Wp/luo/Dera
Dera en tuo mahonore kendo landore e pinje mokalo achiel kata Gwenge Moloyo achiel. Landruok mar tuo kuom ji mang'eny e gweng' achiel iluongoni ni masira kata gi dho ngere ni epidemic. To tuo mamako ji mang'eny ma kwangi ongirore iluongo gi dho ngere ni endemic. Omiyo tuoche machalo influenza ma tuch riat e tunge piny mopogore opogore ok nyal luong ni dera nikech ok olandre e Piny mangima.
Okenge Kod Hulo tiend Weche
[edit | edit source]- Dera en masich tuo malandore mokadho tong' mar piny moro kadhi e Piny machielo.
- Tuo ok en dera nikech omako ji mang'eny kata onego ji mathoth; nyako obed ni olandore okang' mamalo. Kuom Ranyisi , tuo mar ningu (Cancer) osenego oganda makwar, kata kamano ok en kidieny mar dera nikech ok olandre koa kuom ng'ato kodhi ir ng'amachielo.
- Ngadho mar landruok mar masich dera luwo chal makende ka ogor e graf manyiso kwan joma yudo tuo kuom thuolo moyangore. Nyadi mang'eny ondamo mogor mar masich dera, nuore ka tuo medo landore. Tuoche malandore kawo okenge adek kaka nenore e graf mogor mwalo ka.
Okang' Mokuongo
[edit | edit source]Yudore e chakruok mar graf. Ka ng'ato otiyo gi ranyisi mar Kute mar Covid-19 , ma nyiso okang' mane ochakoree, ka kwan ji matin kende ema ne ni kode.
Okang' Mar Ariyo
[edit | edit source]Ma iluongo in okang' mar oganda. Ma e thuolo ma tudruok mar ji kelo landruok mar tuo ka omedo yudo jomamoko.
Okang' mar Adek
[edit | edit source]Ma en okang' manyiso ni masich tuo mahonore oseyud kaka ikonyo kata ok onyal medo landore.
Yor Konyruok
[edit | edit source]Nitiere yore mopogore opogore ma tend pinje nyalo tiyogo mondo geng' honruok mar dera. E higa mar 2005, Riwruok mar rito ngima e Piny mangima, noyango chike mag ngima e Piny mangima, ma en pend chik makonyo e geng'o, thiro kod kelo yor konyruok ne tuoche mamako oganda kendo landore mokadho tong' Piny. Kendo Riwruok mar rito ngima e Piny Mangima noloso oboke makende makonyo thiro tuo mar influenza. Oboke nogono, nondik mokuongo e higa mar 1999, kendo nochak onwoye e okang' manyien e higa mar 2005 and 2009. Thoth yore ma osetigo kuom kedo gi kute mag Korona nowuok e chike mag rito ngima e Piny mangima mar higa 2005 kod Riwruok mar rito ngima e Piny mangima, e migawo mar ikruok ne kedo kod influenza.
Twak osebedo mathoth kotenore gi yo miluongo e yo machiek ni 3Ts kaluwore gi dho Ngere (Pimo, Thiedho , Fwaro) makonyo pinje mopogore opogore yango jomatuo kapok oket gi tenge kendo timonegi thieth. Ondamo ma imed kaw, en manyo jogo ma osebedo machiegni gi jatuo kendo ketogi tenge kar kendgi. Okang mar keto tenge jotuo, osebedo gi huma malich mokalo kaluwore kod dwoko maber ma osekelo e piny Korea ma Milambo kod Piny Singapore, kata kamano wachore ni pinjegi nobedo akicha ka gin gi ikruok motegno nikech kihondko mar tuo miluongo ni SARS.
Ondamo mar tudruok mar ji, kata kwakete e yo ma adimba, thuolo e kind oching tir, en okang' ma osekaw gi lony mar rito ngima mar oganda ma geto Dwoko chien landruok mar tuoche ma landore mapiyo e thuolo ma ji obet gi tudruok machiegni kata ka ji obiro kanyakla. Jatelo ma Jataa tich mar Riwruok mar rito Ngima e piny mangima(World Health Organisation), Laktar Michael J Ryan, kane oyudo ochiwo twak mekende mar ute fwambo, e dwe mar adek higa 2020, nowacho ni 'ondamo e kind ji' en mana konyruok e yo mar kojolo mar duoko chien landruok mar kute kendo miyo yot ute mag thieth, to ok yor tieko kute go adimba. Ok en yo mayot kendo nyaka ti kode gi yore mamoko mondo konyruok obedie. Laktar Ryan nobedo wacho ni ondamo e kind ji giwegi ok nyal tieko tuoni.
Kit Dera Mosenyiedhore Oko
[edit | edit source]Kute Mag Ayaki
[edit | edit source]oboke mayudoree: en:Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS Kata obedo ni riwruok mar rito ngima e piny mangima hulo tuo mar ayaki kaka masich tuo mar piny mangima, Ayaki en dera mana kaluwore kod kaka ihulo wachne. Nyaka e higa mar 2018, madirom ji milion 37.5 ne ni gi kute mag Ayaki e piny mangima, kendo e higa nogono, madirom ji 770,000 ne owito ngimagi ka okadho kuom tuo mar ayaki. Gi sani, mbap Afrika mokiewo gi Sahara e ma ni malo kuom tuo mar ayaki. E higa mar 2018, medruok mar kute mag ayaki mar 61% notimore e gwenge mag Afrika mokiewo gi Sahara.
Kute Mag Korona
[edit | edit source]Kute mag korona gin anyuola mag kute makelo tuoche mopogore opogore, kochakore gi athunga, nyaka tuoche moko ma galagala kaka en:Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) kaachiel en:Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). Tieng' moro manyien mar kute mag korona, ema kelo tuo mar korona mar 2019 kata COVID-19, kaka wang'eye. Kute moko mag korona nyalo landore kowuok kuom lee. Kuom ranyisi nitie moko mane oya kuom lee mar paka kod ngamia. kendo nitiere kute moko ma pod ni kuom lee to pok omako dhano.
Tieng' moro mar kute mag korona mane othinyore e boma mar Wuhan, e gweng' mar Hibei e piny mar China, a dwe mar Disemba e higa mar 2019, ema okelo COVID-19. Kaluwore gi nonro mar Mbalariany mar John Hopkins, moloyo pinje 200 oseyudi gi kute mag Korona mar 2019, ka piny mar Amerka, China ma Masawa, Ulaya ma Imbo kod Iran nyiso ongala ma nyime kuom Dera ni. E tarik 11 dwe mar adek, higa 2020, Riwruok mar rito Ngima e piny mangima, noketo Kute mag korona 2019 e kidieny mar Dera. Nyaka chop tarik 23 Dwe mar ang'wen higa mar 2020, madirom ji milion 2.63 e piny mangima noseyudo kute mag covid-19, ka ji mane osetho ne romo 184,249 ka madirom 722,055 nosechango.
Tuoche Mahonore Ma Imiyo Pek
[edit | edit source]Malaria
[edit | edit source]Malaria oselandore miwuoro e gwenge maliet mag Amerka, Asia kod Afrika. E higa ka higa, madirom ji milion 350-500 yudore gi tuo mar malaria. Tama ne yath en chandruok maduong ma osebedo e ndalo masani ne thieth mar malaria ka thoth yedhe mag malaria ok nyal konyo mak mana miluongo ni en:artemisinins.
E ndalo mosekadho, malaria nothoro chendo e pinje mag Ulaya kod Amerka ma Nyandwat ma sani koro oonge. Kendo wachore ni nyalo bet ni Malaria ne okelo mbemruok mar loch mar Rumi. Tuo ni nong'ere kaka 'midusi mar Rumi'. Kendo kute makelo tuo mar malaria miluongo gi dho science ni en:Plasmodium falciparum nokelo malutu maliet mokalo ni nyipeche kod jokanyono kane oyudore e pinje mag Amerka kachiel gi ohala mar jomotwe misumbuni.
Homa Mar Spania
[edit | edit source]Homa mar Spania( 1918-1920) nomako ji milion 500 e piny mangima, koro Chulni maiye mag Pacific mod Aktica, nolal gi ngima ji manie e kind milion 20 nyaka 100. Tuo mar influenza kane owuok ne othoro nego nyithindo kod joma oti ka thoth joma hikgi ni e diere to no kuo. Kata kamano Homa mar Spania nothoro nyoro rowere. Nonego ji moloyo Lweny Mokwongo mar piny, kendo kuom ndalo 25, nonego ji moloyo mane Ayaki onego e higni 25. Wuoth mar oganda mathoth mar jolweny kaachiel kod kuonde jot modich e kinde mag Lweny Mokwongo mar piny, nochwako landruok kod bedo tama mar tuo nogono. Bedo mang'aw mar jolweny ne tuoni, nyalo bedo ni nomedore nikech Kihondko, rem chiemo kod rakruok gi kwiri magalagala. Lony e yor wuoth nomiyo jolweny, jokwang' kod jowuoth olando tuoni e yo mayot.
Weche Ma Imiyo Pek ne Kute E Ndalo Mabiro
[edit | edit source]Bedo Tama Ne Yedhe
[edit | edit source]Oboke moyudoree: en:Antibiotic resistance Kute ma osebedo tama ne yedhe mag thieth seche moko iluongo ni 'superbugs'. Ma nyalo kelo wuok e okang' mopogore mar tuoche ma thieth margi oseyudi. Kuom ranyisi tuo mar Kahera ma osebedo tama ne yore thieth ma osekonyo e ndalo mokalo en wach makelo kibaji ne Jolony e weche mag thieth. Madirom nus milion mar ji man gi kahera ma tama, ilieko ni nyalo bedo higa ka higa, kendo piny China kod India ni e ongala manyime e tuoni. Riwruok mar rito ngima e piny Mangima wacho ni madirom ji milion 50 ni gi tuo mar Kahera ma tama, kende ata malo 79, osebedo tama ne moloyo yedhe tieng' adek. E higa mar 2005, ji 124 noyud gi Kahera ma tama e Piny Amerka. Kahera ma tama moloyo nofweny e Afrika e higa mar 2006, kendo e pinje 49 mamoko, ma achiel kuomgi e Amerka. Kendo wachore ni madirom ji 40,000 yude higa ka higa.
E higni 20 mokadho, nyiriri makelo tuo ma otingo en:Staphylococcus aureus, en:Serratia marcescens kod en:Enterococcus osebedo tama ne kidieny mar yien mag thieth mong'ere kaka en:aminoglycosides kod en:cephalosporins, kaachiel gi yath mar en:vancomycin. Kute ma tama osekelo chandruoge ma otenore gi weche mag rito ngima. To ok mano kende, tuoche mikelo gi tieng ma tama mar kutegi, osebedo mathoth ndalogi.
Midusi Mar Chuer Remo Mikelo gi Kute Makelo Tuo
[edit | edit source]Midusi mar chuer remo mikelo gi kute makelo tuo, gin tuoche magalagala ma neko. Kidieny ni oting'o tuoche miluongo gi dho ngere ni en:Ebola virus disease, en:Lassa fever, en:Rift Valley fever, en:Marburg virus disease kod en:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. Tuoche gi nigi mbi mar bedo dera. Landruok mar gi ni ong'uki nikech gidwaro ni nyaka ji obed gi tudruok Machiegni kabisa eka gilandre, to kendo gineko e thuolo machuok. Thuolo machuok ka pok jatuo oyudo kinde mar lando tuo kendo bedo gi ranyisi mar tuo, miyo lakteche yudo thuolo mar keto tenge jotuo kendo geng'o landruok mokalo tong'.
Kute mag Zika
[edit | edit source]oboke moyudoree: en:2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, en:Zika virus, kod en:Zika fever.
Kute mag Zika nothinyore e higa mar 2015, kendo nobedo gi mbii e chak higa mar 2016, kendo moloyo ji milion 1.5 noyude e mohewo pinje 12 mayudore e loka Amerka. Riwruok mar rito ngima e Piny mangima, nochiwo siem ni ka ok ong'uke, Kute mag Zika ne nyalo wuok tung mosuo e piny mangima.
References
[edit | edit source][i] Principles of Epidemiology, Third Edition (PDF). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012.
[ii] Porta, Miquel, ed. (2008). Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-531449-6. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
[iii] A. M., Dumar (2009). Swine Flu: What You Need to Know. Wildside Press LLC. p. 7. ISBN 978-1434458322.
[iv] Graphic accessed at: https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable. Accessed on 10 April 2020.
[v] Wiles S. The three phases of Covid-19 and how we can make it manageable. TheSpinoff. Available at: https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable. Accessed on 10 April 2020
[vi] See: https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en
[vii] ibid
[viii] The 3 T’s model: Hitting the nail on the head, The Jordan times, April 2020 http://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/mohammad-majed-abufaraj/3-ts-model-hitting-nail-head [ix] World Health Organisation March press briefing on Coronavirus , Reuters, 2020https://www.pscp.tv/w/1OdJrqYMXMXGX?t=49m58s
[x] "WHO HIV/AIDS Data and Statistics". Retrieved 12 April 2020
[xi] Fact Sheet" (PDF). UNAIDS.org. 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
[xii] "UN AIDS DATA2019". UNAIDS.org. 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
[xiii] See endnote ‘xi’.
[xiv] McArdleColumnistBioBioFollowFollowColumnist, Megan McArdle closeMegan. "Opinion | When a danger is growing exponentially, everything looks fine until it doesn't". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
[xv] "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". WHO. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
[xvi] COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), accessed April 23rd 2020: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
[xvii] "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic (Live statistics)". Worldometer. 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
[xviii] "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". WHO. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
[xix] "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
[xx] "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic". Worldometer.
[xxi] "Malaria Facts". Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
[xxii] White, NJ (April 2004). "Antimalarial drug resistance". J. Clin. Invest. 113 (8): 1084–1092. doi:10.1172/JCI21682. PMC 385418. PMID 15085184.
[xxiii] Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America. Norman G. Gratz. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[xxiv] DNA clues to malaria in ancient Rome. BBC News. 20 February 2001.
[xxv] "Malaria and Rome" Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Robert Sallares. ABC.net.au. 29 January 2003.
[xxvi] "The Changing World of Pacific Northwest Indians". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington.
[xxvii] Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
[xxviii] Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
[xxix] "Historical Estimates of World Population". Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
[xxx] Gagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, Madrenas J (2013). "Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality". PLOS One. 8 (8): e69586. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869586G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069586. PMC 3734171. PMID 23940526.
[xxxi] "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic". virus.stanford.edu.
[xxxii] Spanish flu facts by Channel 4 News
[xxxiii] Qureshi, Adnan I. (2016). Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0128042427.
[xxxiv] Spanish flu strikes during World War I, 14 January 2010
[xxxv] Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pasteur.fr
[xxxvi] Health ministers to accelerate efforts against drug-resistant TB. World Health Organization.
[xxxvii] Bill Gates joins Chinese government in tackling TB 'timebomb'. Guardian.co.uk. 1 April 2009
[xxxviii] Tuberculosis: A new pandemic?. CNN.com
[xxxix] Fears of Ebola pandemic if violent attacks continue in DR Congo". Al-Jazeera. 23 May 2019.
[xl] "Zika virus could become 'explosive pandemic'". bbc.co.uk. 28 January 2016.