Wp/mnc/ᠮᡠᡩᠠᠨ ᠣᡵᠣᠨ

Mudan Oron (Nikan gisun: 音位, Inggiri gisun: phoneme) oci niyalmasui gisun i dorgi i gvninbe ilgame mutere ten i ajige jilgan emunio, mudan alioi tacin i ilgamfaksalan i fulehe gvnibusu inu.

Emu hergen eici emu gibsun oci emu eici udu mudajan i ishunde sirandufi fulihangge, emu mudajan oci emu eici udu mudan meyen(gulhun mudan, aisilangga mudan i jergi) i fulihangge inu.

Mudan oron serengge, mudan meyende adali bime, mudan oron i fulehe toktoho gvnin oci gisun gvnin be ilgame mutere ningge, ①aika juwe mudan i fundelere gvnin jai gibsun adali sehede, adali akv mudan adali mudan oron seme bodobume muteme, ② fudarafi gisureci, emu gibsun i dorgi i eiten mudan oron aika gvwa ninggede halabufi, tuttu seme i da gibsunde encu.

Gvnin bisire gibsun gemu mudan oron deri fulihangge, tuttu ocibe, ini dorgi i eiten mudan oronbe halame forgoxobufi ice gvnin bisire gibsunbe tuciburebe akdume muterakv, eimbici emu ikiri gvnin akv mudan meyen seme, te bici, Manju gisunde, "abdaha" sere gibsun i dorgide ilan mudan meyen bi, ce oci ab, da jai ha, anggai gisunde, ere "b" aika "f" de halabufi, "abdaha" i da gvnin kvbulirakv serede, ere "b" jai "f" oci mudan oron adali "mudan meyen", tuttu oho ocibe, "b" aika "s" de halabufi, "asdaha" sere "gibsun" Manju gisunde eiten yargiyan gvnin akv sembi. Aika muse amaga erinde "asdaha" de ice gvnin bufi, "asdaha" teni yargiyan i emke ice gibsun ombi. Musei leolecere tulgiyen, tere oci emu encu baita inu.

Mudan oron i siren uthai ere gisun i gisumudan i siren inu, mudan oron i emu cohotoi gisun i dorgide adarame mudan deri yargiyan gvnin bisire gibsunbe fuliburebe sibkici ombi. Nikan gisunde, ememu erinde mudan oron serengge mudasu(音素) seme ubaliyabume gojime, Nikan gisunde emu oci emu facuhvn gvnibusu, tuttu ohode, koolingga gisucin i arasude gemu mudan oron seme gisurembi.

Mudan oron serengge, emke yargiyan bisire gisumudan waka.

Emu mudan oronde, udu encu jilgan taksici ome gojime, ere gisunbe jafara ursei mujinde ere ikiri encu jilgan ishunde adali seme tuwame, eimbici bilhaderi yargiyan i tucike jilgan i dorgi i encu babe seremxeme mutere bade isinambi. Ere ikiri ishunde encu jilgan oci, gisucinde, adali oron i encu mudan eici mudan oron i halara dursun seme hvlambi. Mudan oron serengge, ishunde hartungga emu gisun i mukvn seme tuwaci ojoro secibe, fisemburede ildun bure jalin, gisucisi sa, daruhai ere mukvn i ten "iletu" gisumudanbe sonjofi yooni gisumudan i mukvnbe hvlambi. Te bici, Inggiri gisunde, "lip" jai "bell" i "l" sere gisumudan i jilgan tucibure oron adali akv, nenehe ningge oci weihe uman i dalba mudan [l] sefi, amala ningge oci uhuken tangnai i uman i dalba mudan [ɫ], tuttu secibe, ere gemu "l" sere gisumudan encu oron, encu gisun i torhomilasude tucifi teni halame fuliha ningge.

Mudan oronbe toktoro kooli uthai:

1. gvninbe ilgara muten.
   • Te bici, nei fon i kemungge Nikan gisun i “三” <san> be Inggiri gisun i <than> seme hvlaci, donjire urse kemuni ilgame muteme, ere oci Nikan gisun i <s>、<th> (weihei siden i [θ]) serengge, gvnin ilgarakv sere haran. Ce oci adali mudan oron i gisumudan inu. Inggiri gisunde, sing jai thing sere gvnin encu sere turgunde, <s>、<th> oci juwe encu mudan oron inu.
2. ishunde niyecendure denderen.
   • A oci enteke torhomilasude enteheme tucirakv bime, E ubade tucimbi. Ere oci ishunde niyecendure denderen. Te bici, Nikan gisun i <u> enteheme <j>、<q>、<x> i amala tucirakv bime，<ü> urunakv <j>、<q>、<x> i amala tucimbi. Tuttu ohode, <u> jai <ü> ubade adali mudan oron inu.
3. gisumudan i seremxeku encu.
   • Enteke gisunbe urebume jafara urse ceni donjire mutenderi ilgame mutembi.

Emu gisun i dorgi i eiten gisumudan, logika deri lashalafi, eimbici encu mudan oron i gisumdan, eimbici adali mudan oron i gisumudan, encu mudan oronbe baicanara arga oci ten i ajige kaba（minimal pair) be baicanara arga inu. Ten i ajige kaba oci juwe gibsun emu meyende dosibufi, emu kaba encu gisumudan taksira teile serede, encu gvninbe ilgame mutere emu kaba. Te bici, Inggiri gisun i pen[pɛn] jai pin[pɪn] sere meyende damu /e/~/i/ ere gisumudan i kaba encu, tuttu ohode, gibsun i encu gvnin be ilgame mutere turgunde, /ɛ/ jai /ɪ/ oci encu mudan oron inu serebe lashalame mutembi. Enteke kaba be suweleme baicaname muterakv oci, ishunde niyecendure denderen, hamixara ilgara cohotoshvn（distinctive feature）be baicame mutefi inu encu mudan oron be baime mutembi.

Julgei Enetkek gisun i yehe baksi Panini ini arasude tuktan mari "mudan oron", "gibsusu" "gibsun i da" sere gvnibusube tucibuke bihe. Nei fon i gisucin jai xunggitui yoson i ama Feidinan de Sosuir, lak seme emu Enetkeke gisun i tacimsi inu, Panini i araha ningge inde ambula urahilahangge bi.

Ujui mudan mudan oron (phonème) sere gibsunbe baitalaha ningge oci Dufriche-Desgenettes inu, i 1837 ci aniyade ere faksingga gibsunbe tucibuke bihe. Polan i gisucisi Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay jai ini xabi Mikołaj Kruszewski mudan oron i toktoho gvninbe badarame tucibukebi. Amalahan, Praha tacin hoki, Sosuir jai Sapir i jergi gisucin i baksi mudan oron i leolenbe elei yongkiyabuhabi.

An i jergi gisumudan ejere arga oci gisumudan i narhvn bade iletulebume tucibume, adali mudan oron i encu gisumudande encu temgetui iletulebuci ome; mudan oron i temgetulen （phonemic transcription）oci mudan oronbe ejere teile inu. Eimbici, muse "cira durun" jai "onco durun" seme fisembume gojime, mudan oron i temgetulen damu onco durungga temgetulen i emu hacin inu. Mudan oron i leolende, gisumudan jai mudan oron adali akv tangkande taksimbi seme gvnifi, an i jergi mudan i temgetulen jai mudan oron i temgetulen encu baitalan bi, amala ningge oci nenehe ningge i fejile durun（underlying form）.

Gisucinde, exere jijun (//) i mudan oronbe temgetuleme, durbejengge kartatu ([]) i gisumudanbe temgetulembi. Te bici, Manju gisunde, /n/ jai /l/ oci juwe adali akv mudan oron, Gvwangdung gisunde, /l/ oci emu mudan oron i teile, [n] uthai /l/ i halara durun inu. Inggiri gisun i kicende, julergi baderi jihe tacisi sa, daruhai "light" be "night" seme hvlame, Nikan gisun i "男生" be "蓝生" seme hvlara ningge, uthai ere turgun inu. Ede jergileme, hoxonggo kartatu (<>) daruhai hergen i exeme arara argade baitalabumbi.

Mudan oron i toktoho gvnin i oyonggo ba oci gvninbe ilgarangge, te bici, Manju gisunde, sukdun tucirakv bolgo mudan jai sukdun tucire bolgo mudan [p]、[t]、[k]，[p']、[t']、[k'] (Molindofu i hergende b, d, g, p, t, k sembi) oci juwe meyen adali akv mudan oron. "ba" oci "pamidor" de encu, "da" oci "taka" de encu, "gisun" oci "kidun" de encu, tuttu secibe, Inggiri gisunde sukdun tucire mudan jai sukdun tucirakv mudan serengge gvninbe ilgarakv, te bici, "speak" serengge "spik" eici "sbik" seme hvlaci gemu ombi.

Encu gisunde mudan oron i siren inu encu. Te bici, Manju gisunde, adali akv gisun alioi bisire cike oci adali fulehengge gvninbe iletuleme, "baita akv?" (wesingge alioi) jai "baita akv." (wasingga alioi) sere juwe cikei fulehengge gvnin adali. Damu gisurere ursei gisun arbun encu inu. Nikan gisunde, mudan alioi serengge, fulehengge gvninbe ilgambi. 妈 jai 马 i fulehengge gvnin adali akv. /l/ jai /r/ sere mudan oron, Manju gisunde adali akv, te bici, "wala" oci "wara" de encu. Solho gisunde elemangga adali mudan oron i harangga inu, te bici, eimbici "uri nara manse"(musei gurun tumen se bahakini) seme eimbici "uli nala manse" seme hvlafi gemu ombi.

Putunghuwa de aisilangga mudan oron, gulhun mudan oron jai alioi mudan oron bi. Alioi mudan oron serengge "alioi oron" seme seci inu ome, te bici, Putunghuwa i duin alioi i alioi oron oci /1/、/2/、/3/、/4/; eici /55/、/35/、/214/、/51/ sembi. Muse wasingga mudan i alioi oron oci /4/ eimbici /51/ seme gisureci, ere oci wasingga mudan i durun inu, hontoho wesingge mudan [53] oci, /4/ eici /51/ ere alioi oron i halaha dursun inu.

Emu mudan oronde encu gisumudan baktabumbi. Ere mudanbe halara dursun seme hvlambi. Gisucinde erebe juwe hacin halara dursunde dendembi. Hacisungga halara dursun: cohotoi hacisu tucifi teni tucibure halara dursun, te bici, Manju gisun i "b", gibsun i dalimbade, bolgo aisilangga mudan i nenehe oronde tucifi, "f" de halambi. "abka" -> "afka".

Sulfangga halara dursun: ememu ba na i Manju gisunde, "saman"serengge "tsaman", "xaman"de sulfan i halaci ombi.

Nei fon i kemungge Nikan gisunde, ten i labdu adali oron mudanbe jafara mudan oron oci /ə/ inu, inde [ə], [ɤ], [e], [ɛ], [o], [ɔ] i jergi halaha dursun bisirede, Nikan gisun i exeme arara hergen i dorgi i e, ê, o sere de adali seme, mudan temgetulere temge ㄛ、ㄜ、ㄝ、ㄟ、ㄡ、ㄣ、ㄥ de ere mudan oronbe baktabumbi. Emhun emteli tucifi sejilesun obuha tulgiyen, e, ê, o（ㄜ、ㄝ、ㄛ）sere jergi mudan gemu guwa yargiyasunde ishunde niyecendume tembi sere turgunde, adali mudan oron i hacisungga halaha dursun seme tuwaci ombi.