Wp/zgh/ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱ
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ Muḥend n Âabd Krim Lxeṭṭabi) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ (ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1921 ⴷ 1926, ⵉⵎⵎⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ, ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵏ, ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ, ⴰⵎⴽ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵅⵍⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵊⴷⵉⵔ, ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵔⵢⵉⵖⵔ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1882, ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ (ⵉⵃⵙⴰ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ), ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴼⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵕⴰⵟⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵔⵢⵉⵖⵔ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵉⵏ, ⵉⴱⵇⵇⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵔⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵓ ⴰⵚⴱⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓ ⵉ ⵢⵓⴷⴼⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1921, ⵔⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⴱⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓ.
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1922, ⵉⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⵄⴱⴷⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ", ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ. ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⴳⵔⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ. ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵄⴱⴷⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ "ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ" ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ. ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ. ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵏⵖⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵀⴰⵊ, ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ, ⵢⵓⴹⵏ, ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1926. ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵄⴱⴷⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵄⴱⴷⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴽⵔⵓⴼ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1947, ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵢⴰ, ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ. ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1963.
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵎⵓⵃⵏⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 6 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1963. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵓⵢⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⴰ.