Wp/tzm/ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ
ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴻⵖⵏⴰⵡ (inventeur) ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ (Ohio) ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 11 ⴼⵓⵔⴰⵔ 1847, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 18 ⵜⵓⴱⴻⵔ 1931 ⴷⵉ West Orange (New Jesrsey), ⵢⵖⵔⴰ 03 ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵖⵔⴱⴰⵣ. ⵜⵖ ⴼⵍⵍ-ⴰⵙ 12 ⵉⵙⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵛⵜⵜ-ⵉⵙ, ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⵏⵓⵣⵓ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜⵉ. ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1862, ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⵏⴽ ⵀⵔⴰⵍⴷ, ⵉ ⴷ-ⵉⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵢⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ .ⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵉ ⵉⴷ-ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴽⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵇⵛⵉⵛ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵅⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ-ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛⵉ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ. ⵍⴰⴷⵖⴰ ⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ, ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵍⵎⴷⴰⴷ-ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵓ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴳⵔⴰⴼ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ-ⵉⵙ. ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵡ-ⵉⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴻⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ télégraphe duplex. ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1876, ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵡ-ⵉⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵣⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⴰⵙ, ⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵙ-ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷ-ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴷⵉ-ⵉⵏⵙ (ⵍⴰⴱⵓⵔⴰⵜⵓⵉⵔ). ⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ-ⴷ ⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵎⵉⵛⵔⵓⵃⵀⵓⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ 1877, ⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⴽⴼⴰ ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ. ⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ-ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵜⵉⵍⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⵃⵓⵍⵜ) ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜⵉ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ 1882, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵅⵅⴰⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵏⵡ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵓ ⴼⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⵇⴰ ⵉⵏⵙ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ 1887, ⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵖⵡⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴷⵉ-ⵉⵏⵙ ⵓ ⴷⵖⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷⵉ ⵡⵙⵜ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⴳ ⴷⵉ ⵏⵡ ⵊⵔⵙⵢ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ 1888, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ-ⴷ ⴽⵉⵏⵥⵜⵓⵙⵛⵓⵃ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴱⵡⵡⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⵖⴰ ⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵥⵔⵉⵜⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⴽⵡ ⵢⴰ. ⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ-ⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ 1000 (ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙⵜ) ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵡ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ, ⴳⴰⵔ-ⴰⵙⵏ: - ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵖ (Batterie) - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵡ La machine à ronéotyper)