User:CJKV
From Wikimedia Incubator
Hello everyone! My name is Mark, I'm from Germany and I'm here to support the Chữ Nôm Test Wikipedia.
[edit] Guidelines I use for writing Chữ Nôm articles
- "Ideal" Nôm character: phonetic indicator on the left side + complete Chinese character with the closest meaning possible on the right side
- Reason 1: looks distinctly different from the commom Hán characters → less ambiguity
- Reason 2: one knows "for sure" which element is meant to be signific/phonetic one (Example: ...)
- Example: đẻ (to give birth) 𤯿 → 底 (để) + 產 (to give birth)
- "Worst" Nôm character: character borrowed for its phonetic value only, having a totally different meaning
- Example: là (to be) 羅 (original meaning: "net for catching birds")
- Prefer Hán characters for Sino-Vietnamese words: tự (character) 字
- Prefer Nôm over Hán for native Vietnamese words: một (one) 𠬠 instead of 沒 and 没
- Prefer traditional over simplified: là (to be) 羅 instead of 罗
- Prefer left-sided phonetic element over right sided: ngày (day) 𣈗 instead of 𣈜
- Prefer bottom phonetic element over upper: giúp (help) 𠢟 instead of 𠢞
- Prefer horizontal alignment over vertical: ngôi (person) 𡾵 instead of 𠑖
- ...
[edit] Comparison to other Han-influenced writing systems
| Language (ISO 639) | Han writing system (ISO 15924) | Derived writing system (ISO 15924) |
|---|---|---|
| Chinese (zh) | Hanzi (Hani Hant Hans) 漢 汉 |
Bopomofo/Zhuyin (Bopo) mainly simplifications of Han characters 乃 (nǎi) → ㄋ (n) |
| Chinese dialects Sinitic languages e.g. Cantonese (zh-yue) |
Hanzi (Hani Hant Hans) 漢 汉 |
Non-standard Hanzi common way to create new characters: mouth radical (口) + Han character as phonetic indicator 口 + 個 (go3; measure word) → 嗰 (go2; that) |
| Japanese (ja) | Kanji (Hani) 漢 Kanji+Hiragana+Katakana (Jpan) 漢 かん カン Hiragana+Katakana (Hrkt) かん カン |
Hiragana (Hira) developed from the cursive style of Han characteres 乃 (Chinese: nǎi; Japanese: no) → の Katakana (Kana) developed from parts of Han characteres 乃 (Chinese: nǎi; Japanese: no) → ノ |
| Korean (ko) | Hanja (Hani) 漢 Hanja+Hangeul (Kore) 漢 한 |
Hangeul (Hang) not related to Han characters except of the similar appearance |
| Vietnamese (vi) | Hán Tự / Chữ Nho (Hani) 漢 Hán Tự + Chữ Nôm (*Viet *Hnnm) 漢 喃 |
Quốc Ngữ (Latn) phonetic alphabet based on Latin Chữ Nôm (*Nomm) most characters created as phonetic-semantic pairs 巴 (ba) + 三 (three) → 𠀧 |
*Viet *Hanm *Nomm: not in ISO 15924, but simply my suggestions how corresponding codes could look like (Jpan, Kore → *Viet; Hán-Nôm → Hanm; Nôm → Nomm).
[edit] Dictionary
Here is a list of all characters that I used to write Chữ Nôm articles.
P = phonetic only
PP = phonetic-phonetic
PS = phonetic-semantic
SP = semantic-phonetic
| Quốc Ngữ | English | Chữ Nôm / Hán | Origin | Variant characters |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ba | 3, three | 𠀧 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 巴 (ba) + 三 (three) | |
| bao gồm | include | 包𠁟 | Hán 包 (bāo; pack) + Nôm 𠁟 | |
| biển | sea | 𤅶 | genuine Nôm (SP) → 水(water) + 變(biến) | 𣷷 → 水 + 変; 𣷭 → 水 + 彼(bỉ) |
| bộ | book | 簿 | Hán → 簿 (bù; register, account book) | |
| bờ | shore, bank | 坡 | Hán → 坡 (pō) | |
| bởi | by, because of | 𤳷 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 罷 (bãi) + 由 (by) | 𤳸 → 由 + 罷;𤳄 由 + 罢 |
| chân lý | truth | 真理 | 眞理 | |
| chính thức | official | 正式 | Hán → 正式 (zhèng shì) | |
| chính trị | politics | 政治 | Hán → 政治 (zhèng zhì) | |
| của | belong to | 𧵑 | genuine Nôm (PP) → 具 (cụ) + 古 (cổ) | 𧶮 → 具 (cụ) + 固 (cố) |
| cùng | together with | 共 | Hán with assimilated pronunciation → 共 (Sino-Vietnamese: cộng) | |
| cũng | also, too | 共 | Hán with assimilated pronunciation → 共 (Sino-Vietnamese: cộng) | |
| Cựu Ước | Old Testament | 舊約 | Hán → 舊約 (Jiù Yuē) | simplified: 旧约 |
| dân cư | resident | 民居 | Hán → 居民 (jū mín) | |
| dân tộc | nationality, ethnic group | 民族 | Hán → 民族 (mín zú) | |
| du lịch | travel | 遊歷 | Hán → 遊歷 (yóu lì) | simplified: 遊历 |
| duy nhất | the only | 唯一 | Hán → 唯一 (wéi yī) | 惟一 |
| đá | stone | 𥒥 | genuine Nôm (SP) → 石 (stone) + 多 (đa) | |
| đặc | special | 特 | Hán → 特 (tè) | |
| đây | this, here | 低 | overlapping Nôm (SP) → 人 (person) + 氐 (đê) Meaning in Chinese: "name of an ancient tribe" |
|
| đẻ | to give birth | 𤯿 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 底 (để) + 產 (to give birth) | |
| đời | 𠁀 | 𠁀 | genuine Nôm (SP) → 世 (world) + 代 (đại) | or: assimilated pronunciation of 代 |
| đông | east | 東 | Hán → 東 (dōng) | simplified: 东 |
| đồng thời | at the same time, additionally | 同時 | Hán → 同時 (tóng shí) | |
| được | (passive marker), be able, to obtain | 得 | Hán → 得 | |
| gần | near, close | 近 | Hán with assimilated pronunciation → 近 (Sino-Vietnamese: cận) | 𧵆 (gần) |
| gốc | origin | 㭲 | overlapping Nôm (SP) → 木 (tree) + 谷 (cốc) Meaning in Chinese: "wooden frame" |
梏 (Chinese: handcuffs) → 木 + 告 (cáo) 梮 (Chinese: showshoes) → 木 + 局 (cục) |
| gồm | include | 𠁟 | genuine Nôm (SP) → 並 (include) + 兼 (kiêm) | |
| hai | 2, two | 𠄩 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 台 (thai) + 二 (two) | |
| hải | sea | 海 | Hán → 海 (hǎi) | |
| hải ngoại | overseas | 海外 | Hán → 海外 (hǎi wài) | |
| hay | or | 咍 | overlapping Nôm (SP) → 口 (mouth) + 台 (thai) Meaning in Chinese: "to laugh" |
|
| hứng | prosper | 興 | Hán → 興 (xīng) | simplified: 兴 |
| khoảng | almost | 曠 | overlapping Nôm (SP) → 日 (sun, day) + 廣 (quảng) Meaning in Chinese: "wide" |
壙 = space? |
| Hồng Kông | Hong Kong | 香港 | Hán 香港 → (Xiāng Gǎng) | Hán-Việt: Hương Cảng |
| khu | district, region | 區 | Hán → 區 (qū) | simplified: 区 |
| kỉ niệm | commemorate, celebrate | 紀念 | Hán → 紀念 (jì niàn) | |
| kiều | sojourn | 僑 | Hán → 僑 (qiáo) | |
| kinh tế | economics | 經濟 | Hán → 經濟 (jīg jì) | simplified: 经济 |
| Kinh Thánh | Bible | 經聖 | Hán → 聖經 (Shèng Jīng) | simplified: 圣经 |
| là | to be | 羅 | overlapping Nôm (P) → (no semantic component) + 羅 (la) Meaning in Chinese: "net for catching birds" |
|
| lâu | long time | 𥹰 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 娄 (lâu) + 久 (long time ago) | traditional: 婁+久 (not in Unicode) |
| lâu đời | ancient | 𥹰𠁀 | genuine Nôm → 𥹰 (long time) + 𠁀 (world) | |
| lễ | holiday | 禮 | Hán → 禮 (lǐ) | simplified: 礼 |
| lớn | big | 𡘯 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 吝 (lận) + 大 (big) | 𡚚? |
| mà | that, but | 𦓡 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 麻 (ma) + 而 (and, but) | |
| mẹ | mother | 媄 | genuine Nôm? (SP) → 女 (woman) + 美 (mỹ) | 母 (Sino-Vietnamese reading: mẫu) |
| mẹ đẻ | native | 媄𤯿 | genuine Nôm → 媄 (mother) + 𤯿 (give birth) | |
| mỹ | short for America | 美 | Hán → 美 (měi) | Original meaning in Chinese: beautiful |
| nam | south | 南 | Hán → 南 (nán) | |
| năm | 5, five | 𠄼 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 南 (nam) + 五 (five) | |
| năm | year | 𢆥 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 南 (nam) + 年 (year) | |
| nằm | to lie down | 𦣰 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 南 (nam) + 臥(lie down) | |
| ngày | day | 𣈗 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 㝵 (ngày) + 日 (sun, day) | 𣈜 |
| ngoại | outside, foreign | 外 | Hán → 外 (wài) | |
| ngôn ngữ | language | 言語 | Hán → 言語 (yán yǔ) | |
| người | person | 𠊛 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 㝵 (ngày) + 人 (person) | |
| nhân dân | people | 人民 | Hán → 人民 (rén mín) | |
| nôm | Nôm | 喃 | genuine Nôm (SP) → 口 (mouth) + 南 (nam) | |
| núi | mountain | 𡶀 | genuine Nôm (SP) → 山 (mountain) + 内 (nội) | |
| ở | in, at | 𣄒/於/扵 | 𣄒: genuine Nôm (PS) → 於 (ư) + 在 於/扵: Hán → 於/扵 (yú) |
|
| phần | part | 份 | Hán → 份 (fèn) | |
| quan trọng | important | 關重 | Hán → 關 + 重 | simplified: 関重 关重 |
| tại | in | 在 | Hán → 在 (zài) | |
| Tân Ước | New Testament | 新約 | Hán → 新約 (Xīn Yuē) | simplified: 新约 |
| tên | name | 𠸜 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 先 (tiên) + 名 (name) | 𠸛 |
| tên | arrow | 𥏋 | genuine Nôm (PS) → 先 (tiên) + 矢 (arrow) | 𥏌 |
| tiếng | language | 㗂 | overlapping Nôm (SP) → 口 (mouth) + 省 (tỉnh) Meaning in Chinese: "to keep the mouth shut" |
|
| thần | deity | 神 | Hán → 神 (shén) | |
| tháng | month | 𣎃 | genuine Nôm (SP) → 月(month) + 尚(chuộng) | |
| thành phố | city | 城舖 | Hán → 城 (city) + 舖 (street, house, appartment) | 舗 (舎 residence + 甫) → Japanese) 鋪 (金 gold, money + 甫) → Trad. Chinese 铺 (金 gold, money + 甫) → Simpl. Chinese |
| thiểu số | minority | 少數 | Hán → 少數 (shǎo shù) | simplified: 少数 |
| Thiên Chúa | the Lord of Heaven | 天主 | Hán → 天主 (Tiān Zhǔ) | |
| thủ đô | capital city | 首都 | Hán → 首都 (shǒu dū) | |
| thuộc | to belong to | 屬 | Hán → 屬 (shǔ) | simplified: 属 |
| thương mại | commerce | 商賣 | Hán → 商賣 (shāng mài) | |
| triệu | million | 兆 | Hán → 兆 (zhào) | |
| trung tâm | centre | 中心 | Hán → 中心 (zhōng xīn) | |
| Trung Hoa | China | 中華 | Hán → 中華 (Zhōng Huá) | simplified: 中华 |
| Trung Quốc | China | 中國 | Hán → 中國 (Zhōng Guó) | simplfied: 中国 |
| và | and | 吧 | overlapping Nôm (SP) → 口 (mouth) + 巴 (ba) Meaning in Chinese: "emphatic final particle" |
|
| văn hoá | culture | 文化 | Hán → 文化 (wén huà) | |
| Việt Nam | Vietnam | 越南 | Hán → 越南 (Yuè Nán) | |
| với | with | 𠇍 | genuine Nôm → ? |
[edit] Tone correspondance chart (Mandarin/Cantonese/Vietnamese)
| 平 (píng) = "level tone" tonogenesis from: open syllables / nasal final |
上 (shǎng) = "ascending tone" tonogenesis from: fricative final |
去 (qù) = "departing tone" tonogenesis from: stop/glottalized final |
入 (rù) = "entering tone" tonogenesis from: stop/glottalized final |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 陰 (yīn) = "high tone" tonogenesis from: voiceless initial (unaspirated & aspirated) |
包: Mandarin: bāo (1st tone) Cantonese: baau1 (1st tone) Vietnamese: bao (ngang) |
本: Mandarin: běn (3rd tone) Cantonese: bun2 (2nd tone) Vietnamese: bản (hỏi) |
太: Mandarin: tài (4th tone) Cantonese: taai3 (3rd tone) Vietnamese: thái (sắc) |
X: Mandarin: xx (1st/2nd/3rd/4th tone) Cantonese: (上 shàng) xx7=1 (7th=1st tone) (下 xià) xx8=3 (8th=3rd tone) Vietnamese: xx (sắc) |
| 陽 (yáng) = "low tone" tonogenesis from: voiced initial (obstruents & sonorants) |
時: Mandarin: shí (2nd tone) Cantonese: si4 (4th tone) Vietnamese: thì (huyền) |
老: Mandarin: lǎo (3rd tone Cantonese: lou5 (5th tone) Vietnamese: lão (ngã) |
話: Mandarin: huà (4th tone Cantonese: wa6 (6th tone) Vietnamese: thoại (nặng) |
X: Mandarin: xx (3nd/4th tone) Cantonese: xx9=6 (9th=6th tone) Vietnamese: xx (nặng) |
[edit] NomHover Template
I made a Template you can use to provide Chữ Nôm texts with Quốc Ngữ readings (on mouse over):
{{Wp/vi-nom/NomHover|㗂越|Tiếng Việt}} → 㗂越
Usage:
1st parameter = Chữ Nôm
2nd paramter = Quốc Ngữ
[edit] Transliteration of "Wikipedia - Bách khoa toàn thư mở"
Wikipedia = 維基百科
Bách khoa toàn thư mở = 百科全書 mở
Possible characters mở (=open):
| Chữ Nôm | Phonetic Element | Semantic Element | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 𢱒 | 美 | 手 (hand) | contradicts the "ideal character rule" 12 strokes = most simple from all |
| 𢲫 | 馬 | contradicts the "ideal character rule" | |
| 𨷑 | 美 | 開 (open) | Readings of 美: mĩ mẻ mỉ |
| 𩦓 | 馬 | Readings of 馬: mã mứa mựa mở 22 strokes = most complex from all |
|
| 𨸈 | 美 | 門 (door) | character with traditional 門 not in Unicode |
[edit] Logo draft
http://de.geocities.com/ilthanar/wikipedia-logo-vi-nom2.png
[edit] Numbers, Dates and Punctuation in Chữ Nôm
| Type | Numbers | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Western numerals | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | Dates: 𣎃7𣈗2𢆥2008 Numbers: 80兆, 10,5% ... |
| Chinese numerals | 〇一二三四五六七八九十 | Proper names: 四國 ... |
| Nôm numerals | 空𠬠𠄩𠀧𦊚𠄼𦒹𦉱𠔭𠃩𨑮 không một hai ba bốn năm sáu bảy tám chín mười |
After "次" (thứ, indicating order) ... |
