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pineapple
Subclass offruit, multiple fruit, tropical fruit Tekre
Coloryellow Tekre
Natural product of taxonAnanas comosus Tekre
Unicode character🍍 Tekre

Sõngr sẽn yaa zaalem n yit Wikipedia pʋgẽ.

"Red Pineapple" lebgdame n na n wa be. Sẽn na yɩl n bãng tɩ yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b bãng tɩ b yaa tɩlɛ, bɩ b ges:

A yaa tɩɩg sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd b sẽn tõe n dɩ wã.[1][2][3]

A yaa Amerik-nyʋʋr buud sẽn be zĩig ning b sẽn da bʋd-a yʋʋm kobs-gĩnd wʋsgo. Yʋʋm kobs 17 soabã pʋgẽ, b sẽn wa n tɩ tall nandã n kẽng Erɔpã, b kɩtame tɩ b lebg bur-zẽedã bõn-naandg sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo. Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm 1820 wã, b bɩɩda nandã ne kom-biis ne b sẽn tigimd-a zĩigã.

Bãagrã bɩtame n yaa tɩɩs sẽn yaa bilf la b sã n pa tar tɩbgr bɩ b sã n tar tɩbgã, b sã n wa tar tɩbg n yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa toor-toorã, b na n lebga biis wʋsgo.[2][4][5]

A Bilgre

Template:Wp/mos/Multiple image A yaa tɩɩs sẽn tar tɩɩs wʋsgo, tɩ b tõe n zẽka n ta mʋʋnd 1,0 n ta mɩɩnd 1,5. Bãadã tara tɩɩg sẽn yaa bilf la sẽn tar sẽm ne vãad sẽn yaa kãenkãe. A sã n naan a biisã, a tõe n woma bõn-buud sẽn ta 200 la a sã n wa tar biis wʋsgo, a tõeeme n yɩɩg-a woto. A sã n wa pukd fu-rãmba, a biis fãa sẽn be fu-rãmbã sʋka, b naagdame n naan biis wʋsgo. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n paam tɩ b bɩɩs b biis a taabã, b segd n yãka b toor-toor tɩ b tall-b n kõ b taabã. B tõe n yiisda bõn-buud-kãensã tɩ b tõog n paas b toorẽ biisẽ.[6] B sẽn yaa kom-biisã wɛɛngẽ, b bɩɩda b sẽn be b zĩiga zugã. A tara vãad sẽn yaa wa gãn-n-tɩr sẽn yaa 30 bɩ sẽn yɩɩd n yaa wa gãnd sẽn yaa wa bãag sẽn tar sẽk n yaa a sẽn tar a sẽkã. Yʋʋmd a pipi wã, a sã n wa bɩ, a sãame n lebg kãsenga, a sãamã yaa wʋsgo. Sẽn na maan kiis 12 bɩ kiuug 20 poore, b zẽkda b tɩlã n lebg tɩlã, n tar tɩlã, tɩ tɩlã, sẽn tar tɩlã n yɩɩd 100 n yaa ne tɩlã, la tɩlɛ tɩ b fãa tall tɩlã.

Yaa ne b sẽn pa mi b sẽn pa tar b sẽn tõe n dɩt n dɩt koomã.[2][7] Bãagbã sẽn yaa b rãmb n pa tar b sẽn tõe n dɩt b namsgã, b pa tõe n dɩd b namsgã ye.[8] Sẽn yaa tɩlae tɩ b bɩɩs bõn-buudã, b sẽn maand tɩ b bɩɩsd bõn-buudu wã kɩtdame tɩ b pa tar bark ye.[2] Hawaii, sẽn da yaa zĩn-dãmb la b ra maand n maand n maand tɩ bãagã, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã pʋgẽ,[9] b gɩdgame tɩ b ra talld bõn-buudã ye.[10]

Yãadã rogdame n lebg bẽedã, tɩ b lebg biis sẽn yaa kãenkãe, sẽn yaa kãense, la b sõor yaa wʋsgo. A yaa ne a Zeova la a Zeova ningd-a la a kõt-a barka.[11]

A yaa a sẽn maand tɩ b tõe n bãng a Zeova wã. A yaa a Zeova Kaset soaba.[12]

Taxonomy

Piinãsã tara bõn-buud toor-toor a nu, sẽn da yaa toor-toore. B sẽn maan buud toor-toor a tãab genom wã, sẽn tarẽ wã, b segla-b lame.

Yɛl sẽn yit b sẽn boond tɩ Ananas comosus var wã (d comosus (Linnaeus) B sẽn naan n yãgd Brazil la Paraguai wã; b sẽn naan tɩ b yãgd Azi wã, Afirik, Ostrali, Megizõ, Central Amerika, West Indies, Zu-soab Amerika rɩtgẽ wã, la tẽn-yũudb toor-toore sẽn be Pasifik koom-koglgã pʋgẽ. a sẽn yaa a soab bɩ a sẽn yaa b) a soab bɩ b) a soabã mikrostacyse (Mez) L.B.Sm. Koos-rɩka ne Paraguay, la a yaa a Ananas comosus var. parguazensis (Camargo & L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal Colombia, Venezuela, Brezil rɩtg, Guaiana, Frans Guaiana.[13]

Image Varieties Distribution
Ananas comosus var. bracteatus (L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Ecuador
Ananas comosus var. comosus (Linnaeus) Merrill Brazil and Paraguay; naturalized in parts of Asia, Africa, Australia, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, northern South America, and various islands in the Pacific
Ananas comosus var. erectifolius (L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, French Guiana
Ananas comosus var. microstachys (Mez) L.B.Sm. from Costa Rica to Paraguay
Ananas comosus var. parguazensis (Camargo & L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana
Etymology

Pipi gom-biis nins b sẽn tar n gomd nandã buud-goamã yell b sẽn gomdã yaa André Thevet sẽn lebg yʋʋmd 1568 soabã sebr ning b sẽn boond tɩ The New Found World, la a sẽn boond tɩ Antarctique wã. A gom-biisa gomda a Hoyriri, tɩ yaa tɩr sẽn be Tupinambá nebã sẽn naan n dɩ n vɩ Rio de Janeiro soolmẽ wã, la b tẽedame tɩ yaa nandã buud toor-toore.[14] Woto kɩtame tɩ b lebg tɩ b boond tɩ Ananas comosus, tɩ b yeel tɩ 'tufted' yaa tɩrgã. B sẽn gʋls yʋʋmd 1613 wã, b goma tɩ b boond tɩ bi-bõn-buudã tɩ Ananas, la b gʋlsame tɩ Mandeville n gʋls gom-biig ning b sẽn boond tɩ biisi wã yʋʋmd 1714 wã.n yaa a Pineapple fruit, whole and in longitudinal section


Pineapple fruit, whole and in longitudinal section
Precolonial cultivation

Rãgbã sẽn yaa burkĩna wã yita Paraná-Paraguay River drenages sẽn be Brazil zĩ-gõoneg ne Paraguay sʋka. B pa mi a sẽn na n zãag-a ye, la a yalsa zĩig fãa sẽn be Zuud-Amerika.[2][15] Arkeoloog sẽn tar kaset tɩ b ra tũnugda ne-a wã yaa yʋʋmd 1200-800 BC (sẽn zems yʋʋmd 1200-2800 BP) Peru la yʋʋmd 200 BC - yʋʋmd 700 AD (sẽn deng yʋʋmd 200-1300 BP) Meziiko, zĩig ning b ra zãad-a ne Maayã la Azteek rãmbã. Sẽn ta yʋʋm 1400 wã saabẽ wã, b ra rɩtga nand-bɩɩgã n paas b sẽn da rɩt n dat n dɩt b rɩɩbã. Sẽn deng n wa n yã-a wã yaa a Christopher Columbus sẽn yã-a a Guadeloupe yʋʋmd 1493 kiuug rasem 4 wã. B sẽn da wa n boond tɩ "Poeira", b sẽn da boond tɩ "Sãoãoãoão-rãmbã" wã, b sẽn da wa ne b sẽn da yaa "São-rãmbã" wã, yaa b sẽn da yeel tɩ b "na n dɩka b tɩɩsã". B sẽn da wa n naan n naan n dɩkd b sẽn boond tɩ "Red Spanish [es]" wã, b ra rɩtda b sẽn da boond tɩ "red Spanish [es]" wã n kẽng Filipine. B ra rɩtga b sẽn da naan n naan tɩ b naan rɩt b sẽn da yaa b sẽn naan n naan rɩtgã n sɩng n sɩng yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 17 soabã poor. [16]

A Colomb sẽn wa ne tɩɩgã n wa Ɛspaynã, a boonda-a t'a Piña de Indes, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "Indien rãmbã tɩɩgã". A Pipa wã paama b rãmb a Peter Martyr's Decades of the New World (1516) la a Antonio Pigafetta's Relazione du premier voyage autour du monde (1524-1525), la b sẽn deng n bãng a sẽn maan bũmb ning a Oviedo sẽn wilg a sẽn na n maan Indie wã yɛl sõor sẽn yaa to-to wã pʋgẽ (1535).[17]

Kibs nins sẽn gomd dũni-kʋdemdã yellã

Britannia ning sẽn da tar-a wã ra tara karẽngr sẽn tar nand-rɩt n paas nand-rɩɩm sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Nature, Industry, and Science wã, ne orangeeri sẽn be poorẽ wã (The Gardeners Dictionary, 1764) La nand-rιt sẽn da pak Europe nebã tɩ b lebg kolonialismã biis, b pa tõog n bɩɩs-a Erop ye, hal tɩ tãag a Pieter de la Court (1664-1739) sẽn wa n naan ne pis-kãnga zẽedã sẽn be Leiden tẽngẽ wã. Yʋʋmd 1719 wã, b yiisda nandã tɩɩs n tɩ kõ Angletã log-rãmba, la yʋʋmd 1730 wã, b kõ-b-la Frans rãmb. Angletɛɛrã, b yiisa pipi nandɩ-kẽeng Dorney Court, Dorney sẽn be Buckinghamshire wã, la b me me me me yidga "ndɩ-kẽn-kẽenga" sẽn na yɩl n paam tɩ b tɩgã tɩɩsã yʋʋmd 1723 wã, Chelsea Physic Garden.[18] [19]Yʋʋmd 1733 wã, b kõo rĩm a Louis XV sẽn be Fransã nand-a-laag Versailles. Rɩs-rɩsɩɩs soolmẽ wã, a Pɩɛɛr Kãsengã talla a de la Courtã manesem n wa Sankt-Peterbourg yʋʋmd 1720 wã. Yʋʋmd 1730 wã,[20] b tall-a lame n kẽng a Anna sẽn yaa rĩm-poakã roogã sẽn be Moskovã.

Sẽn yaa to-to tɩ b talld-b-la b sẽn tall n tall-b n tɩ tall-b zĩig ningã, la b ra baood tʋʋm wʋsgo, tɩ b ra tõe n tɩgã zĩig ning b sẽn boond tɩ "piineri" wã, nand-n-tɩr lebgda arzɛkã mak-sõngo. Pipi, b ra tũnugda ne-b n wilgdẽ tɩ b yaa rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd tɩ b rɩ, la b ra tũnugd ne-b naoor wʋsgo hal tɩ b wa n sɩng n sãamdẽ. [21] Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã pʋɩ-sʋkẽ, b ra maanda yɩɩg wʋsg ne b nin-buiidã. [22]A John Murray, a 4 soabã sẽn yaa a Dunmore wã naaba, me me me me n me a roogã ne kug sẽn tar a sẽn tar a tɩɩgã sẽn tar a zẽedã sẽn ta mɛtɛɛr 14 n boond t'a Dunmore Pineapple. [23] Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, nand-bãoogã lebga bõn-naands sẽn makd sãambã.[24][25][26]

A Yuumd Kobr 19 Wakat

B maana b toor-toor buud toor-toor n na n bɩɩs b tɩɩsã, tɩ b fãa yita Antilles tẽn-zẽmsã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa yaa "Smooth Cayenne", sẽn da wa n wa Frans yʋʋmd 1820 wã, n yaool n lebg n kẽng Etazĩni yʋʋmd 1835 wã, la b yi Britanni wã n tɩ yi Hawaï n kẽng Ostrali la Afirik. "Smooth Cayenne" yaa dũni wã sẽn naanã buud sẽn yɩɩd fãa. [25] B sẽn da wa n yiisd b meng n yiisd a meng n kẽng Erop wã, b ra yaa b sẽn da yiisd a menga. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã sɩngrẽ, b ra zãada nand-pees toor-toorã n yit Ɛndi soolmẽ wã, tɩ b tall-b wʋsgo, tɩ b tõog n boog b ligd Eropã pʋgẽ. [25] Sẽn paase, Azor tẽns n da maand nandã, la Afirik la Karayib soolmã n da maand n paas Afirik.

Ɛspanyol rãmbã talla nandã n wa Hawaay yʋʋmd 1800 soabã pʋgẽ.  La b boond-a lame tɩ hala kahiki ("dũniyã halã"),   la b lugla pipi tigis-dãmbã yʋʋmd 1886.[27][28][29] Sẽn da yaa ned sẽn da tar yõod n yɩɩd yaa a James Dole, sẽn wa n kẽng Hawaay yʋʋmd 1899 wã.  La a sɩng n yidga a naanãs tɩɩs sẽn yaa zĩiga a 60 n paas yʋʋmd 1900 wã, n lebg a Dole Food Company. [30][31] Dole ne a Del Monte sɩngame n wubd nand-baas Oahu tẽn-tẽngẽ yʋʋmd 1901 la yʋʋmd 1917, la Maui Pineapple Company sɩngame n bɩɩd nand-b la Maui yʋʋmd 1909 wã. [32]A James Dole sɩng n maand nand-a-la-bi-la-la-m-la-maandg tɩ b ra maand n kõ-a-a-yã. A Henry Ginaca me ra maana b sẽn dat n maan n kõ-b-la-a-bi-lasg tɩ b tõog n yiis-a-ba.[25]

Hawaay nebã sẽn da yiisd koomã sɩngame n boog yʋʋmd 1970 wã, tɩ yaa ne dorgã la b sẽn dɩk koglg sẽn yaa koom-koglg sẽn yaa ko-kãsengã n dɩkd koomã. A Dole basa a sẽn da maand a sẽn da tar a meng ne a sẽn da naanã wã n naan naan naan naanãs n naan naanãse.[33] Yʋʋmd 2009 soabã pʋgẽ, Maui Pineapple Company wã kɩtame tɩ b pa le tʋmd ne nand-n-tɩr ye.  Yʋʋmd 2013 soabã tɛka, a Dole plantation wã bal n da tar nand-n naand sẽn yaa dũniyã toodã pʋga 0.1%. [34][35] Baa ne bõn-kãensã, wakat ninga b tũnugda ne ananasã n makd Hawaay.  [36][37] Sẽn paase, yaa rẽ yĩng bal la b boond rɩɩb nins sẽn tar nandã tɩ "Hawaii wã".

Filip-n-talsã pʋgẽ, Etazĩni tẽnga sẽn getã, b sɩng n boond tɩ "Smooth Cayenne" yʋʋmd 1900 wã sɩngrẽ. Dole ne a Del Monte sigla plantãs Mindanao tẽn-tẽngã yʋʋmd 1920 wã; Cotabato la Bukidnon soolmẽ wã.  [21][38] Yʋʋmd 1920 wã, Filip-n-taasã me n da sɩng n maand b sẽn tõe n talld b sẽn tõe fãa n talld-b tɩ b tall-b tɩ lebg b sẽn tõe to-to. Zaab-kãngã paama pãng dũni gill zabr a yiib-n-soabã pʋgẽ, la Hawaay rɩka naam dũniyã gill raabẽ hal n tãag yʋʋmd 1960 wã.

Filip-n-taasã ket n yaa tẽn-bɛd sẽn yiisd nandã dũniyã gill zugu. A Del Monte plantasiõ wã yaa b sẽn naan zãag b zĩigã pʋgẽ, Filipine ned sẽn boond tɩ Del Monte Pacific Ltd sẽn deeg Del Monte Foods yʋʋmd 2014 wã poore. [39]

A Compositon

A laafi ne yinga

Pãndã sẽn yaa bõn-naandã yaa koom sẽn yaa 86%, tɩ karbõidratã yaa 13% la proteɛɛnd yaa 0,5%, la a tara yĩn-gãong sẽn pa tar yõod wʋsg (taabl). B sẽn tar gram 100 n tarã, yaa nand-rɩt sẽn yaa kilojouli 209 (50 kilocalorie) n kõt rɩɩb pãnga, la yaa mangãne (40% daarã yõodẽ, DV) la vitamini C (53% DV) sor sẽn tar wʋsgo, la sã n ka rẽ, pa tar mikrotriins wʋsg ye.

A Phycochemistry

A namsa la a namsa bẽedã tara bõn-naands toor-toorã, tɩ bãmb sʋka yaa polifenol, sẽn tar n dat n yeel tɩ gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, la arbutin.[40][41]

B sẽn yãt-a wã bee nand-a-laagã pʋga.[42] A bee piisẽ, biisẽ, naam-kãnga, nugẽ, la ananas vãadẽ wã pʋgẽ. [43] Bromelain yaa b sẽn maan vaeesg sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maag bãag buud toor-toore, la pa paam n wilg tɩ a yaa bũmb sẽn tõe n naf ninsaal yĩngã ye. [44] Bromelain tõe n pa yɩ bãan neb kẽer yĩnga, wala sẽn kẽed ne pʋgã, tɩbsg wall tɩbsg sẽn pa tar pãng ye. [44]

Sẽn tar-a bromelain sẽn sek a to wã, a yaa sõma tɩ b rɩk a namsg n kõ a meng tɩ yɩ namsg n dɩ. [45] Baa ne nandã enzymes tõe n gɩdg rɩɩb kẽer seglgo, wala zelatins sẽn tar tɩrɩ wã, wall gel kapsulã,  b proteolytic aktivity sẽn yaa sẽn kɩt tɩ b maan woto wã tõe n sãama b rɩɩb seglgo la b sẽn maand konservẽ wã.[46] B sẽn naan naanã biis sẽn yaa b sẽn naanã wã pʋgẽ, b sẽn tõe n tall bromelainã sõor pa tar yõod ye, la b sã n yiis-a, tõe n kɩtame tɩ b tall-a-la wʋsgo, tɩ b tõe n maan a toorẽ wã la b maan a toor-toor.[47][48]

A Buud tore-tore

A Cultiva-Ramba

Neb wʋsg mii buud toor-toor sẽn be be tẽngã pʋgẽ.[2] "Smooth cayenne" wã vãad yaa sẽn yaa sõma la b yaa sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd dũniyã gill zugu.[63] B ra tara buud toor-toor sẽn be Paraguay la Brezil soolmã kiidã, la b wa n paasame n kẽe Amerikã, Azorã, Afrɩka, Indi, Malɛɛzi la Ostrali. [2] B sẽn naan n naan n naanã, b tõe n paama b toor-toor.

"Hilo" yaa sãnem-n-tɩ-m-meng sẽn yaa kilo 1,0 n ta kilo 1,5, la a yaa Hawaay buud sẽn yaa a sẽn tar n tar n tar a barkã. "Kona sukrã" sẽn tar kilo 2,5 bɩ 3,0 wã yaa yĩn-bil sẽn yaa pemse, tɩ b zĩiga ka tar tɩɩs ye, tɩ b yaa silindr dãmba, la sukr wʋsg n tarẽ, la a pa tar kisg ye. "Tõnd sẽn dogd ned wa rĩm-poakã", a sẽn tar kilo 1,0 n ta kilo 1,5, yaa sãnem-bu-rɩtga, a tara yĩn-kãsems sẽn yaa wa sãnem, a tara sũ-noogo, la a yaa sũ-bʋgsem sẽn yaa sõma. A tara vãad sẽn yaa gõosã, la a bɩɩda Ostrali, Malezi la Afirik Kibar. "Pernambuco" ("eleuthera") tara kilo 1-2 (2-4 lb), la a namsg yaa sãnem-paal n ta pemse. A yaa wa sẽn yaa yũ-noog la a yaa sẽn yaa sõma tɩ b tõe n dɩ a pʋgẽ, la a pa zemsd ne koom-koglgã tɩ b tall-a ye. A tara vãad sẽn yaa gõosd la a bɩɩd-a lame. "Spaañ-rɩt-rɩsgã", sẽn tar kilo 1-2 wã, tara yĩn-yel-bil sẽn yaa yĩn-sõngo, a tara sũ-noog sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a soabã, a yaa a sẽn tar karg n tõe n tall-a n kẽng zĩis sẽn zãre. A tara vãad sẽn yaa gõosgo, la a bɩɩsd-a lame Laatinn-Amerika la Filip-n-tɩrsã pʋsẽ. Yaa pipi nand-rɩt buud ning Filip-n-talsã sẽn da tar n dat n dɩt b sãnemã (piña) sẽn be Filip-nãmsã sẽn da maandã pʋgẽ.  [5][45] "Smooth cayenne", sẽn tar kilo 2,5 bɩ 3,0 (5- 6 lb), sẽn yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa wa ne namsg sẽn yaa wa sãnem, tɩ yaa bõn-naandg tɩ yaa sũ-suuk la kisg sẽn yaa wʋsgo, yaa sõma tɩ b tõe n ningd-a-la ne b tɩbse, la b maand-a-yã. Yaa Amerind nebã sẽn naan kʋdemdã buud sẽn zĩnd pĩnd wẽndẽ wã. [49] A Azi wã zĩis kẽer pʋsẽ, b boond-a lame tɩ Sarawak, sẽn yit Malezi soolmẽ wã. [65] Yaa buud-goam nins sẽn boond tɩ "73-50" (b sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond tɩ tɩ "MD-1" la "CO-2") la "73-114" (b n boond tɩ b n boond tɩ "MD-2" wã yaab-rãmbã sʋka). [64] A ra yaa sẽn da yaa toor-toor ne a sẽn da be Hawaay wã, la a ra yaa sẽn yaa nana n yɩɩd Etazĩni wã, la yʋʋm 1990 wã la 2000 wã sʋka, a lebg n lebg MD-2 n lebg a soab. [64] A Del Monte MD-2 sẽn paam n tõog n tõog n yiis a meng wã kɩtame t'a Dole paam n bɩɩs a meng MD-2 nand-ba, n kɩt tɩ Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co. Bãada kẽer b bɩɩsdda wa bõn-naands sẽn tar sãnem, tɩ b tõe n bãng tɩ b biis yaa wʋsgo, la tɩ b tõe ne bõn-sõma a taab.

Yʋʋmd 1986 wã, Etazĩni wã, b sãama Pineapple Research Institute wã, la b pʋɩ-a-la Del Monte ne Maui Land la Pineapple. A Del Monte talla '73-114' sẽn boond tɩ 'MD-2' n kẽng a plantãs sẽn be Costa Rica wã, n yã tɩ yaa sõma tɩ b bɩɩs be, la a sɩng n yiis-a pubɛɛr yʋʋmd 1996 n boond t'a 'Gold Extra Sweet', tɩ Del Monte me sɩng n talld '73-50' sẽn boond t' a 'CO-2' n boond t'"Del Monte Gold". [50] Maui Pineapple Company sɩngame n wubd buud toor-toorã 73-50 yʋʋmd 1988 wã, la b pʋd-a-la Maui Gold. [51] MPC sẽn lebg a pʋɩɩr soaba, a Hali'imaile Pineapple Company ket n yaa Maui Gold sẽn be Haleakala tãmbẽ wã.

A Kuub Tuuma

Ges-y me: Tẽns nins sẽn naan naanãse wã sẽn naan naan naanãsã yʋʋmd 2022 wã, dũniyã naanãse koglgã koglg sõor yɩɩ ton milyõ 29, sẽn be Indonezi, Filip-n-tɩrsã la Kosta Rika taoor tɩ bãmb ned kam fãa naanãsa ton milyõ 3 wã. [52]

A Tuuma

A Culinary-ramba

D sã n dat n dɩka nand-rɩtgã, d tõe n dɩka a namsg n dɩ. Tẽns wʋsg sẽn be zĩ-kãnga pʋsẽ, b maanda nandã, n koosd-a sorẽ wã. B koosda a zãng bɩ a pʋɩ-sʋk ne gãnd sẽn be a pʋgẽ. Sẽn yaa sõma, b sẽn maand ne b sẽn tar seb-pʋʋg n be sʋka, yaa bũmb sẽn yaa nana ne tẽns nins sẽn be Wɛtgã soolmẽ wã. B rɩtda nand-naandã b sẽn dat n dɩ wãb-b tɩ b lebg b sẽn dat tɩ b rɩ-b tɩb-b sẽn yaa wa b sẽn dɩt-b biis saladã, la b rɩt-b tɩd-b tɩ yaa wa b rɩt a sẽn dat n kõ-b tɩ-b sẽn dɩt a wãb-ba. Neb wʋsg sẽn nong nand-rɩtã rɩtame tɩ b rɩt-b ne a meng n dɩ. B rɩtda nand-rɩt sẽn yaa b sẽn pãbd-a wã n naan naag ne yogurt, jam, lagem-n-taag la aɩs-rɩk. B yũuda nand-n-naandã yũub la b yũuda a piiga kolada la tepache wã.[53]

Filip-n-taasã me sɩngda n maand nand-b sẽn yaa a nata de piña sẽn yaa wa jelly wã hal yʋʋmd 1800 soabã. A maanda ne nand-a-la-la-bi-bɛɛg ne bakteri wã Komagataeibacter xylinus. [54]

A yaa bũmb sẽn be Honduri wã ne Filipine wã rɩɩb pʋsẽ.[69] Meziik tẽnga, b maanda ne biisã fãa peels n yɩɩd rãamã; la Taiwan wã rɩɩb pʋgẽ, b maanda a sẽn naag ne nandã rãam ne koodã viinɛgɛ.  [55][56]

Yʋʋmd 2012-2016 wã, b rɩka b sẽn naan naanãs yũudã sẽn yaa dũniyã gill zugu wã ne 50%. Nizo-rɛlandã ra yaa Eropã sẽn da kẽesd nandã yũudã n yɩɩd tẽns a taabã.[57] Yaa sẽn yaa to-to wã n kɩt tɩ b lebg b sẽn da yaa b sẽn da tar b sẽn da be n na n paam n paam n kẽed ne tẽns nins sẽn be Europe soolmẽ wã. Tẽns nins sẽn dɩt nandã yũub wʋsg yʋʋm 2017 wã yaa Thaïlande, Indonezi la Filippiins, tɩ b rɩt n sõor n sõor dũniyã gill zugu[58]

A Textiles Tuuma

Sõsg ning sẽn pʋgdã: Piña 'Spaañã sẽn yaa "Spaañẽ" buud ning b sẽn da boond tɩ ananasã ra yaa Filip-n-taasã n da bɩɩsd-a wʋsgo. Bãagã vãad sẽn yaa zãadã ra yaa piña fiber sẽn yaa buud toor-toorã sẽn yitã, la b leb n dɩkda a taaba. B ra tolga ne fut sẽn yaa wa ne lace wã sẽn yaa sõma, tɩ b ra nong n manegda b sãnemã sẽn yaa sõma n boond tɩ calado la sombrado. A ra yaa bõn-naandg sẽn yit Filipine, Sipãn soolmã wakatẽ, la a ra nongda Erop nin-buiidã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 la 19 wã. Tẽnsẽ wã, b ra tũnugda ne b sẽn da maand b sẽn da nong n maand b sẽn boond tɩ barong tagalog, baro't buy, la traje de mestiza fu-rãmbã, la b sẽn da ningd pagba karchiefs (pañuelo). B ra nong-b lame b sẽn yaa vẽenem la sobg sẽn yaa sõma tẽn-kãens sẽn be zĩig sẽn yaa weoogẽ wã yĩnga. Tʋʋmdã sãama dũni gill zabr a yiib-n-soabã pʋgẽ, la a sɩngame n na n vʋʋgame.[24][51][59]

A 'Houseplant' Tuuma

A A. comosus 'Variegatus' buud toor-toorã wakat-wakate, b bɩɩsd-a lame n yɩ roog sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo. A segd n paama wĩntoog vẽenem sẽn be zĩig ning fãa, la a bɩɩsdda a yĩng zĩig sẽn yaa 18 °C n ta 24 °C (64 °F n ta 75 °F), la a sã n wa be be zʋʋg wakatẽ, a minimã yaa 16 °C (61 °F). Yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b tall-a ne koom, la b bas tɩ tẽnga kʋdg ne koomã. A pa tar vʋʋsg wakat ye, la a segd n leb n manegame tɩ b lebg n maneg-a yʋʋmdã fãa, hal tɩ koglgã ta sentimetr 20 ye. [60]

A Kobu

Tẽnsã sẽn yaa tẽn-kaoodb pʋsẽ, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b maan tɩ b maan bõn-buudã tɩ yɩ sõma, la b tõe n sõngame tɩ b bɩɩs b biis sẽn yaa bilfã. B sã n yiisd a piisã, b tõe n bʋga a zugu n tɩ kɩt tɩ tɩɩg a ye bɩ. Bãagda b sẽn naanã yaa ra-kãsemse.[2]

A Bingr La Rikir

Neb kẽer nong n nongd-b-la biis sẽn yaa vãad, tɩ kẽer nong-b-ba, tɩ kẽer yaool n pa-b-b ye. B sã n wa n tigimd tɩɩgã bɩʋʋng tɩbsg tɩbsg wɛɛngẽ, b sã n wa ningd tɩbsg daar a ye n deng n tigim, b sãnda tɩbsgã tɩbsg tara etilen sẽn wat n kɩtd tɩ b tɩgã lebg sãnem. B sã n wa yɩlme la b seg-a, b ningda a nanasã ne sukari sirop la b paasda a tɩ-kẽemdã. [2] A nanas pa le lebg sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd a sẽn da wa n tigimã ye, bala a pa tar tɩlem ye.  [61][62]

A Laluwa-Ramb La A ziig Yela

Wala rũndã-rũndã, b sẽn naanãd tɩɩsã, b me maanda b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb wʋsg n tõog n tɩge. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Kosta Rika, nand-baas tigisgã tũnugda ne kʋɩl-kʋdb wʋsg sẽn na yɩl n kogl koodã, tɩ kɩt tɩ tʋm-tʋmdb wʋsg paam bãag ye. Tʋm-tʋmdb kãensã paama yaood bilf wʋsgo, la b yaa naong rãmba, n yaa Nikaragw rãmb wʋsgo. Sẽn paase, sã n wa yaa ne ligd sẽn paoogd tẽn-zẽmsẽ, tʋmtʋmdbã yaoodã me boogdame. Yʋʋmd 2016 soabã pʋgẽ, goosneema wã wilgame tɩ b na n modgame n maneg yellã, ne b sull a taab sõngr.[63]

Sɩda, tɩɩs nins sẽn yaa tɩɩs sẽn yaa tɩɩse, wala piisã, yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "panãna republike" wã pʋsẽ.[64][65]

A Kosg N Ka Tu Ne Sore

B sẽn yiisd piisã Costa Rica n kẽng Eropã, b tũnugda ne-b n zabd ne b teedã, la b zabd-b ne b zĩ-kãens fãa. [66]

B Sen Guda To-To

KÃnda n be Costa Rica wã, b sẽn naanãsã koodã paasda b sẽn be Maquenque, Corredor Fronterizo, Barra del Colorado la Caño Negro wã. Sẽn yaa to-to tɩ yaa zĩ-kãens sẽn get b yell la pa pa pa pa tẽngr zĩ-bõosã, b pa tõe n maan bũmb wʋsg sẽn pa tõe n yɩ sõma ye. La yaa sɩd tɩ yaa tʋʋm sẽn yaa sõma la b pa tõe ne b tʋʋm nins sẽn get b yellã ye. A Zeova Kaset rãmbã tara zĩ-dãmb sẽn be piis nins b sẽn tigimd zĩigã pʋgẽ wã sẽn yaa ha 358.5 (1.384 km2) la b maand kaset ne satelite wã yʋʋmd 2018 soabã pʋgẽ.[67]

A Bunviul La A Basi

Sõsg ning sẽn yaa kãseng: Ananas bãag rãmb sõor Ananas bãadbã yaa bãag buud toor-toor sẽn namsd b tɩ yaa bãag sẽn yaa to-to tɩ b tõe n paam-b ne b tɩb sẽn yaa b sẽn pa tar b tɩb ye. [68][2] La bãag a taab yaa: bãag sẽn yaa wa roog sẽn yaa wa zitrus, bãag sẽn tar bãag sẽn boond tɩ karẽng bãag, bãag-dãmb sẽn boond tɩ anthracnose, bãag a to sẽn boond tɩ fongal karẽngã, bãag ning sẽn boond tɩ root rot, bãag wa sẽn boond tɩ black rot, bãaga sẽn boond tɩ butt rot, bãas sẽn boond tɩ fruitlet core rot, bãagi sẽn boond tɩ yellow spot virus.[68][69] A yaa a sẽn pa tar tɩrgã la a lebg wa a sẽn yaa wa a sẽn pa tõe n maan a sẽn datã. D sã n wa tar bã-kãnga, d tõe n paama bã-kãensa.[70][71][72][73]

Bõn-wẽnsã kẽer sẽn namsd nand-rɩtã yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ "scale", "thrips", "mites", "mealybugs", "mores" la "symphylids".[74]

Zu-loees yaa bãaga sẽn yaa to-to n namsd nand-rɩtbã. La bãag-kãngã yaa Phytophthora cinnamomi la P. parasitica sẽn yaa fõnd sẽn namsd nand-rãmb nins b sẽn wubd zĩig ning koom sẽn ka be wã n kɩt tɩ b namsdẽ.[75]

Sebtiisi

  1. ↑ http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pineapple.html
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pineapple
  3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-503-8
  4. ↑ http://tpss.hawaii.edu/pineapple/pinegrow.htm
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043835/http://www.tropicalpermaculture.com/pineapple-growing.html
  6. ↑ http://tpss.hawaii.edu/pineapple/pinegrow.htm
  7. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359915
  8. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-25220-9_13
  9. ↑ https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.47.10.1390
  10. ↑ http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/AR-71P.pdf
  11. ↑ /wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7582-9
  12. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012552/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ananas/
  13. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4867222
  14. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20191212200326/https://www.oed.com/oed2/00007927
  15. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_F._Baker
  16. ↑ https://philippinefolklifemuseum.org/portfolio-items/history-and-origin-of-pina/
  17. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20220319082856/http://journal.bsi.org/V06/3/
  18. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20141216121535/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095643956
  19. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20141216121535/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095643956
  20. ↑ Rohtbach, G. K. G.; Leal, F. (2003). "Chapter 1: History, distributions and World Production". In Bartholomew, D. P.; Paull, R. E.; Rohrbach, K. G. (eds.). The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-85199-503-8.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Beauman, F. (2005). The Pineapple: King of Fruits. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7011-7699-0.
  22. ↑ Beauman, F. (2005). The Pineapple: King of Fruits. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7011-7699-0.
  23. ↑ Stevenson, Jack (1995). Exploring Scotland's Heritage: Glasgow, Clydesdale, and Stirling. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 83.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stevens_Curl
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Hugh Morrison (1952). Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period. Oxford University Press. p. 302.
  26. ↑ Harris, Cyril Manton (1998). American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. W. W. Norton. p. 248.
  27. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Es3ncCAE1wwC&pg=PA269
  28. ↑ https://keolamagazine.com/food/pineapple-pavlova-recipe/
  29. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=jhWW0SwDyv0C&dq=hala+kahiki+pineapple+pandanus&pg=PA99
  30. ↑ Hawkins, Richard (2007). "James D. Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company". Hawaiian Journal of History. 41: 149–170.
  31. ↑ "Pineapple". Faculty.ucc.edu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  32. ↑ "Sunrise, Sunset". Hawaii Business. 46 (2): 60. 2000.
  33. ↑ http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/its-pineapple-season-but-does-your-fruit-come-from-hawaii-5211854/?no-ist
  34. ↑ Kubota, Gary T. (24 December 2009). "Maui Pineapple harvests final crop". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  35. ↑ http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20091224_maui_pineapple_harvests_final_crop
  36. ↑ https://www.to-hawaii.com/agriculture/pineapple.php
  37. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20171130201335/http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/47/10/1390.full
  38. ↑ https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cloth-made-from-pineapples
  39. ↑ Sison, Ignacio C. O. (13 August 2015). SEC Form 17-A (Report). Philippine Stock Exchange. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  40. ↑ Li, Ti; Shen, Peiyi; Liu, Wei; Liu, Chengmei; Liang, Ruihong; Yan, Na; Chen, Jun (2014). "Major Polyphenolics in Pineapple Peels and their Antioxidant Interactions". International Journal of Food Properties. 17 (8): 1805. doi:10.1080/10942912.2012.732168. S2CID 84410846.
  41. ↑ Ogawa, EM; Costa, H. B; Ventura, J. A; et al. (2018). "Chemical profile of pineapple cv. Vitória in different maturation stages using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 98 (3): 1105–1116. Bibcode:2018JSFA...98.1105O. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8561. PMID 28722812.
  42. ↑ http://irep.iium.edu.my/37128/4/37128.pdf
  43. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311092218
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Bromelain". US National Institutes of Health. May 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444899
  46. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245433
  47. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444899
  48. ↑ http://irep.iium.edu.my/37128/4/37128.pdf
  49. ↑ http://www.ishs-horticulture.org/workinggroups/pineapple/PineNews16.pdf
  50. ↑ http://www.ishs-horticulture.org/workinggroups/pineapple/PineNews16.pdf
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 http://www.ishs-horticulture.org/workinggroups/pineapple/PineNews16.pdf
  52. ↑ http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
  53. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=-h-FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57
  54. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210628000120/http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/Downloads/nast_Vergara%20BS%20Nata%20De%20Coco_422.pdf
  55. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XuPWgEMx_eIC&pg=PA228
  56. ↑ Kennedy, Diana. The Essential Cuisines of Mexico: A Cookbook. p. 496.
  57. ↑ https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/processed-fruit-vegetables/pineapple-juice
  58. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200527075558/https://www.agriorbit.com/population-growth-drives-gradual-expansion-of-pineapple-juice-market/
  59. ↑ https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/processed-fruit-vegetables/pineapple-juice
  60. ↑ Chiusoli, Alessandro; Boriani, Luisa Maria (1986). "Ananas comosus 'Variegatus'". Simon & Schuster's guide to houseplants. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671631314.
  61. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/21/garden/a-guide-to-choosing-a-ripe-pineapple.html
  62. ↑ https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagriculture5030441
  63. ↑ https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2016/costa-ricas-pineapple-industry-promises-become-more-responsible/27676
  64. ↑ Chapman, Peter (2009). Jungle capitalists : a story of globalisation, greed and revolution. Edinburgh New York: Canongate. p. 6. ISBN 978-1847676863.
  65. ↑ Big Fruit Archived 2017-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, NY Times
  66. ↑ https://ticotimes.net/2021/02/05/costa-rica-seizes-two-tons-of-cocaine-hidden-with-pineapples
  67. ↑ http://www.elpais.cr/2021/04/16/pinas-en-la-mira-el-monocultivo-que-se-colo-dentro-de-las-areas-protegidas-de-costa-rica/
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20111130100824/http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/Pineapple.aspx
  69. ↑ http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/pineapple/detail/dc_pi_ft_pineapple0802.htm
  70. ↑ Cha, J.-S.; Pujol, C.; Dususin, A. R.; Macion, E. A.; Hubbard, C. H.; Kado, C. I. (1997). "Studies on Pantoea citrea, the causal agent of pink disease of pineapple". Journal of Phytopathology. 145 (7): 313–319. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.1997.tb00407.x.
  71. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1099%2F13500872-145-5-1217
  72. ↑ Marin-Cevada, V.; Caballero-Mellado, Jesús; Bustillos-Cristales, R.; et al. (2010). "Tatumella ptyseos, an unrevealed causative agent of Pink disease in pineapple". Journal of Phytopathology. 158 (2): 93–99. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01575.x.
  73. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0100-29452016949
  74. ↑ http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/pineapple/detail/dc_pi_ft_pineapple0802.htm
  75. ↑ Brickell, Christopher (1996). Encyclopedia of Gardening. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 419. ISBN 978-1-85833-579-7.
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