɩlã sɩngr yaa yʋʋmd 1930 soabã pʋgẽ, sẽn yaa wakat ning Afirik yɩɩl-gʋlsdbã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn yit Kongo wã, sẽn naag taab n yɩɩl ne gitaarã, la ne fɩtl-dãmb la ne ikembe, n yɩɩl ne Kubã yɩɩlã. Rẽ n wa ne soukousã, sẽn yaa buud sẽn tar pãng wʋsg ne a rãamã, a gitaar yɩɩlã sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo, la a gãndg wʋsg ne a wẽebã.[4]

B sẽn maand woto wã, b paamame tɩ nebã nong-b wʋsg Afrik soolmẽ wã, n ta tẽns wala Tanzani, Keni, Ougãnda, Ruwanda, Zimbabve, Madagaskaar, Zambi, Kood-di-noor, Gambi, Nizeri, Gana, Suda, Senegaal, Burund, Malawi, la Namibi. Sẽn paasde, b paama neb sẽn tũud-b Erop, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Fãrens, Belziks, Alemayn, la UK, n paas Etazĩni, sẽn tũ ne Kôngo yɩɩl-gʋlsdb sẽn kẽng kaoreng n yɩɩl zũnd-zãnd zĩis toɛy-toɛy dũniyã gill zugu. Yaa yɩɩl-yɩɩndb wala Henri Bowane, Wendo Kolosoy, Franco Luambo Makiadi, Le Grand Kallé, Nico Kasanda, Tabu Ley Rochereau, Sam Mangwana, Papa Noel Nedule, Vicky Longomba, la Papa Wemba n sõng wʋsg ne yɩɩlã, n kɩt tɩ yɩɩl-yɩɩndbã tõog n paas b minimã, la b naag taab ne yɩɩl-yɩɩndb nins sẽn be rũndã-rũndã wã.[5]

Kibsa[edit | edit source]

Sɩngr sẽn yit[edit | edit source]

B sẽn da rat n yeel tɩ "rumba" yaa gom-biig ning sẽn yit Kikongo gom-biigẽ wã n yitẽ, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ b "tõnd n kõ", sẽn wilgdẽ tɩ b ra dansda Kongo soolmã sẽn da yaa a soab pʋgẽ, n kẽed ne Congo Demokrasã, Congo la Angola tẽnsẽ.[6][7][8] A sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a soabã yita Bantu nebã sẽn da yaa a soabã nengẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa a sẽn yaa Palo Kongo tũudmã, sẽn dat n togs n kẽng Kongo nebã nengẽ. B sẽn wa n kẽng Kuba wã, b sẽn da wa n kẽng n kẽng n tɩ tɩ kẽed ne a soabã, yaa Sipãn nebã n wa n tɩ yi yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã pʋgẽ.[9][10][11][12]

A Miguel Ángel Barnet Lanza sẽn gʋlse a kongog tũudum sẽn yaa Bantu buud toor-toorã sẽn be Kuba wã pʋgẽ wã wilgame tɩ Afirik yembd wʋsg sẽn wa ne Kuba wã yaa Bantu buud-goam dãmba, baa ne rẽ, n yaool n wa lebg yembd sull sẽn yaa pipi n be Kuba.[13] Baa ne zu-soben-dãmbã sẽn paam-b yembse, b ra ket n kogla b yɩɩl-dãmbã, b dansã la b tẽebã minimã b sẽn da maand to-to wã pʋgẽ.[14] B ra tũnugda ne yɩɩl tʋʋm-teed wala conga, makuta, catá, yambu, claves, güiro, la cajón de rumba n maand yɩɩl sõsg sẽn kẽed ne bool-wõog ne nin-buiid la nin-buiida.[15][16] Neb sẽn yaa nin-kãsems wala Arsenio Rodríguez sẽn naag ne Kiba biig n mak Bakongo buud-goam nins sẽn yaa buud toor-toorã.[17]

Yʋʋmd 1920 wã saab-rãmb 1950 wã[edit | edit source]

A Congolese rumba group performing in Léopoldville

A Phyllis Martin sẽn yiisd a ye wã sẽn boond tɩ Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville wã wilgame tɩ b ra boondẽ yɩɩl ning sẽn yaa taab n be Belg Kong la French Congo, sẽn yaa Democratic Republic of Congo la Republic of the Congo B ra boond-a lame tɩ maringa.[18]. Maringa dansã rãmb sẽn da maandã ra yaa wa b sẽn da maand n maand b sẽn da yaa b sẽn maand b sẽn pa tõe n maan to-to wã. Sẽn deng yʋʋmd 1930[19] wã, b ra tara yɩɩl sẽn yaa taab n kiid Kongo soolmẽ wã. Karen-biig a Kazadi wa Mukuna sẽn yaa etnomusikolozi karen-saamb Kent State University wã wilgame tɩ wakat kãnga, kaset kaset kasetã zãmsa wʋsg baooda n na n leb n leb n bilg gom-biig ning sẽn yaa maringa wã, n kɩt tɩ b lebg "rumba" sẽn yaa sõma n ket n ket n get a yʋʋrã.[20] Yʋʋmd 1934 wã, Frans ned sẽn boond t'a Jean Réal sẽn yaa Martinique wã sẽn yaa sor-gʋlsd n get b rãmb nins sẽn maand yɩɩrã, a yãka gom-biig ning "Congo Rumba" a sẽn wa n sigl sull sẽn boond tɩ "Congo rumba" Brazzaville wã.[21][22] A Clément Ossinondé sẽn yaa Kongo mizik bãngd sẽn yaa Kongo wã mizik bãngda wilgame tɩ Kongo rumba sẽn yaa Kongo rumba wã pʋgẽ, a Gabriel Kakou la a Georges Mozebo yaa Kongo ramba wã sẽn yaa Kongo tẽnga rãmb n paas n sõng n paas n paas n kõ kom-bɩɩs nins sẽn be Kongo wã sõngre.[23][24][25]

Rumba sẽn yit Congolese rũndã-rũndã[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 1937 wã, Réal ra manegda a siglgã la a zãmsa b sẽn da be be wã yɩɩl-dãmb ne b sẽn da tar yɩɩl-kãsemse, n kɩt tɩ b paam bark wʋsg ne tẽn-tẽngã yɩɩl-dẽgdb wala a Alphonse Samba, a Michel Kouka, a Georges Nganga, a Côme Batoukama (gitar), a Vital Kinzonzi (gitarã), a Emmanuel Dadet (saxophone, gilda, la b sẽn paase), la a Albert Loboko (banjo, piano, la gilda).[26][27] B naan n lugla neb a naas sẽn yaa tãnsãb n be Brazzaville, sẽn yaa Fanfare Militaire, Fanfare de la Milice, Fanfare Catholique la Fanfare Municipale.[28] A Dadet ne a Antoine Kasongo lebga pipi Kongo yɩɩlã sẽn naan naag ne Kongo tẽnga mizikã n kẽes b yɩɩlẽ wã pãng kɩbay pʋgẽ.[29] A Dadet yɩɩllã, "Melo-Congo", paama pãng sẽn kẽed ne nin-sablsã sʋka, n yɩɩ yɩɩ yɩɩl sẽn tar pãng n sɩng ne wales la foxtrots sẽn yaa sõma n tãag rumba, biguines la tangos sẽn yaa sõma rũndã-rũndã.[30] B yɩɩla yɩɩr wʋsg Poto-Poto barã pʋgẽ, la yɩɩr zĩis a taab wala Chez Faignond, Macumba, Beauté Brazza, Chez Ngambali, Mon Pays la Léopoldville.[31][32][33] Yʋʋmd 1941 tʋʋl-nif kiuugã, a Paul Kamba maana Victoria Brazza sullã Poto-Poto, t'a Henri Pali Baudoin, a Jacques Elenga Eboma, a Jean Oddet Ekwaka, a François Likundu, a Moïse Dinga, a Philippe Moukouami, a Paul Monguele, a François Lokwa, a Paul Wonga, a Joseph Bakalé, la a Auguste Boukaka.[34] B sẽn da boond tɩ maringa wã ra yaa b sẽn da boond tɩ maringa wã, la b sẽn da boond tɩ basã, la patengã, la b sẽn da boond tɩ ekonga wã, la b sẽn da boond tɩ likembe wã. 'Sẽn kẽed ne zamaan kãnga ramba sẽn tõe n tũ ne porgram la maringã sẽn be ne ramba sẽn pa tõe n tũ ne porgram sẽn kẽed ne porgramã, yaa bũmb ning sẽn kɩt tɩ b boond tɩ "modern Congolese rumba wã".[35]

Young people grooving to Congolese rumba rhythms in Léopoldville, ca. 1960s
Congolese rumba bar in Léopoldville

Yʋʋmd 1940 wã ne 1950 wã sʋka, b yɩɩla Kubã kom-dibli sull sẽn boond tɩ Sexteto Habanero, Trio Matamoros, la Los Guaracheros de Oriente, Radio Congo Belge sẽn be Léopoldville wã, n paam pẽgre tẽn-kãnga pʋgẽ yʋʋm pi-gĩnd nins sẽn pʋglã.[36] Maringa yɩɩla, baa ne b sẽn pa tar loees ne Kuba rumba, b lebga "Congo rumba", wa Sexteto Habanero la Trio Matamoros sẽn da kẽed ne rumba wã.[37] " Yaa yɩɩl-yendb la sul-yendb n yi Kôngo mizikã pʋgẽ, tɩ b boond a Paul Kamba, a Zacharie Elenga, la a Antoine Wendo Kolosoy wa nin-tũudba.[38][39][40][41]

A Elenga maana bũmb sẽn na n kɩt t'a rumba yɩɩlã yɩ sõma n paase, a wa ne gitaar yɩɩl la a sɩnga mizikã zãmsg sẽn na n naag ne gitaar sẽn tar ritmã, gitaar sẽn tar noore, bas-yɩɩng sẽn tar noore, saxofon la wẽeb-yɩɩng teedã.[42] Wakat kãnga, a Kasongo Odeon-Kinois orkestɛɛrã, bɩ Harmonie Kinoise, wa n lugla sebene, sẽn yaa no-nood sõor sẽn pʋgd taab n yɩlemdẽ, tɩ b pẽgd gitɛɛrã. A Kasongo leb n yɩɩ yɩɩl-bɛd ne Olympia Editions.[43][44]

Yʋʋmd 1948 soabã, a Antoine Wendo Kolosoy yɩɩla "Marie-Louise" sẽn yaa yɩɩl sẽn kẽed ne yɩɩl-bɛdã, sẽn naag ne a Henri Bowane n gʋlse, la a Nico Jeronimidis sẽn yaa Greek soab sẽn be Ngoma Editions n yiis yɩɩla, yɩɩ yɩɩl-bɛdã paama tõogr wʋsgo, n koos yɩɩl milyõ a yiibu.[45] Rẽ kɩtame t'a Léopoldville lebg Kongo rumba " mizikã taoor lʋɩtb zĩiga, sẽn paas ne kasetã la kasetã tʋʋm zĩis nins maan-kʋʋdbã sẽn da tʋmdẽ wã, la kasetã b sẽn da yiisd ne Greek-rãmbã.[46]

Yʋʋmd 1950 wã sɩngrẽ, tẽnga neb sẽn da tʋmd ne kongo rãmb sẽn da yaa nin-peels rãmb sẽn da yaa nin-peels rãmb wa Ngoma, Cognolia, Opika, Loningisa, la CEFA, sɩngame n maand kongo rumba buud a woto.[47][48] Yaa yɩɩl-yend sẽn tar sẽk n yɩɩd yɩɩl-yendã, la yɩɩl-yend sẽn pa tar yɩɩl-yendã, yɩɩl-yend wa a Zacharie Elenga, a Antoine Wendo Kolosoy, la a Antoine Moundanda "Paul Kamba Atiki Biso" (1950) la a Antoine Moundanda "Mabele Ya Paulo" (1953), a Ngoma Editions sẽn gʋlsã.[49][50][51] Seb-kãensa me kõ-la Bɛlzĩm Kongo zĩig sẽn yaa kãsenga sẽn na yɩl tɩ b tõog n kɩt tɩ yɩɩl-n-bɛd la yɩɩl-n-bɛd buud toor-toor wa Afirik Jazz, OK Jazz, Conga Jazz, Negro Band, la Rumbanella Band paam pãnga.[52][53] Baa ne b sẽn da nong n boond b sullã tɩ "jazz" wã, a Martin yeelame tɩ "b sẽn da nong n boond b sullã tɩ "jazz" wã ra yita African la Latin America. B ra boond-b lame tɩ sodaasã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Africa rãmba, sẽn da be sodaasã gãagẽ sẽn be Léopoldville, dũni gill zabr a yiib-n-soabã sasa wã.[54] Bãngdb wala a Isaac A. A Kamola sẽn yit Trinity College la a Shiera S. el-Malik sẽn yit DePaul Inivɛrsite wã wilgame tɩ "jazz" sull nins sẽn be Kôngo wã ra pa tar lagem-n-taar wʋsg ne America zũudã, la b bilgame tɩ b sẽn dɩk-a wã yaa sẽn na n wilg tɩ "a yaa nin-buiid a to sẽn tar minim la sẽn pa tar politikã taoor-lʋɩtb" la t'a makda zũudã sẽn yaa to-to, n zãag ne Eurocentric noyã.[55] Bõn-kãnga sẽn yaa toor-toorã la sẽn yaa sãanã kɩtame tɩ Congo rumba ra pa tũud ne "tẽnsa, tẽnsa, bɩ sull sẽn yaa takɩ" ye, la a kõ "Congolese rumba pãng sẽn yaa kãsenga".[56]

Congolese rumba lekollã[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 1950 wã sʋka, yɩɩl-gʋlsdb nins sẽn sakd tẽn-zẽmsã pãn-tusdg la sẽn tũud Kongo rumba wã sʋka, b ra pa wʋmd taab ye. Woto kɩtame tɩ b naan naan naan naan maan-biis a yiib sẽn yaa Congo rumba: African Jazz School la OK Jazz School.[57][58] Yʋʋmd 1957 wã, karẽn-bi-kãensã maana pãng wʋsg zallã pʋgẽ, ne OK Jazz sẽn deeg zall b sẽn boond tɩ odemba, sẽn tar tɩɩm sẽn yaa tao-tao, la sẽn tall pãn-tusdg ne odemba rãamã sẽn yit Mongo folklore wã Mbandaka sẽn be Congo kʋɩlgã noore, sẽn wa n lebg soukous mizikã. Sẽn nan yɩll tɩ African Jazz Lekollã tõog n sɩng "rumba-rokã", sẽn da tar tempo sẽn yaa tao-tao, ne zãazã la Afro-Cuban "tõnd sẽn da mi b sẽn maand to-to".[59][60][61][62][63] African Jazzã leb n talla tumba tãb-biisi la ẽtɛrnɛt rãmb sẽn tũud ne Kongo Rumba.[64]

A Franco Luambo yɩɩl-yɩɩll a ye sẽn yaa OK Jazz yaa mi-solo (sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "half solo") gitɛɛrã, sẽn yɩɩnd arpegge wã la a sẽn da tʋmd ne gitɛɛr ning sẽn be taoor la sẽn be poorẽ wã sʋka.[65] OK Jazz da rɩka naam Kôngo rumba tãag yʋʋmd 1959, wakat ning b sẽn lugl Les Bantous de la Capitale wã, sẽn na n yɩll n wa ne mizik lekoll a tãab soabã sẽn naag taab n dɩkd bũmb nins sẽn da be rumba la rumba buud a yiibã pʋgẽ wã.[66][67][68]

1960s–1970s[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 1960 wã sɩngrẽ wã, Kongo rumba ra yaa buud sẽn tar pãng Afirik sẽn be tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, la a ra na n kɩtame tɩ Africa zaale la wĩntoogã mizik me paam pãng.[69][70][71] Sẽn da yaa yɩɩl-dãmb a Franco Luambo la a Grand Kalle tãmsã me ra sɩngda b meng tãmsã; Tabu Ley Rochereau ne Nico Kasanda sigla Africana Fiesta yʋʋmd 1963 wã.[72] A Kasanda sullã, sẽn tar a Charles Mwamba Déchaud me, n naan sull a ye sẽn boond t'a Docteur Nico la a African Fiesta Sukisa, tɩ a Rochereau ne a Roger Izeidi me sigl African Fiesta National.[73][74] Neb a taab wa a Mujos la a Depuissant n kẽng n tɩ naag ne yɩɩl sull toor-toorã.[75] B sẽn da wa n be wã, a Papa Wemba ne a Sam Mangwana ra naag-b lame. B sẽn wa n beẽ wã, b yɩɩla wa "Africa Mokili Mobimba" kɩtame tɩ b lebg Africa tãmsã sẽn yaa nin-kãsemse. B yɩɩla yaa "tõnd sẽn tar yɩɩl sẽn yaa sõma, b yaa tãms la bas-rãmbã sẽn yaa toor-toorã, la b yaa yɩɩl-rãmba sẽn gomd b meng yɩɩl-dãmb yell n yɩɩd taaba".[76][77]

Baa ne sẽn yaa tɩ Congolese rumba wã nafda neb wa Lipua-Lipua, Veve, OK Jazz la Bella Bella, kom-bɩɩs nins sẽn yaa Kongo wã baooda n na n boog b pãn-tusdgã, la b rɩkda OK Jazz School sẽn tar pãng n paasdẽ wã.[78][79] Yʋʋmd 1969 wã, karen-biis sull sẽn da be a Papa Wemba, a Jossart N'Yoka Longo la a Félix Manuaku Waku taoorẽ, n wa n boond tɩ Zako Langa Langa, n wa ne a naas soaba sẽn boond t'a Kongo rumba lekollã, sẽn yaa a naan-soaba, a sẽn maand bũmb sẽn pa wõnd a taab, a sẽn maan bũmb sẽn pa zemse, la a sẽn wilg tɩ "a yaa toog ne a sẽn maand a tʋʋmdã".[80][81][82] Clément wilgame tɩ b yɩɩla wʋsg yʋʋm 1970 wã pʋgẽ, n kɩt tɩ b bãng b sẽn yaa toor ne taaba, wala b sẽn da tar b bobã kibayã, b sẽn da tũnugd ne b bobã, b sebẽ wã (b sẽn da ket n maand yɩɩl naoor wʋsgo) la b sẽn da maand yɩɩl nins sẽn yaa atalaku (b sẽn yɩɩl n kõt sũ-noogo), b sẽn da yaa yɩɩl-tũudb, b sẽn yaa solistã, la b sẽn kiid ne "kẽng" yɩɩl sẽn yaa toor-toorã.[83][84] A Pepe Kalle, sẽn yaa Grand Kallé nin-tũudã, yaa a sẽn naan naan naan sigl a Empire Bakuba ne a Papy Texã, n paam tɩ b bãng Afrɩka ne b sẽn naan yɩɩl a Franco ne a Rochereau wã sẽn yaa sõma la b sẽn tall pãng n yɩɩl n yɩɩl sõma.[85]

Ndombolo[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 1980 wã saabẽ wã, a ndombolo lebga Afrika wã wã sẽn yaa yɩɩl sẽn yaa sõma la sẽn yaa sõma n na n yɩɩl n paas n paas n yɩɩl b sẽn boond tɩ rapã. A sẽn yaa sebéné wã, bɩ "tõnd sẽn yaa sõma" n wilg tɩ ndombolo wã yaa Atalakus sẽn maand yɩɩl la a gilgd gilgã.[86][87][88][89][90][91] Baa a Zako Langa Langa[92] sẽn sɩng-a wã, a Koffi Olomide la a Wenge Musica n kɩt tɩ b bãng a Zeova la b maneg a tʋʋmdã yʋʋmd 1990 wã.[93][94][95]

21st yʋʋm kob-gĩnd[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 2021 yʋʋm-rɩt kiuugã, Kongo rumba paama lisg UNESCO sẽn yã tɩ yaa nin-buiidã nin-buiidã sẽn tar bũmb nins sẽn pa tarã.[96][97]

Rumba wã yaa yɩɩl buud sẽn be Kongo wã, la b sẽn boond tɩ dansã. Yaa tẽn-tẽngã tʋʋm la rao ne pag sẽn kẽed ne-a wã sẽn kiidã. Sẽn yaa karen-bi-bãmb la b sẽn maand b tʋʋmdã, b kɩtdame tɩ b bãngd kom-bɩɩsã sẽn yaa kom-bõonegã, b zãms b karen-biis nins sẽn zãmsd b taabã la b zãms b taabã. Rumba wã yaa Kongo ned sẽn pa tõe n bas n yɩ a soaba, la a yaa bũmb sẽn sõngd tɩ b tõog n paas b yagengã taab zems-n-taar la b zems-n'a-taar pãnga. - UNESCO, b sẽn togs tɩ b pa mi b sẽn segd n maan bũmb ninsã

D yɩɩl makr[edit | edit source]

Mak-kãngã yita Kongo rumba wã pʋgẽ, a Franco (Luambo Makiadi) la a O.K. Jazz (saas 1950 wã sʋka). B sẽn boond tɩ "Tumbao" wã yaa "Tresillo" sẽn yaa wa a Montuno Biiga. A sã n wa yɩɩl ne a kibrã, a sã n wa wẽed ne a kibra, a sãnda yɩɩl a to wã. Sã n yaa ne Garland Encyclopedia of World Music wã, yɩɩl ning sẽn yaa pipi wã " tẽegda yʋʋm 1950 wã blues-grass la rockabilly mizikã pʋgẽ wã sẽn da yaa ne sãnem-tũusg la sãnem-to-soabã sẽn yaa kãsenga la sẽn yaa kãenkãe wã sẽn pa tõe n yãend ye".

"Passi ya boloko" sẽn yit a Franco nengẽ (sa-kẽem 1950 wã). Sẽn sɩng ne: yɩɩl-tõndg, ritm-tõnda, bas-tõondg.

Banning Eyre wã kɩtame tɩ b lebg ne Kongo wã gilga sẽn yaa wa a sẽn da yaa to-to wã, tɩ b ningd-a-la ne bas-n-tees nins sẽn tar n kõ-a wã.

A sã n wa tar sebẽ wã, a ket n yaa sebẽ wã sẽn tar sebẽ-n-tɩrgã. A sã n tar sebẽ a to wã, a sã n ket n yaa kobẽ wã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b bãng b sẽn yaa to-to wã.

Seben seb-neng a soukous yɩɩl pʋgẽ. Sẽn yit yĩngri: solo guitar; mi-solo guitar; paas-gɛt.

Pagb sẽn maand Kongo rumba[edit | edit source]

Women in a Congolese rumba barroom

Baa ne b sẽn da get b sẽn da maand yɩɩl to-to wã, b ra pa getẽ tɩ b ra maand yɩɩl ne b tẽnsã ye. Yʋʋmd 1930 wã, pʋg-paal sẽn da yaa yɩɩl-dãmb wa a Nathalie la a Emma Louise kõo pʋg-paalga sẽn na yɩl tɩ yɩɩl-dã lebgẽ Kinshasa la Brazzaville.[98] [99]Baa ne b sẽn pa mi b sẽn na n bãngẽ, b yaa neb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg Kongo mizikã zĩigẽ.[100] Yʋʋmd 1940 wã pʋgẽ, ra-kɩtbã sẽn yaa Gabrielle Maleka la Anne Mbassou maana tʋʋm wʋsg ne Kongo rumba sẽn wat n yaa b sẽn da boond tɩ Victoria Brazza wã.[101] Yʋʋmd 1950 wã poorẽ, pʋg-paalbã yɩɩla yɩɩnd dãmb sẽn tar pãng n gomd nonglem yɛl yelle, b koglg nebã, la b maood ne nebã fãa. A Martha Badibala, a Tekele Mokango, a Anne Ako, a Ester Sudila, a Léonine Mbongo, a Joséphine Sambeya, a Jeanne Ninin, la a Caroline Mpia lebga pãn-tusdg sẽn naan yɩt ne yɩɩlã sẽn naan yɩlẽ n naan yɩ-a nin-buiidã nin-buiidã sẽn da wa n beẽ wã.[102][103][104][105] A Marie Kitoto yɩɩ neb sẽn mi a yɩɩlã sẽn tar pãng la sũ-noogo, n yɩɩ yɩɩ yɩɩl n yɩɩ "Mbokamosika". La a Lucie Eyenga me yɩɩla Afrika Jazz wã pʋgẽ, a sẽn da tar yɩɩl sõma wã yĩnga, la sẽn wa n wa n wa yaa Rock-a-Mambo la Afrika Jazz sẽn naag taab n naag taab n zĩndẽ wã yĩnga.[106]

Abeti Masikini in 1978

Yɩɩllã sẽn da wa n yaa to-to wã, pagb ra ket n tʋmdame n tʋmd tʋʋm wʋsg ne b taabã. Wala makre, Kamerõ wã yɩɩl-gʋlsdã Marcelle Ebibi wilga a sẽn na n maan yɩɩl-kãnga wã ne a "Mama é", a sẽn da naag ne a pʋg-sadgã a Guy Léon Fylla la a Belzjam wã kiitarist a Bill Alexandre.[107][108][109][110] Yʋʋmd 1970 wã, a Abeti Masikini ne a Tigres sẽn yaa a tãb-biisã paama waoogr wʋsg b sẽn maan yʋʋmd 1973 wã, a sẽn maan yɩɩr a yembr Paris a Olympia Hall wã la a Carnegie Hall wã, a New York wã, yʋʋmd 1974 wã, a Zezi sẽn maan yɩɩrã ne a James Brown, a Miriam Makeba, a Tabu Ley Rochereau la a Franco Luambo yʋʋmd 1974 kiuugã, a sẽn wa n maand yɩɩr ning sẽn yaa siglgã sẽn yaa kãseng n be Kinshasa wã pʋgẽ wã.[111][112][113][114] A Abeti album a yiib-n-soabã, La voix du Zaire, l'idole de l'Afrique, sẽn yi yʋʋmd 1975 wã, ne yɩɩl nins sẽn yaa "Likayabo", "Yamba Yamba," "Kiliki Bamba", "Naliku Penda", la "Ngoyaye Bella Bellow", kɩtame t'a nebã ra nong-a wʋsgo, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Africa Wɛtgã. A sẽn da yaa a tãb-biisã, a sẽn boond tɩ Les Redoutables wã yaa pʋg-paal la rao yɩɩlã sẽn sɩng n yɩɩdã. A yɩɩlã yaa M'bilia Bel, Lokua Kanza la Tshala Muana.[115][116][117]

Yʋʋmd 1976 wã, a M'Pongo Love yɩɩl ning sẽn boond tɩ "Pas Possible Mati" wã paama b sẽn boond tɩ pʋg-paalã sẽn yɩɩdã, sẽn yaa kãsenga Kongo rumba wã pʋgẽ.[118] Yʋʋmd 1984 sɩngrẽ, a Tshala Muana ra wʋma album-rãmb wʋsg - Kami, Mbanda Matière, la M'Pokolo - Safari Ambiance labelã yĩnga. A sẽn da maand yɩɩl ne a yɩɩlã, a kɩtame tɩ b bãng tɩ b sẽn boond tɩ mutuashi wã yaa Luba wã kibs sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ b yĩm-n-tɩrsã yaa sõma. A "Karibu Yangu" sẽn yaa a soabã yʋʋmd 1988 wã paama pãng Africa sẽn be tẽns toɛy-toɛyã, n kɩt tɩ b bãngd pagb nins sẽn yaa pʋg-paalã wala a Faya Tess la a Barbara Kanam.[119][120][121][122]

Sẽn paase, sẽn paas rumba wã sẽn da yaa kʋdemdã, kiris-nebã sẽn da lebg rumba wã yɩɩ bũmb sẽn da tõe n sõng pagbã tɩ b bãng b sẽn dat n yɛɛlga.[123] B sẽn boond tɩ Les Makoma maana tʋʋmd sẽn yaa kãseng sẽn kẽed ne b sẽn na n kɩt tɩ b bãng tɩ b yaa rap sẽn tʋmd ne koe-noogã sẽn kẽed ne repiiblik ning sẽn boond tɩ Democratic Republic of Congo, sẽn kẽed ne a Deborah Lukalu, a Sandra Mbuyi, la a Dena Mwana.[124]

Tʋʋm-kãsems[edit | edit source]

Colombien champeta[edit | edit source]

Africa mizikã ra tara nebã wʋsg Kolombi wã yʋʋmd 1970 wã tɛka, la a tara pãng wʋsg ne tẽn-tẽngã mizik buud ning b sẽn boond tɩ champeta wã.[125][126] Yʋʋmd 1970 wã sʋka, neb sull sẽn da be koom-koglgẽ wã yiime n wa ne kaset sẽn yit Kongo la Nizeri Kolombi, n paas kaset sẽn tar yʋʋre 45 sẽn boond tɩ El Mambote sẽn yit Kongo l'Orchestre Veve nengẽ, la a yɩɩl ne DJ Victor Conde.[127][128][129][130] B sẽn da maand kasetã, b tʋma b tʋmdbã tɩ b bao b sẽn na n tall kasetã Afrika wã pʋgẽ wã, tɩ b paam n paam n paam kasetã n kõ DJ-bã la b sẽn na yɩl tɩ b bãng b sẽn tõe n tall kaset to-to wã. Yɩɩllã paama pãng wʋsgo, sẽn yɩɩd fãa tẽn-tẽnsã sẽn pa tar ligd wʋsg ye, Afro-Colombien neb sẽn be be zĩigã, la b kẽes-a lame karengã pʋsẽ, wa Cartagena, Barranquilla la Palenque de San Basilio.[131]

Champeta wã sẽn wa n yikã, yɩɩ yɩɩl-yɩɩndb sẽn yit Kongo wa Nicolas Kasanda wa Mikalay, Tabu Ley Rochereau, M'bilia Bel, Syran Mbenza, Lokassa Ya M'Bongo, Pépé Kallé, Rémy Sahlomon, la Kanda Man Bongo.[132][133] Kẽer sẽn be be wala a Viviano Torres, a Luis Towers, la a Charles King, fãa sẽn yit Palenque de San Basilio, sɩngame n gʋlsd b mens yɩɩl la b maand yɩɩl sẽn yaa toor-toore, la b ket n talld Kongo soukous pãn-tusdg sẽn yit Congo rumba pʋgẽ.[134] B yɩɩla la b yɩɩla ne b buud-gomd sẽn yaa Palenquero, sẽn yaa kreol buud-goam sẽn naag ne Ɛspayn la Bantu buud-goam wala Kikongo la Lingala.[135][136]

A Champeta yɩɩl ne a rumba sẽn yaa Kongo wã yaa sõma. Gitarã la Casio makã sigr-n-taagã sẽn na yɩl n tall yel-solemdã, sõngame tɩ b tõog n tall a Champeta sẽn yaa sõma wã.[137]

Yʋʋmd 2020 tʋʋl-nif kiuug rasem 2 Super Bowl LIV sẽn zĩnd Hard Rock Stadium wã pʋgẽ, a Sakira ra dansame ne yɩɩl ning sẽn yaa "Icha" sẽn yit Kongo Artist Syran Mbenza sẽn naag ne yɩɩla. B boond-a lame t'a "El Sebastián" Kolombi. A Shakira sẽn maan woto wã kɩtame tɩ b maan #ChampetaChallenge buud-goam toor-toore.[138][139]

Ivorian coupé-décalé[edit | edit source]

Rumba sẽn boond tɩ ndombolo sẽn yit Kongo wã kɩtame tɩ b kẽed ne coupe-décalé wã ne a atalaku, sẽn yaa gom-bil sẽn gomd animators dãmba bɩ neb nins sẽn maand tɩ nebã pẽg-bã yelle, sẽn paasd reemã la reemã pãng b sẽn maandẽ wã, b yɩɩlã pʋsẽ.[140][141][142][143] Bãngr-gomd ning sẽn sɩng n gom atalaku wã yaa Zaïko Langa Langa, yʋʋm 1980 wã. B sẽn wa n sɩng n maand yɩɩllã, b sẽn da boond tɩ "Atalaku! Tala! Atalaku mama, Zekete" (Ges-y maam! Ges-y-yã! Ges maam, ma! Zekete!) A sẽn wa n na n yeelã, a kelgame, n baood tɩ b ges-a.[144][145] A sẽn wa n na n wa ne coupe-décalé wã, rumba sẽn yit Kongo wã ra ket n yaa vẽenega. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn yiis "Sagacité" wã, a Douk Saga pipi yɩɩlã, a atalaku wã ra yaa vẽenega.[146] A DJ Arafat, sẽn yaa Ivori tẽn-gãonga yɩɩl-gʋlsdã, sak n deegame t'a atalaku tara pãng a tʋʋma pʋgẽ. Gom-bi-kãngã sẽn sɩng to-to wã loogame, n lebg gom-biis sẽn be Côte d'Ivoire la tẽns nins sẽn pẽ-a wã pʋsẽ, baa ne a sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "pĩndlem".[147][148]

Frans Hip Hop[edit | edit source]

Yʋʋmd 1990 wã sɩngrẽ, Afirik tẽnga pʋgẽ, televiziõ wã sẽn yaa ne satelite wã sẽn wa n wa n zĩnd n paas ne Internetã sẽn wa n paas yʋʋm kobs-gĩndẽ wã, Frans hip-hopã paama pãng Africa wã.[149][150][151] A sẽn yi United States wã, a paama nebã wʋsg Africa wã sẽn yaa a sẽn be French la tẽns a taab sẽn be European pʋsẽ.[152][153][154] Sɩngrẽ wã, America hip hop wã sẽn naanã, French buudã paama b mens ne b sẽn da yaa toor-toorã, n paam n paam n dɩk a meng n dɩk a sẽn yaa Afirik n kõ a rapper-rãmb wʋsg sẽn da tar b mensã n kõ-a.[155]

Yʋʋmd 1990 wã saabẽ wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Bisso Na Bisso wã, sẽn yaa French rapper dãmb sẽn yit Congo, ra yaa taoor soaba sẽn kɩt tɩ b kẽes Congo rumba ritmẽ wã French rap.[156][157][158] B album Racines wã naagame ne Amerik hip hop, Kongo rumba, soukous la zouk ritm, n naag ne Africa maan-kʋʋdb wa Koffi Olomidé, Papa Wemba, Ismaël Lô, Lokua Kanza, la Manu Dibango, ne French-Karibi zouk sull ning sẽn boond tɩ Kassav'.[159] B sẽn da tar b sẽn da yaa b sẽn da tar bũmb ning fãa wã yaa b sẽn pa tar b sẽn pa mi b sẽn da tõe n bãng bũmb ning sẽn yaa b sẽn mi n bãng bũmb ningã ye. Yʋʋmd 2000 wã sɩngrẽ, Frans rap yɩɩr wʋsg sẽn yaa kʋdemdã yaa Lingala, sẽn naag ne rumba guitar riffs sẽn tar pãng n paasã.[160][161] A Mokobé Traoré, Mali-Franse rapper n paas n paas n wilg t'a tara pãng a woto album ning sẽn boond t'a Mon Afrique wã pʋgẽ, a sẽn maan yɩɩlã wa a Fally Ipupa sẽn be soukous-yẽnga "Malembe.[162] "Congolization" sẽn tar pãng wʋsg n yɩɩd hip-hopã, n kẽed buud toor-toorã wa R&B la tũudum mizikã, la b paamame tɩ b paam n kẽ Europe la Afrika sẽn gomd Frankofõon buud-gomdã pʋgẽ.[163] Yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Youssoupha, Maître Gims, Dadju, Niska, Singuila, Damso, KeBlack, Naza, Zola, Kalash Criminel, Ninho, Kaysha, Franglish, Gradur, Shay, Bramsito, Baloji, Tiakola, la Ya Levis Dalwear. B fãa yaa Kongo mizik yageng kamba.

Africa sẽn be tẽns a yiibu wã mizik[edit | edit source]

Sẽn wa n wa n wa baas Radio Congo Belge sẽn tar pãng Afirik sẽn be tẽns a yiibu wã, a sẽn da tar pãng Afiriki soolmẽ wã, a paama neb wʋsg sẽn na n kelg-a. A lebga Afirik sẽn yaa tẽng ning sẽn getẽ la a sẽn maandẽ wã.[164] Sã n yaa ne Brian Briant University wã, a Alex Perullo sẽn yaa tẽng ning b sẽn boond tɩ ethnomusicology wã, a Mobutu sẽn wa n boond tɩ Zairianization wã kɩtame tɩ Kongo rumba wã nebã ra nong Tanzaniya la Kenya[165], la b sẽn da yiisd albumã la kasetã sẽn yit Kinshasa wã, b kẽnga tẽns nins sẽn be Afrika kiidã soolmẽ wã.[166] Kongo rumba bands wala Orchestra Maquis Original, sẽn sigl b tʋʋm zĩisẽ Tanzani, ne Mzee Makassy.[167] B sẽn da tar minim n maand Kongo rumba ne Kiswahili wã, b kɩtame tɩ b tõog n zab ne b sẽn yaa tẽng-n-taag rãmb wa Simba Wanyika, Les Wanyika, Fundi Konde, Daudi Kabaka, la Fadhili William sẽn da naag ne Kongo rumba wã ne Afrika sẽn be tẽnsẽ wã buud-gomd la b sẽn tarã.[168] Kenya tẽnga tãnsãb sẽn yaa TP Luna Kidi[169][170] la Limpopo International, sẽn yɩɩnd ne b buud-gomd sẽn yaa Dholuo, n naag ne Swahili.[171] Sẽn paase, yɩɩl-yendb a taab sẽn da be b tẽngẽ wã ra pẽgda rumba buud-gomd sẽn yit Kôngo wã, n yɩɩnd ne lingala zãng-zãng hal tɩ b ra pa le gomd b buud-goamã ye.[172] Rumba wã sẽn da tar pãng Afrikdisiid tẽmsẽ wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Kenya, la a sẽn paasd mizikã sẽn da yaa to-to wã kɩtame tɩ yɩɩl-n-bɛdã lebg bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg nin-kẽembã yĩnga, tɩ yɩɩl-n-bɛd nins sẽn da be reemã zĩisẽ wã ra ket n tar rumba wã b reepartõ wã pʋgẽ.[173]

Ges-y me[edit | edit source]

  • Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Musicians from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Sõndb sẽn be[edit | edit source]

Biiblã sẽn gomd bũmb ninsã[edit | edit source]

  • Gary Stewart (2000). Rumba on the River: A History of the Popular Music of the Two Congos. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-368-9
  • .Wheeler, Jesse Samba (March 2005). "Rumba Lingala as Colonial Resistance" Image & Narrative (10). Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2015.

Sebtiise[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=7VmcEAAAQBAJ
  2. ↑ https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/15/congolese-rumba-added-unesco-heritage-list
  3. ↑ https://en.unesco.org/news/43-elements-inscribed-unescos-intangible-cultural-heritage-lists
  4. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC
  5. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=fRycCwAAQBAJ&dq=rumba+from+yuka+and+Kongo+people&pg=PT151
  6. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=JOlGAQAAMAAJ&q=rumba%20comes%20from%20nkumba
  7. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=kbc7AQAAIAAJ&q=rumba%20comes%20from%20nkumba
  8. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=91CnDwAAQBAJ
  9. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=fRycCwAAQBAJ&dq=rumba+from+yuka+and+Kongo+people&pg=PT151
  10. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=FaTfuuIlmqcC
  11. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=A3ZLvBuyDHEC
  12. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=zGC_ZNOrKDwC
  13. ↑ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/039219219704517912?journalCode=dioa
  14. ↑ https://www.southworld.net/dr-congo-dancing-to-the-rumba-rhythm/
  15. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lJkkAQAAIAAJ&q=rumba%20enslaved%20kongo%20people
  16. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=fRycCwAAQBAJ&dq=rumba+from+yuka+and+Kongo+people&pg=PT151
  17. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=zGC_ZNOrKDwC
  18. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC
  19. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC
  20. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/brief-history-popular-music-drc
  21. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/30249807
  22. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC
  23. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  24. ↑ https://www.librairiecharlemagne.com/livre/6787987-histoire-de-la-musique-congolaise-52-ans-de-la--clement-ossinonde-ed-ices
  25. ↑ https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/musique-clement-ossinonde-en-sejour-brazzaville-129054
  26. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  27. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222612/https://www.dac-presse.com/albert-loboko-inspirateur-et-precurseur-des-notions-de-la-rumba-en-1932-congo-rumba/
  28. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2019/09/07/les-deux-premiers-grands-orchestres-de-cuivres-de-brazzaville-et-de-kinshasa-en-1940/
  29. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2019/09/07/les-deux-premiers-grands-orchestres-de-cuivres-de-brazzaville-et-de-kinshasa-en-1940/
  30. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC
  31. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2019/09/07/les-deux-premiers-grands-orchestres-de-cuivres-de-brazzaville-et-de-kinshasa-en-1940/
  32. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC
  33. ↑ https://www.librairiecharlemagne.com/livre/6787987-histoire-de-la-musique-congolaise-52-ans-de-la--clement-ossinonde-ed-ices
  34. ↑ https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  35. ↑ https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  36. ↑ https://archive.org/details/latintingeimpact0000robe/page/217
  37. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/brief-history-popular-music-drc
  38. ↑ https://www.librairiecharlemagne.com/livre/6787987-histoire-de-la-musique-congolaise-52-ans-de-la--clement-ossinonde-ed-ices
  39. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC
  40. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  41. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090101091525/http://aliaagency.com/artists/artist.php?id=10
  42. ↑ https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  43. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2019/09/07/les-deux-premiers-grands-orchestres-de-cuivres-de-brazzaville-et-de-kinshasa-en-1940/
  44. ↑ https://www.congopage.com/le-sebene-dans-la-musique-congolaise-moderne
  45. ↑ https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  46. ↑ https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  47. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  48. ↑ https://www.librairiecharlemagne.com/livre/6787987-histoire-de-la-musique-congolaise-52-ans-de-la--clement-ossinonde-ed-ices
  49. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  50. ↑ https://www.librairiecharlemagne.com/livre/6787987-histoire-de-la-musique-congolaise-52-ans-de-la--clement-ossinonde-ed-ices
  51. ↑ https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  52. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  53. ↑ https://www.librairiecharlemagne.com/livre/6787987-histoire-de-la-musique-congolaise-52-ans-de-la--clement-ossinonde-ed-ices
  54. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC
  55. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=3eLaDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en
  56. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=3eLaDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en
  57. ↑ https://www.universrumbacongolaise.com/chroniques/les-deux-ecoles-de-la-rumba-congolaise/
  58. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  59. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  60. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=5fMZ8La_PSYC
  61. ↑ https://www.universrumbacongolaise.com/chroniques/les-deux-ecoles-de-la-rumba-congolaise/
  62. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=mfWiDwAAQBAJ
  63. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=oAvK3oOxtlkC
  64. ↑ https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  65. ↑ https://kenyapage.net/franco/band.html
  66. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  67. ↑ https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20190507-congo-b-bantous-capitale-fetent-soixante-ans-nouvel-album
  68. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2019/06/20/les-bantous-de-la-capitale-lexperience-dune-vie/
  69. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=v8WF7lN5JdoC
  70. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=_IAWDAAAQBAJ
  71. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ
  72. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=DQXR244YSBEC
  73. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=zlwQXNlD6icC&dq=Nico+Kasanda+African+Fiesta&pg=PA24
  74. ↑ https://afropop.org/articles/best-of-the-beat-on-afropop-leo-sarkisian-zairean-guitar-legend-mwamba-dechaud
  75. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=zlwQXNlD6icC&dq=Nico+Kasanda+African+Fiesta&pg=PA24
  76. ↑ https://worldmusic.net/blogs/news/tabu-ley-rochereau-receives-award
  77. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=sicEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Africa+Mokili+Mobimba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUi5_r8PyCAxUSnWoFHcKyBbAQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=Africa%20Mokili%20Mobimba&f=false
  78. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC
  79. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  80. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  81. ↑ https://www.librairiecharlemagne.com/livre/6787987-histoire-de-la-musique-congolaise-52-ans-de-la--clement-ossinonde-ed-ices
  82. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36131322
  83. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  84. ↑ https://www.librairiecharlemagne.com/livre/6787987-histoire-de-la-musique-congolaise-52-ans-de-la--clement-ossinonde-ed-ices
  85. ↑ https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/entertainment/20-years-after-pepe-kalle-s-death-where-are-empire-bakuba-stars--1797774
  86. ↑ https://miziki-ya-congo.jimdofree.com/le-ndombolo/
  87. ↑ https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200312020974.html
  88. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=BKnIEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT361&dq=ndombolo+dance+music&hl=en
  89. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=fHzDEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA207&dq=ndombolo+dance+music+east+africa&hl=en
  90. ↑ https://www.afroconex.online/post/spreading-ndombolo-across-africa-with-bush-sebar
  91. ↑ https://www.czech.radio/node/5231154
  92. ↑ https://miziki-ya-congo.jimdofree.com/le-ndombolo/
  93. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=vtBj4psmJlcC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA129&dq=ndombolo+dance+music&hl=en
  94. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=4QjPDAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA313&dq=many+congolese+move+to+europe+in+1990s&hl=en
  95. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c84xqw9ppk1o
  96. ↑ https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/15/congolese-rumba-added-unesco-heritage-list
  97. ↑ https://en.unesco.org/news/43-elements-inscribed-unescos-intangible-cultural-heritage-lists
  98. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  99. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=7VmcEAAAQBAJ
  100. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  101. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  102. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  103. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=3QBXEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA200&dq=Martha+Badibala&hl=en
  104. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSEOAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Martha+Badibala&q=Martha+Badibala&hl=en
  105. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Tt4rAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tekele+Mokango&q=Tekele+Mokango&hl=en
  106. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  107. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  108. ↑ https://e-journal.info/w/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/0083.pdf
  109. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=3QBXEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA200&dq=Martha+Badibala&hl=en
  110. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=HwFXEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA180&dq=Marcelle+Ebibi&hl=en
  111. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/decouvrez-lhistoire-captivante-dabeti-masikini-une-legende-inoubliable
  112. ↑ https://www.musicme.com/
  113. ↑ https://actualite.cd/2021/12/28/rdc-yolanda-la-fille-ainee-de-abeti-masikini-ete-enterree-ce-mardi
  114. ↑ http://fr.travel.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/0774YJ3XiSlc0J2x.html
  115. ↑ https://www.musicme.com/
  116. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/decouvrez-lhistoire-captivante-dabeti-masikini-une-legende-inoubliable
  117. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  118. ↑ https://www.musicme.com/M'pongo-Love/biographie/
  119. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/23/arts/music/tshala-muana-dead.html
  120. ↑ https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/how-east-africa-said-karibu-to-tshala-muana-4060042
  121. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  122. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63981311
  123. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  124. ↑ http://zenga-mambu.com/2020/03/08/musique-congolaise-8-mars-journee-internationale-des-femmes/
  125. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=r2nbDwAAQBAJ&dq=congolese+in+colombia+champeta&pg=PT60
  126. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Utpc5-zDBqAC
  127. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=UvtHAox4T5EC
  128. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/08/columbia-african-music-palenque
  129. ↑ https://longlivevinyl.net/2020/01/17/colombias-african-soul/
  130. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/linfluence-de-la-rumba-congolaise-sur-la-scene-musicale-mondiale
  131. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=UvtHAox4T5EC
  132. ↑ https://longlivevinyl.net/2020/01/17/colombias-african-soul/
  133. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/08/columbia-african-music-palenque
  134. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=UvtHAox4T5EC
  135. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=UvtHAox4T5EC
  136. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lkVADwAAQBAJ
  137. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/linfluence-de-la-rumba-congolaise-sur-la-scene-musicale-mondiale
  138. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/linfluence-de-la-rumba-congolaise-sur-la-scene-musicale-mondiale
  139. ↑ https://www.okayafrica.com/shakira-afro-colombian-dance-champeta-to-the-super-bowl-performance/
  140. ↑ https://musique.rfi.fr/coupe-decale/20210108-coupe-decale-tempo-sulfureux
  141. ↑ https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/07/25/c-est-la-musique-preferee-des-ivoiriens-a-abidjan-les-congolais-entretiennent-la-flamme-de-la-rumba_6136095_3212.html
  142. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=19GCAgAAQBAJ
  143. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=4azzvK4AudYC&dq=Atalaku+ndombolo&pg=PA84
  144. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=dn4CijpnieMC
  145. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=MsLMW6gCULgC&dq=Atalaku!%22+Tala!+Atalaku+mama,+Zekete&pg=PA61
  146. ↑ https://musique.rfi.fr/coupe-decale/20210108-coupe-decale-tempo-sulfureux
  147. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/linfluence-de-la-rumba-congolaise-sur-la-scene-musicale-mondiale
  148. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2biumv8CjaE
  149. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=FEvEEAAAQBAJ
  150. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=4q8Go919P3kC
  151. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQhDq8fPj2IC
  152. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=FEvEEAAAQBAJ
  153. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=9xWOAgAAQBAJ
  154. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lNHrAwAAQBAJ
  155. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=FEvEEAAAQBAJ
  156. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230824084731/http://www.african-music-safari.com/bisso-na-bisso.html
  157. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=nOPNEAAAQBAJ
  158. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=4q8Go919P3kC
  159. ↑ https://repeatingislands.com/2017/07/05/how-french-hip-hop-found-its-own-voice-by-going-back-to-africa/
  160. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230824084731/http://www.african-music-safari.com/bisso-na-bisso.html
  161. ↑ https://repeatingislands.com/2017/07/05/how-french-hip-hop-found-its-own-voice-by-going-back-to-africa/
  162. ↑ https://repeatingislands.com/2017/07/05/how-french-hip-hop-found-its-own-voice-by-going-back-to-africa/
  163. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/linfluence-de-la-rumba-congolaise-sur-la-scene-musicale-mondiale
  164. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/effect-rumba-kenyan-pop-scene
  165. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174590
  166. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174590
  167. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/effect-rumba-kenyan-pop-scene
  168. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/effect-rumba-kenyan-pop-scene
  169. ↑ https://allafrica.com/stories/200706230012.html
  170. ↑ https://kenyapage.net/commentary/musica/ochieng-kabasselleh/
  171. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/effect-rumba-kenyan-pop-scene
  172. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/effect-rumba-kenyan-pop-scene
  173. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/effect-rumba-kenyan-pop-scene
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