Wp/vai/ꗨꗡꔘꘋ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ

ꗨꗡꔘꘋ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꖏ ꘈꗢꖸ ꖸ ꗃꕎ ꔨꕃꔅꔵꕩ ꗡꘋꕢꖴꖃꔅꔵꕩꕌ ꕎ ꗏ, ꕺꖃ ꖷꔧ ꖴꘋꗒ ꕪ ꔇꔀ ꕔꕡ.

ꖬꕎꘋ ꔤ ꕚꕌ: ꔇꔀ ꔇꔀ, ꕔ ꗱ ꗓꖺꕮ

ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕸꖃ ꖴꘋꗣ ꖴꕮ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕞ ꗓꕯꕊ ꗞ ꖷ ꗪ ꕢꕌꕯ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕮ ꗘꕀ ꔨꕩ ꕉꔤ ꔬ ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 22, 2018 ꕮ ꕉꕌ ꔞꔀ ꕃꔤꘂ ꕪꔤꘂ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ (ꕗꖇ ꕚ ꕃꕞ ꗱ) ꖷꕊ ꕮꕨ ꗪꗡ ꔻꔤꔒꔀ (ꕞꕡꕌ ꗱ) ꕉꕌ ꕿꕯꕊ ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕮꘋꗔꘋꗣ ꕉꕌ ꕮꕨꕧ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꕢꘋ ꖇꘋꗏꗒ, ꕉ ꖴꘋ ꕉ ꔳꕩ ꕯꕮ ꕎꕌꔳ ꗏꗒ ꕞ ꖏꕎ ꗞ ꖷ ꕞ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕔꕌ ꗓ ꗘꗻ ꕀꘋꕃꘋ ꕟꗃ ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1948 ꖏ ꗏ ꕈꕰꕊ 1847 ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꖱꕞꔤ 26, 1847 ꕉ ꕮꔧ ꗞꗢ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕞ ꕞꕙꔤꘂ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕉꕌ ꗓ ꘃ ꕐꕌꕎꕌ $90,000 ꕶꕱ ꕧꔌꘋꗣ ꗏ ꔤꘋꗳꘉꔳ ꕪꘋꗣ www.emansion.gov.lr

ꖏ ꘊꔧꔒ ꘈꗢ ꗪ ꖏ ꘊꔧꔒ ꔻꔭꔤꔒ ꖸ ꕎ ꗳ ꕉ ꕞ ꗓꔒ ꗪ ꗁꔒꔎ ꖏꔀ ꖸ ꕞ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꗝꘈꔳꘂ ꕞ ꖏꕎ.

ꕮꕨꕧ ꕒꕌ (ꗡꗽꔞꔎ) [ꔤ ꕀꕩ] ꕢꕎ ꔞꘋꗣ [ꔤ ꕀꕩ] ꖏꔳ ꕢꕎ ꖏꔀ [ꔤ ꕀꕩ] ꕾꔳ ꖏꔀ ꖸ [ꔤ ꕀꕩ] ꗁꔒꔎ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ ꖸ [ꔤ ꕀꕩ] ꗓ ꘃ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖸꕊ ꗳ ꕪ ꕃꔤꘂ ꖸ [ꔤ ꕀꕩ] ꖏ ꔬꕩ ꕃꔤꘂ ꖸ ꕸꖃ ꕮꔕꔀ ꖸ ꕞ [ꔤ ꕀꕩ] • ꕸꖃ ꕮꔕꔀ ꖸ • ꕮꔪꘂ

ꗨꗡꘋꗣ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕸꖃ ꖴꘋꗣ ꖴꕮ ꗓꕧꕌꗡ ꖏ ꕸꖃꔀ ꗪ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꗝꘈꔳꘂ ꖴꕮ. ꕉ ꕎ ꔳꕩ ꗓꕧꕌ ꖏ ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꖴꕮ ꔧ kꖴꗷ ꔇꔀ ꗞꖻ ꕒꕌ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕞ ꗓꘀꗡ ꗏꗆꗡ ꖴꕮ.

ꗨꗡꘉꗢ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕿꕎ ꔳꕩ ꕸꖃ ꖴꘋ ꖏ ꕉ ꕎꕬ ꖴꘋ ꕮ 1847, ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕭꕯꕊ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕔꘋꕔꘋꗣ ꖴꕮ, ꕉ ꗪ ꔨ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꗝꗊꕯꕊ ꕎ ꕸꖃ ꕧ, ꕉ ꕎ ꖷ ꘈꗢꕃꘋ ꗛꗏꕯꔧꔘꗔꘋ ꖴꗷ ꗏꗒꗡ ꕞ ꕸꖃ ꗓ ꕉ ꕞ. ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꖷ ꔳꕩ 1847 ꕞ ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕭꕯꕊ ꗃ ꕎ ꘃ ꗝꗊꕯꕉ` ꕸꖃ ꕉꕌ ꔇꔀ ꗨꗡꗽꘋŋ/ꔀ ꔝ, ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꕞ ꖏ ꔬꕩ ꔳꕩ ꗷꔤ ꖷ ꕉ ꗪ ꕶꕱ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖸꕊ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕞ ꖏꕎ.

ꕉꔤ ꗃ 1847 ꕮ ꕉꔤ 1980 ꔬꕩ, ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꔳꕩ ꗯꗷꘋ ꗛꗜ ꗞꗢ ꖸ ꕸꖃ ꕧ, ꘈꗢꕃꘋ ꗞꖺ` ꖷ ꖸ ꔖꔜ ꖸ ꕞ ꔻꔤꕯꕊ ꔬ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕉꔤ ꕒꕢ ꕉꖸꕊ ꔔꘋꗣ ꖸ ꕞ. ꕐꕌꔎ ꗱꕞ ꖏ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꔸꗁꔪꔒꘃꘋ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ ꗪ ꖤꖕꔨ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ ꕞꕊ 1878 ꕎ, ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꕉꘋꕿꕇ ꗍꔫꖳ ꕭꔵꕯ ꕞ ꔬꘂ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕮ ꔳꕩ ꕢꘋ 102 ꕞ ꕔꕌ ꗓꕯꕊ ꖏ ꕐꕌꔎ ꗏꗒ ꕮꕨꕧ ꔳꘂ ꖏꕎ ꖤꖕꔨ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ ꕞ ꖏꕎ. ꕉ ꕞꕒꘋꗣ ꗏ, ꖏ ꗓ ꕒꕌꕩ ꗓꘀꗡ ꖸ, ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꖸ ꕢꕆꗠ ꖁꕱ ꔳꕩ ꕉꖸ ꕧꕌ, ꕉꕡ ꕸꖃꔀ ꔬ ꗓꘀꗡ ꕭꕯꕊ ꗱ 1980. ꕉꖷ ꕉꕡ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꗏ ꔬꕩ ꕉ ꕿꕎ ꕉ ꗏ ꕉꕡ ꖁꕱ ꔬ 1985 ꕾꔳꘂ ꗏ. ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꕉꕡ ꖁꕱ ꗃ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕮ ꕭꕯꕉ` ꕞ ꕉꖷ ꕉꕡꕌ ꕘꕌ 1990 ꕢꘋŋꔀ ꖝ ꗏ, ꕉꕡ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕞꕊ ꕎ ꘃ ꗏ ꕢꘋ ꖇꘋꗱꕞ ꕞ ꖏꕎ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꘃꗡ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꕚ ꕒꕡ ꔧ ꕢꘋ ꗱꕞ ꕞ ꖏꕎ ꗏ, ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꘃꗡ ꗱꕞꕯꕊ ꕸꖃꔀ ꗏ ꕞꕊ 2003 ꕢꘋꗣ ꖝ ꗏ.

1986 ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꗱ, ꗞ ꖷ ꖸ ꕞꕌꔒ ꖷ ꕾꔳ ꘃ ꖏꕎ, ꕉꖸꔧ ꗨꗡꘋꗣ ꔬ ꕾꔳ ꗏ ꕎ ꕢꘋ ꖇꘋꗏꗒ ꕞ ꖏꕎ, ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꗞ ꖴꘋ ꕉ ꔳꕩ ꗏ ꕯꕮ ꕎꕌꔳ ꗏꗒ ꕞ ꖏꕎ. ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꗬꗡ ꕞ ꖏꕎ, ꗞ 22 ꖸ ꕞ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧ ꗏ ꔳꘂ. ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 16, 2006, ꗡꔷꘋ ꗘꘋꔻꘋ ꗻꔷꔤ ꕞ ꕼꕱ ꘃ ꔬ ꘃꖷ ꕉꔤ ꔳ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꗞ ꕒꘋꔕ ꕉ ꗛꖺ ꕯꕊꕇꕯꕊ ꖏ, ꕉꖷ ꕉ ꔳꕩ ꖷꖬ ꗞꖻ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꖏ ꕉꕡꕌ ꔬ ꕾꔳ ꗏ ꕉꔤ ꔳ ꖇꕧꕌ ꖏ ꕸꖃ ꖴꘋ ꖴꕮ ꕉꔱꔸꕪ ꖨꕮꕊ ꕮ. ꕉꔤ ꔬ 2018 ꕮ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꔳꕩ ꗘꕀ ꔨꕩ ꕎ ꖏ.

ꖏ ꖷ ꖸ ꗪ ꕺꖃ ꘈꗢ ꗏ • 1 ꖏ ꗛꖺ ꗏ ꔖꘋ • 2 ꕭꕯꕊ ꖸ ꗪ ꕮ ꖏꔀ ꖸ ◦ 2.1 ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕞ ꕮ ꖏꔀ ꖸ • 3 ꗞ ꖷ ꖴꘋ ꔳꕩ ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꖏ • 4 ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꔧ ꕾꔳ ꖏꔀ ꖸ • 5 ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕞ ꕿꕯꕊ • 6 ꕀꔤꘂ • 7 ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꖸ ꗋꖺꗡ ꖸ ◦ 7.1 ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꖸ ꗳꕮꕊ ꗏ • 8 ꕇꘊ ꗨꗡ ꗱꗡ • 9 ꖏ ꕢꔒ ꖸ ꕺꖃ ꕮ • 10 ꖏ ꘈꗢ ꖸ ꖸ ꗃꕎ ꕪꘋ ꖷ ꖸ

ꖏ ꗛꖺ ꗏ ꔖꘋ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] ꕉꔤ ꔬ ꕉꕡ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕗꕴꔀ ꕔꕌ ꗓ 1838, ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕭꕯꕊ ꗪ ꔨ ꗝꗊꕯꕊ ꕎ ꕸꖃ ꕮ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ, ꕉ ꕎ ꖷ ꘈꗢꕃꘋ ꗛꗏꕯꔧꔘꗔꘋ ꖴꗷ ꗏꗒꗡ ꕎꔤ ꕸꖃ ꗓ ꕉ ꕞ ꕉꖷ ꕉꔤ ꗓ ꘃ ꖴꗷ ꗏꗒ ꘈꗢ ꕎ ꕘꕞ ꕮꔧꘊ ꗱ. ꗝꗊꕯꕊ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꔳꕩ ꗋꕮꔻ ꖜꕪꕯ ꕎ ꖏ ꕉꖷ ꕉꕌ ꗓ ꘃ ꕉꔤ ꗃ 1838 ꕮ ꕉꔤ 1841 ꔬꕩ. ꗘꗻ ꕀꘋꕃꘋ ꕟꗃ ꕎ ꗓꕎ ꕉ ꕔ ꕮ ꕉꖷ ꕉ ꕎ ꔳꕩ ꗞ ꕺꖃ ꔱꔤꕮ ꗝꗊꕯ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꖏ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ.

ꕸꖃꔀꔤ ꕯ ꔳ ꕸꖃ ꖴꘋ ꖏ 1847, ꕉꕡ ꕟꗃ ꔬ ꕾꔳ ꗏ ꕉꔤ ꔳ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꖏ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ. ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꗏ 1847, ꕉ ꕮ ꕞꕴ ꘃꖷ ꗛꔕ ꗞꗢ ꖸ ꕚꔤ ꕿ ꔳ ꕾꔳ ꖏꔀ ꖸ ꗏ ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꕉꗒ ꕕ ꖷ ꕶꕱ ꔞꘋ ꗓꔒꔤ ꔳ ꗞ ꕸꖃ ꗨꗡꘉꗡ. ꕢꖝ ꔫꔤ ꕞ ꖏꕎ, ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꔳꕩ ꗯꗷꘋ ꗛꗜ ꗞꗢ ꖸ ꕎꕌ ꖏꕎ ꕉ ꕿꕎ ꕉ ꗏ 1980, ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꕢꕆꗠ ꖁꕱ ꖷ ꗃꕎ ꖴꕏ ꔽꔤꘂ, ꕉ ꗓꕎ ꗓꘀꗡ ꖸ ꕧꕌ ꕉꕡ ꕮꕨꕧꕌ ꔬ ꕭꕯꕊ ꕞ ꕉꕡ ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꔃꔷꕩꘋ ꗋꖺꗃ ꗃ ꕉꖷ ꕉꕡꕌ ꕘꕌ.

ꗞ ꕮ ꔳ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕮ ꔳ ꗃ 1980 ꕮ ꕉ ꕿꕎ ꕉ ꗏ ꕉꕌ 1986 ꔬꕩ ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꖁꕱ ꗋꘋ ꗓꕧꕌ ꗞꗢ ꖸꕊ ꔸꗵꘋꗔꘋ ꕪꘋꖇꔀ ꖴꕮ. ꕎꕌꔳ ꗃꖺ ꕪꘋꗜꖺ, ꕉꕡ ꖁꕱ ꔬ ꕾꔳ ꗏ ꕉꔤ ꔳ ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꖏ 1985 ꕾꔳ ꖷ ꘃꕩ ꕸꖃꔀ ꗏ, ꕉꖷ ꕉ ꔳꕩ ꔖꔜ ꗞꗢ ꖏ ꕉꔤ ꔳ ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꖏ, ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꕮ ꗃ ꗛꗜ ꔽꔤ ꕮ ꗓꔒꔀ ꗏ ꕎ. ꕎꕌꔳ ꗃꖺ ꕪꘋꗜꖺ, ꕉꕡ ꖁꕱ ꗃ ꕭꕯꕊ ꕞ ꕉꖷ ꕉꕡꕌ ꕘꕉ 1990 ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꘃꗡ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꕔꕌ ꗓꔒ ꕪꘋꗜꖺ ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꗞ ꕮ ꔳ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕮ.

1997 ꕾꔳꘂ ꕪꘋꗜꖺ ꕸꖃꔀ ꗏ, ꕦꔒ ꔎꗏ ꔻꔤꕩ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕮ ꕉ ꕿꕎ ꕉ ꗏ ꕉꕌ ꕸꖃ ꗷꘋ ꖺꗝꖬ 11, 2003 ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꕉꕡ ꖴꗷ ꕢꕮ ꖏ ꖸ ꗏ ꕈꕰ ꘃꖷ Lꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꘃꗡ ꗱꕞꕯꕊꔧ ꕞꕊ. ꗞ ꖷ ꗓꕎ ꕉ ꕔ ꕮ, ꖒꔘ ꔬꕞ ꕞ ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕭꕯꕊ ꔇꔀ ꖱꔵ ꖜꕟꘂꘋ ꔝ ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 13, 2003,ꕉ ꕎ ꖷ ꔳꕩ ꔿꘂꘈꗢ ꖏ ꗝꘈꔳ ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕪꘋꖇꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕸꖃꔀ ꗏ. ꕉꖸ ꘀꗡꕩ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕮ ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 16, 2006, 2005 ꕾꔳꘂ ꕪꘋꗜꖺ ꖺ ꕒꕡ mꖕ ꕉꕡ ꗡꔷꘋ ꗘꘋꔻꘋ ꗻꔷꔤ ꔬ ꕉꔤ ꔳ ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꖷꖬꕮ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꖏ.

ꕉꕡ ꗘꕀ ꔨꕩ ꔬ ꕾꔳ ꗏ ꕉꔤ ꔳ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꗞ ꕒꘋꔕ ꕉ ꗛꖺ ꕢꕔꕯꕊ ꖏ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ. ꗞ ꖷ ꗪ ꔨ ꕮꕨꕧꕌ ꕮ, ꗡꔷꘋ ꗘꘋꔻꘋ ꗻꔷꔤ ꕞꕌ ꗋꖺ ꗋꖺꕮ ꔖꔤ ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕺꖃꔀ 91 ꕮ, ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꗱ ꕉꗒ ꕐꕌꔎ ꗱꕞꕌ ꖸꔧ ꗓ ꘃ ꕪꘋ ꗏꗒ ꕮꕨꕧ ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꖏꔀ ꗏ, ꕔꕡ ꕮꕊ, ꕉ ꗱ ꕞ ꕧꘋꕨꕌ ꔨ ꕉꔤ ꔬ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕞ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧ ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕾꔳ ꕚ ꕃꕞ ꗱ ꕉꖷ ꕢꘋ 70 ꕞ ꖏꕎ.[…]”.[1]

ꕭꕯꕊ ꖸ ꗪ ꕮ ꖏꔀ ꖸ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕞ ꗓ ꘃ ꕃꔤꘂ ꗃꕎ ꗋꖺꕰꕊ ꕞ ꕶꕱ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖸꕊ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕎ ꕞ.

ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕞ ꗓ ꘃꗡ ꖸ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꖷ ꔳꕩ 1986 ꕞ ꕭꕯꕊ ꔇꔀ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꔝ ꕉꔤ ꕸꖃ ꗓ ꕆꕇꔻꕚꕌ ꖸ ꕞ ꗝꘈꔳꘂ ꗏ, ꔧ ꗘꕀꘂ ꖸ, ꔧ ꔤꘋꕑꔖꕜꕌ ꖸ, ꔧ ꕶꔤꔻ ꕮꕨꕌ ꖸ, ꔧ ꗓꕧꕌꗡ ꖸ ꕪꘋꔎꔀ ꖸ ꖴꕮ, ꔧ ꗓꘀꗡ ꕮꕨꕌ ꗻꔕꕚ ꔞꘋꗣ ꕞ ꗏ ꗓꗡ ꗪ ꕉꕌ ꕞꕀꔤꘂ ꗱ. ꕉꔤ ꕒꕢ ꕉ ꔫꔤ ꕞ, ꕭꕯꕊ ꗪ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꔝ ꕉꔤ ꗞ ꔫꔤꖸ ꖸ ꗏꗒ ꔰ ꗃ ꗓ ꘃꗡ ꗏ ꕎꕌꔳ ꖷ ꔰ ꕉ ꕴꕱꕎ. ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꖴꘋ ꗏ ꕌꘃ ꕿꕎ ꗞ ꖸ ꔝ ꖺ ꕉꔤ ꔷꔱ ꔞꘋꕯ ꗪ ꕘꕌꕇ ꖏ ꖸ ꗏ ꔬꕩ. ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕎꔤ ꖏꔀ ꖸ ꗬꗡ ꕚꕌꘂ ꕉ ꕞ ꗓꔒ ꗪ ꕸꖃ ꕮꔕ ꖸ ꗳꕮꕊ ꖏ ꖸ ꕞ, ꔇꖷꗨꗡ ꖏ ꗏ ꕈꕰꔒꔀ ꖸ ꔰ ꖺ ꖏ ꖷ ꖸ ꖴl|ꗡ ꕪꕌ ꕉꖸ ꕮ ꖦꖕꕰ ꗝꘈꔳꘂ ꖸ ꕞ, ꕕ ꖷ ꕢꕎ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖸ ꗱꕞ ꗬꗡ ꖸꔧ ꕸꖃ ꔻꔤ ꕉ ꗛꖺ. ꕉꔤ ꕒꕢ ꕉ ꔫꔤ ꕞ, ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕎ ꔳꕩ ꗓꕧꕌ ꕒꕌ ꖏ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꗓꘀꗡ ꗏꗆꗡ ꖸ ꖴꕮ.

ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꕞ ꕭꕯꕊ ꔇꔀ ꕎ ꘃ ꗏ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꔝ ꕉꔤ ꕎꕌꔳ ꔞꔀ ꕧꕌ ꕔꔺ ꕒꕡ, ꕪꘋ ꖷ ꘃꗡꔤ ꔳꕩ ꖺ ꖏ ꕧ ꘊꘊꔒ ꔳꕩ ꕉꖷ ꕉꔤ ꗞ ꖸꕊ ꔬꕩ ꕃꔤ ꖸ ꕀꕩ ꕧꕌ ꕔꔺ ꕎꕌꔳ ꔧ ꕉ ꕎꔤ ꕈꕰꕊ, ꕉꔤ ꗉꖺ ꕉꕜꕮ ꔔꘋ ꖸꕊ ꗋꖺꕒꕌ ꖴꕮ ꔳꔷꘋ ꘃ ꕮ ꕧꕌ ꕔꔺ ꕒꕡ, ꕉꔤ ꗉꖺ ꘃꖷ ꕉꖸꔧ ꗃꕎꘋ ꗞ ꕞ ꕢꕎꕌ ꕧꕌ ꕧꕌꕩꕌ ꕮ ꖏꕎ. ꔎꔒ ꖇꘋꗱꕞ ꕪꘋꗜꖺ ꖴꗷ ꗃꘋ ꘈꗢ ꕪꘋꗜꖺ, ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕮꔧ ꕕ ꖷ ꕉꔤ ꕢꕎ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖴꘋꗒ ꕪ ꕢꖝ ꖷ ꕞ ꖏꕎ ꕉꕌ ꖴꗷ ꗃꘋ ꗷꔤ ꔫꔤ ꕮ, ꕉꔤ ꗉꖺ ꘃꖷ ꕉꖸꔧ ꗃꕎꘋ ꗞ ꕞ ꕢꕎꕌ ꕧꕌ ꖤꕢ ꘃ ꕗꔤ ꖏꕎ. ꕉ ꗷꔤ ꖷ ꗏ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖸ ꗱꕞ ꗬꗡꔤ ꕞꕴ ꕉ ꔝ ꕾꔳ ꗏ ꗷꔤ ꕞ ꘃꖷ ꗞ ꗱꕞ ꗞ ꕢꕔ ꔰ ꗳ, ꕉꖸꔧ ꖴꘋ ꖃꘋ ꕉ ꕸꖃ. ꔧ ꕉ ꕮ ꔳ ꘃ, ꕉꔤ ꔳꕩ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕮꔧ ꕕ ꖏ ꕉꔤ ꘀꗡ ꕔꕌ ꕧꕌ ꕔꔺ ꕎꕌꔳ ꔫꔤ ꕞ ꖏ ꕮ.

ꕢꕎ ꔞꘋꗣ ꕞ ꗓ ꘃꗡ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] ꕕ ꖷ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕩꕌ ꗋꖺꕮ ꔖꔤ ꕺꖃ ꕮ ꖏ ꖷ ꖸ ꔰ ꗸꔪꗽꘋꔎꔎ ꔞꘋꗣ ꗪ ꗻꔕꕚ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖸ ꖴꗷ ꕪꕌ ꕉ ꕮ, ꕉꖷ ꕉꖸ ꖴꘋ ꘀꗡꕩ ꕔꕌ ꕉ ꕮ ꔧ ꗨꗡ ꕎꕌ ꗱꕞ ꕉꖸ ꕢꕔ ꗳ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖸ ꗬꗡ ꗳ, ꕉꖸ ꕞꕴ ꕎ. ꕉꔤ ꕒꕢ ꕉ ꘃ ꕞ, ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꖴꘋ ꕭꕯꕊ ꖬꕮꔒ ꕧ ꗋꗄ ꘃꕩ ꕉꔤ ꕭꕬ ꕉ ꕩꕌ ꗋꖺꕮ ꔖꔤ ꕺꖃ ꕮ ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꔎꔒ ꗞ ꕒꘋꔕ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꕞ ꕒꘋ ꔞꕩ ꖏ ꗋꖺꕮ ꔖꔤ ꖏꕎ, ꕉ ꗪꘋꕡ ꕢꕎ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖸꕊ ꔱꕩ ꗃ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꕮ. ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꖴꘋ ꕢꕎ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖸꕊ ꔻꔤ ꕒꕡꕌ ꗱ ꕧꘋꕨꕌ ꕉꔤ ꔇꔀ ꕉꖸꕊ ꕪ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꕮ ꖺ ꕉꔤ ꔞꔀ ꘃ ꔻꔤ ꕒꕡ ꗏꔤ ꕞ ꖏꕎ ꕎꕌꔳ ꖷ ꔰ ꕉꕌ ꗱꗡ ꘃ ꕉ ꕎ ꕈ ꕸꖃꔀ ꕞ ꗪꗡꕯꕧꕌ ꕞ ꖏꕎ. ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕮꔧ ꕕ ꖷ ꕉꔤ ꖴꗷ ꕸꘋ ꕢꕎ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖸ ꔝ ꕢꘋ ꔰ ꕉ ꕞ ꗓꔒ ꗪ ꕸꖃꔀ ꕞ ꔻꔤ ꕃꔤꘂ ꕞ.

ꗘ ꕎ ꖴꘋ ꔳꕩ ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꖏ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꕉ ꖴꘋ ꗪꘋꕡ ꗞꔧ ꗓ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕞ ꖏꕎ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꗱ ꗦꗷ, ꕕ ꖷ ꗞ ꔫꔤ ꔳ: • ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꗞꖻ ꖏ ꕉꕡꕌ ꕴꖃ ꕸꖃꔀ ꗏ (ꗷꔤ ꖷ ꕉ ꗪ ꕉꔳꖏ 27(ɓ) ꗏ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꕺꖃꔀ ꗏ. ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꗞꔧ ꔳ ꕸꖃꔀ ꗏ ꗞꖻ ꖏ, ꕉ ꔳꕩ ꕕ ꖏ ꘃꖷ ꗞꔧ ꔳ “ꗞ ꔱꔤꕮ” ꖏ; • ꕕ ꖷ ꗞꗢ ꕞ ꕴꖃ ꕢꘋꗣ ꕮ ꕀꔤ ꕢꘋ ꗞ ꕒꘋꔕ ꕉ ꗛꖺ ꕚꘋ ꖇꕱꖨ ꗛꖺ; • ꕕ ꖷ ꗞꗢ ꕸꖃ ꗏ ꖏ ꔋꘋ ꔋꘋꔧ ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꕯꕘꕌ ꕮ ꕀꔤ $25,000 ꗛꖺ ꕶꕱ ꕧꔌꘋꗣ ꗏ; • ꕕ ꖷ ꕉꔤ ꔻꔤꕯꕊ ꔬ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕎꕌꔳ ꕞ ꖏꕎ ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꕮ ꕀꔤ ꕢꘋ ꕚꘋ ꗛꖺ.

ꕉꔤ ꗉꖺ ꕉ ꘃ ꗬꗡ ꕮ, ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꗪ ꕉꕌ ꕞꕙꔤꘂ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꖴꕮ ꔇꔀ ꖴꘋ ꗃꕎ ꕪꘋꔎ ꗏꗒꗡ ꗏ.

ꗨꗡꗽꘋꘋꕧ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꔧ ꕾꔳ ꖏꔀ ꖸ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] 1847 ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꗱ, ꕉꖸꔧ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꔬ ꔨ ꕾꔳ ꗏ ꕢꘋ ꗱꕞ ꕎꕌ ꖏꕎ, ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꕉꕡꕌ ꕔꔤ ꕢ ꕉ ꔳꕩ ꕢꘋ ꕯꕊꕇ ꖏ ꔈꔀ 7, 1907.[2] ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꘈꗢ ꗏ, ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꕯꕮꕊꔧ ꗓ ꘃ w ꕢꘋ ꖇꘋꕢꕔ ꕎꕌ ꖏꕎ ꕉꖷ ꕉꖸ ꖴꘋ ꔨ ꗏ ꕉ ꔬꕩ ꕾꔳ ꗏ ꕢꘋ ꕯꕊꕇ ꕀꔤꕪ ꕮꔕ ꖸꕊ ꖏꕎ, ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꕞꕊ ꔇꔀ. ꔃꔷꕩꘋ ꗋꖺꗃ ꕞ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧ ꕒꕡꕌ, ꕉꕡ ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ ꕎ ꘃ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꗏ ꕉ ꘃ ꖷ ꖴꘋ ꕸꖃ ꔉꕖꕌ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꕧꕌ ꕉ ꕮ ꔇꔀ ꕢꘋ ꖇꘋꕢꕔ ꕎꕌꔳ ꗏꗒ ꕮ; 1976 ꕢꘋꗣ ꖝ ꗏ, ꗞ ꖸ ꗪ ꔨ ꖏꕎꔀꕯ ꕢꕎꕌ ꔞꘋꗣ ꗏ ꘃꖷ ꕸꖃꔀꔤ ꘀꗡ ꖏ ꔬꕩ ꕃꔤ ꗛꖺꗡ ꕮ, ꘃ ꗋꖺꗃ ꕞꕌ ꗃ ꕉ ꕞꕌ ꕉꕌ ꗛꘋ ꗓ ꖏ ꔬꕩ ꕃꔤ nꕯꕊ ꗛꖺ ꕉꖷ ꕉ ꕪꔤꕩ ꘃ ꕉꔤ ꕘꕌꕰꕊ ꖏꔀ ꖸ ꕮ ꘃꖷ ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꔰ ꕮ ꔳ ꕉꔤ ꕿ ꗓ ꔎꘋ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꖸꕊ ꕞꕊꕯꕊ ꕮ.[3]

ꗷꔤ ꖷ ꕉ ꗪ ꗦꗷ, ꕉꖸꔧ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꔬ ꕾꔳ ꗏ ꗏꗆꗡ ꕞ ꖏꖃꕩꕌ ꗱ ꕢꘋ ꖇꘋꗏꗒ ꕎꕌꔳ ꕎꕌ ꖏꕎ ꕉꖷ ꕉ ꔇꔀꖴꘋ ꔇꔀꕩ ꕾꔳ ꕎꕌꔳ ꗱꕞ ꕮ. 1986 ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꗱ, ꕉꖸꔧ ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꕾꔳ ꖏꔀ ꖴꘋ ꔬꕩ ꕾꔳ ꕞꘋ ꕎꕌꔳ ꗱꕞ ꕎ ꗱ, ꕉ ꗷꔤ ꖷ ꗏ, ꕾꔳ ꘃ ꗱꕞꕯꕊꔧ ꔳ ꗞ ꗱꕞꕌ ꖸ ꕎ ꗳ, ꕉꖸꕊꖸ ꖷ ꖸ ꕞ ꗏꗆ ꔇꔀꕮꕯꕊ ꗱꗡ ꕾꔳ ꕞꘋꗣ ꔖꔜꕯꕊ ꗏ ꔧ ꗞ ꔰ ꕮ ꗏꗆ ꕒꕌ ꗱꗡ ꕾꔳ ꕞꘋ ꔫꔤ ꗏ. ꕎꕌꔳ ꔰ ꕔꕌꔤ ꗓ ꕉꖷ ꕉꔤ ꕞꕊ ꔎꔒ ꔞꔒ ꖴꘋ ꗳ ꕎ ꗞꔕꔀ ꕢꕔꕯꕊ ꕮ ꘀꕇꖿꔒ ꕪꕴꔀ ꖝ ꗏ ꕾꔳꔝ ꘃꔒ ꕪꘋꗜꖺ.[4] ꕒꕡ ꖷ ꕉꖸꔧ ꔳ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꔻꔤꕯꕊ ꕮꕨ ꗯꗢ ꕮ, ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꔰ ꕮꔧ ꕕ ꖷ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꗱ ꕉꔤ ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꕼꕱ ꘃ ꔬ ꕉꔤ ꕞꔦꔤ ꔬ ꘃ ꕉꔤ ꕸꖃꔀ ꖴꕮ ꕢꕎꕌ ꖴꕮ ꔳꔷꘋ ꘃ ꕎ ꕉꖷ ꖏ ꔬꕩ ꕃꔤ ꕚꘋꔕ ꗱ, ꕉꔤ ꕢꕎꕌ ꕚꕌꘂ ꕎ. ꗘꕀ ꕒꕌ ꖏꔳ ꕒꕌ ꖴꕮ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ, ꕉ ꕎꔤ ꕼꕱ ꘃ ꘈꗢ ꔇꔀ ꕢꕎ ꔞꘋꗣ ꖸ ꕘꕞ ꗬꗡ ꕧ ꖟꖕ ꕮ.

ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕞ ꕿꕯꕊ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕮꘋꗔꘋ ꗛꖺꗡ ꖦꗛꗏ, 1929

ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕮꘋꗔꗣ ꖴꗛꗏ ꕞꕌ, 2009 ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꖴꕮ, ꕉꔤ ꕿ ꕉꖷ ꕉꔤ ꗓ ꘃ ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꕮꘋꗔꘋꗣ ꕎ ꖦꗛꗏ, ꕸꖃꔀ ꕞ ꕢꕨ ꕒꕌ ꗏ.[5][6] ꕉ ꗪ ꗓꖺ ꕃꕞꕌ ꕒꕌꖺ ꕎ ꕪꔅꕚ ꔞꘋꗣ ꕧꕌ, ꕪꔅꕚ ꗛꖻꗢ ꕧ ꗱ. ꕉꕡ ꗦꗷ ꔞꘋ ꔫꔤ ꗓ ꔃꔷꕩꘋ ꗋꕃꕮꔧ ꕞ ꗨꗡꘋꕧ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ.[6]

ꕀꔤ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] ꗁꔒꔎ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ ꖸ • ꔸꗁꔪꔒꘃꘋ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ • ꖤꖕꔨ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ • ꕯꗔꕯ ꗵꗞꖴꕎꔎ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ • ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꗞꗢ ꖸꕊ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ • ꕯꗔꕯ ꔅꖤꖿꔎ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ • ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꖏ ꕮ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ • ꖟ ꗠꖻ ꕞ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ (ꖳꔕꔎ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ)

ꕮꕨꕧ ꔳꘂ ꖏ ꔽꔤ ꕮꔕꔀ ꖸ • ꗓꘀꗡ ꖸ • ꗞ ꖷ ꖸ ꗓꕎ ꕉꖸ ꕎꕬ ꖴꘋ ꕮ

ꔱꕭ ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ (ꕴꖃ ꕒꕡꕌ – ꕘꕌ ꕒꕡꕌ) ꕮꕨꕧ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꕪꕮ (ꕾꔳ) ꗨꗡꗽꘋꗣ ꕞ ꕞꕙꔤꘂ 1

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25 ꖌꗻ ꕀꘋꕃꘋ ꕟꗃ (1809 - 1876)

ꔻꔳꔲꘋ ꕉꗷꘋ ꗩꔻꘋ (1816 -1865)

ꕜꕰ ꕒꔼ ꖿꖺꗟ (1815 - 1880)

ꔛꕆꔻ ꔻꔪs ꔪꘋ (1819 – 1882)

ꗡꖦꖿ ꔛꕆꔻ ꗐꔤi (1815 – 1872)

ꔛꕆꔻ ꔻꕃꔲꘋ ꔻꔈ (1809 – 1892)

ꖌꗻ ꕀꘋꕃꘋ ꕟꗃ (1809 - 1876)

ꔛꕆꔻ ꔻꔪꔻ ꔪꘋ (1819 – 1882)

ꕉꘋꕿꕇ ꗍꔫꖳ ꕭꔵꕯ (1820 – 1885)

ꕉꖢꔓ ꖢꕟꘋꔖ ꗐꖺꗓ (1817 – 1884)

ꔂꕞꔓ ꕉꗐ ꗍꔫꖳ ꗘꘋꔻꘋ (1837 -1901)

ꖌꗻ ꔛꕆꔻ ꔿꔻꕮꔧ (1843 – 1896)

ꔃꔷꕩꘋ ꔵꔤ ꖏꕱꕮꔧ (1842 – 1908)

ꕭꕟꔻꘋ ꗍꔫꖳ ꔠꔫꔻꘋ (1832 – 1910)

ꕉꗋ ꕑꕃꔒ (1854 – 1938)

ꕜꕰ ꗡꖦꖿ ꕌꖿ (1861 – 1935)

ꕦꔒ ꔵꔤ ꔫꔤ ꕃꘋ (1875 – 1961)

ꗡꖦꔨꘋ ꕑꕃꔒ (1882 – 1955)

ꔃꔷꕩꘋ ꗋꕃꕮꔧ (1895 – 1971)

ꔃꔷꕩꘋ ꗋꖺꗃ (1913 – 1980)

ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ

ꕢꕆꗠ ꖁꕱ (1951 – 1990)

ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ

ꕦꔒ ꔎꗏ (1948 - )

ꖒꔘ ꔫꕞ (1947 – 2013)

ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ

ꗡꔷꘋ ꗘꘋꔻꘋ ꗻꔷꔤ (1938 - )

ꗘꕀ ꔨꕩ ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1848 - ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 7, 1856

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 7, 1856 - ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 4, 1864

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 4, 1864 - ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 6, 1868

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 6, 1868 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1870

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1870 – ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 26, 1871 (ꕉꕡꕌ ꗃ ꕭꕯꕊ ꕞ)

ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 1871 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 1, 1872

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 1, 1872 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1876 (ꕉ ꕘꕌ ꕎ)

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1876 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 7, 1878

ꘀꕇꕴꔒ 7, 1878 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 20, 1883 (ꕉꕌ ꕸꖃ ꗷꘋ ꗓ ꘃꗡ ꗏ)

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 20, 1883 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 7, 1884

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 7, 1884 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 4, 1982

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 4, 1892 - ꗟꗲꕓ 12, 1896 (ꕉ ꕘꕌ ꕎ)

ꗟꗲꕓ 12, 1896 - ꔵꗽꕓ 11, 1900

ꔵꗽꕓ 11, 1900 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 4, 1904

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 4, 1904 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 1, 1912

ꘀꖿꔒ 1, 1912 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 5, 1920

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 5, 1920 – ꔵꗽꕓ 3, 1930 (ꕉꕌꕸꖃ ꗷꘋ ꗓ ꘃꗡ ꗏ)

ꔵꗽꕓ 3, 1930 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1944

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1944 – ꖱꕞꔤ 23, 1971 (ꕉ ꕘꕌ ꕎ)

ꖱꕞꔤ 23, 1971 – ꔀꖛꗏ 12, 1980

(ꕉꕡꕌ ꕘꕌ ꕎ ꘃ)

ꔀꖛꗏ 12, 1980 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 6, 1986

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 6, 1986 – ꗻꔪꗳꕓ 9, 1990

(ꕉꕡꕌ ꕘꕌ ꕎ ꘃ)

ꗻꔪt|ꗡꕓ 9, 1990 – ꖺꗝꖬ 2, 1997

ꖺꗝꖬ 2, 1997 – ꖺꗝꖬ 11, 2003 (ꕉꕌ ꕸꖃ ꗷꘋ ꕎ ꘃ)

ꖺꗝꖬ 11, 2003 – ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 14, 2003 (ꕉꕌ ꕸꖃ ꗷꘋ ꕎ ꘃ)

ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 14, 2003 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 16, 2006

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 16, 2006 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 22, 2018

ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 22, 2018 - ꕉ ꕎ ꗪ ꕮꕨꕧꕌ ꕮ ꗓꕎ ꕉ ꕎꕬ ꖴꘋ ꕮ

ꗓꕎ ꕉ ꕎꕬ ꖴꘋ ꕮ

ꔸꗁꔪꔒꘃꘋ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ

ꖤꖕꔨ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ

ꔸꗁꔪꔒꘃꘋ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ

ꖤꖕꔨ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ

ꕯꗔꕯ ꗵꗞꖴꕎꔎ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ

ꕯꗔꕯ ꔅꖤꕎꔎ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ

ꖳꔕꔎ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ

ꗛꘄꔻ ꕐꕌꔎꔀ ꖏ ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꖏꕎ ꕾꔳ ꗱ 1. (1847) 2. (1849) 3. (1851) 4. (1853) 5. (1855)

6. (1857) 7. (1859) 8. (1861)

9. (1863) 10. (1865)

11. (1867)

12. (1869)

13. (1871)

14. (1873)

15. (1875)

16. (1877)

17. (1879)

18. (1881)

19. (1883) 20. (1885) 21. (1887) 22. (1889)

23. (1891) 24. (1893)

25. (1895)

26. (1897) 27. (1899)

28. (1901)

29. (1903) 30. (1905)

31. (1907)

32. (1911) 33. (1915) 34. (1919)

35. (1923)

36. (1927) 37. (1931)

38. (1939)

39. (1943) 40. (1951) 41. (1955) 42. (1959) 43. (1963) 44 (1967) 45. (1971)

45. (1971)

46. (1975)

47. (1985)

48. (1997)

49. (2005)

50. (2011)

51. (2017) ꕯꕚꕰ ꖜꕟꕡ

ꕉꘋꕿꕇ ꔵꔤ ꔃꔷꕩꘋꔻ

ꔻꔳꔲꘋ ꕉꗷꘋ ꗩꘋꔻꘋ

ꗩꔍꔒ ꔝꔻ

ꕜꕰ ꕑꔻ ꖿꖺꗟ

ꔛꕆꔻ ꗡꕆ ꔪꔸꔻꔳ

ꖌꗻ ꔠꔬꔻꘋ

ꔛꕆꔻ ꔻꕃꔲꘋ ꔻꔈ

ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ (ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 26, 1871 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 1, 1872)

ꕉꘋꕿꕇ ꗍꔫꖳ ꕭꔵꕯ

ꕦꔒ ꕌꗞ

ꕉꖢꔓ ꖢꕟꘋꔻ ꗐꖺꗓ

ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 7, 1883 – ꘀꕇꕴꗏ 7, 1884

ꔛꕆꔻ ꗋꕆꔻꘋ

ꔃꔷꕩꘋ ꔵꔤ ꖏꕱꕮꔧ

ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ (ꗟꗲꕓ 12, 1896 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1898)

ꖌꗻ ꔛꔀ ꗐꖺꔻ

ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ (ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 24, 1899 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 3, 1902

ꖌꗻ ꔵꔤ ꗓꗞꔍꔀ

ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ (ꖱꕞꔤ 27, 1905 – ꘀꕇꖿꔒ 1, 1906)

ꔛꔀ ꔛꔀ ꗍꖺꔻꘋ

ꕢꕆꗠ ꗘꕀ ꕌꗞ

ꕢꕆꗠ ꕉꖢꔓ ꗐꖺꔻ

ꗥꘋꔓ ꕿꕱ ꗦꔻꔒ ꕉꗷꘋ ꕩꘋꔖ

ꔛꕆꔻ ꔻꕃꔲꘋ ꔻꔈ ꖱꗠ ꕃꕞꗸꘋ ꖃꗸꘋꖉ ꔻꕆꔻꘋ

ꔃꔷꕩꘋ ꗋꖺꗃ ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ (ꖱꕞꔤ 23, 1971 – ꔀꖛꗏ 1972) ꔛꕆꔻ ꗡꖦꖿ ꖶꔸꘋ ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ (ꖱꕞꔤ 22, 1977 – ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 31, 1977) ꗩꕇ ꔵꔤ ꖿꖺꗟ

ꕌꔓ ꗞꕇꕒ

Íꔤꖓꔿ ꖁꖑꔷꔝ ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ (ꖱꘋ 24, 2000 – ꖱꕞꔤ 24, 2000) ꖒꔘ ꔫꕞ

ꕪꘋ ꕽꕱ (ꖺꗝꖬ 11, 2003 – ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 14, 2003)

ꖌꗻ ꗃꕎꕪꔤ

ꖌꔃ ꔎꗏ

ꕇꘊ ꗨꗡ ꗱꗡ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] • ꗞ ꖸ ꗋꖺ ꖸ ꕺꖃ ꕮ, ꕉꖸꕊꖸ ꖷ ꖸ ꕞ ꗓꕯꕊ ꖸ ꔬ ꗝꘈꔳꘂ ꗏ • ꗞ ꖸ ꗋꖺ ꖸ ꕺꖃ ꕮ, ꕉꖸꕊꖸ ꖷ ꖸ ꔳꕩ ꕸꖃ ꖴꘋ ꗪ ꗝꘈꔳ ꕮꕨ ꖸ ꖏ

ꖏ ꗛꖺ: • ꔎꖫ ꖸ ꗪ ꗝꗊꕯ ꖷ ꖸ ꔳꕩ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ

ꖏ ꕢꔒ ꖸ ꕺꖃ ꕮ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] 1. ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꗡꔷꘋ ꗻꔷꔤ ꕞ ꗡꗽꔞꔎ ꖺꕜ 91 ꔇꔀ ꘃꖷ ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꖷ ꗪ ꗃꕯ ꔧ ꕉ ꘃꖷ ꗪ ꔻꔤꕯꕊ, ꕉꖸꕊ ꗓ ꘃ ꗞꖻ ꖸꔧ ꖴꘋ ꗓ ꗝꘈꔳ ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꖏꔀ ꕮ 2017 ꗡꗻꔞꔎ ꕮꘋꗔꘋꗣ. ꕸꖃ ꔞꕩ ꕉ ꕞ 2017-12-29. 2. ꔻꕚꕌ, ꗱꔐꔓ (2013). ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕞ ꘈꔧ ꕃꔤꘂ, ꖏ ꗛꖺ, ꗋꖺꗡ ꖸ. ꔿꕪꖑ. ꕺꖃ ꕧꕓ 256. 3. ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꗋꖺꗃ ꗏ ꔉꔒ ꕞꕡ ꕰꕊꕮ ꕞ ꖏꕎ: ꕉ ꕪꔤꕩ ꘃ ꕉꔤ ꗓꕎ ꔎꘋ ꕢꕎ ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꖏ ꔰ ꕞ ꕉ ꘃ ꖷꔧ ꕴꕱꕎ ꕉꔤ ꕿ ꕮꕨꕧꕌ ꕮ” [ꖦꗛꗏ] ꔕ ꗡꔻꗨꔻ 1976-03-21: ½.

4^ http://www.liberianlegal.com/constitution1986.htm#_THE_EXECUTIVE

5. ꗘꘋꔻꘋ, ꕢꕌ ꕌꔓ ꕌꕆꗋꘋ: ꕱꕿ ꔻꕚꔱ (1966). ꕞꔤꔫꕩ, 1. ꖁꔵ, ꕆꔵ ꗪ ꗛꘋꔅꔕꔀ. ꕺꖃ ꕧꕓ 222. 6. ꕮꕢꗛꔤ, ꕪꘋꔻ ꔛꔀ (ꖺꖴꕿꕒ 1971). “ꕞꔤꔫꕩ: ꗋꕃꕮꔧ ꕎꕌꔳꘂ ꕞꕒꘋꗣ” ꗡꗂꔕ: 48.

ꖏ ꘈꗢꖸ ꖸ ꕸꕎ ꕪꘋ ꖷ ꖸ [ꗏ ꕘꕞꘋ ꕮ] • ꔤꖆ ꖬꔽ, “ꗨꗡꗽꘋŋ'ꔀ ꖸ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ”.

ꖏ ꕢꔒ ꕺꖃ ꕮ ꖷ ꖸ ꕞ ꗓꔒ ꗪ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꕞ

ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꖷ ꖸ ꔳꕩ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꖴꕮ

ꕢꘋꗣ ꖸ ꖝ ꖃ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ

ꕸꖃ ꖴꘋ ꔇ ꗝꘈꔳ ꕮꕨꕌ ꖸ ꕉꔱꔸꕪ

ꖏ ꔎ ꕪꔒ ꖸ ꔽꔤ ꕮ: • ꖏ ꕢꔒ ꖸ ꕺꖃ ꕮ ꕉ ꕞ ꗓꔒ ꗪ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꗁꔒꔎ ꖏ ꖸ ꕞ • ꗨꗡꘋꗣ ꖸ ꗃꕎ ꕪꘋꔎ ꖷ ꖸ ꗏ • ꗨꗡꗽꘋ ꖷ ꖸ ꔳꕩ ꕞꔤꔫꕩ ꖴꕮ