Jump to content

Wp/nyn/Yusuf Lule

Add links
From Wikimedia Incubator
< Wp | nyn
Wp > nyn > Yusuf Lule

Yusuf Kironde Lule (akazaarwa ebiro 10 Okwa kana omuri 1912 - ebiro 21 Okw'okubanza omuri 1985) akaba ari omunyayuganda omuhangu kandi omunyaby'obutegyeki owaaheereize nka purezidenti wa kana wa Uganda ahagati ya 13 Okwa kana na 20 Okwa mukaaga omuri 1979.

Ebyafaayo n'obwegyese bwe

[edit | edit source]

Yusuf Lule akazaarwa ebiro ikumi ky'okwa kana omu mwaka gwa 1912 omuri Kampala.[1] Akashomera omwishomero rya King's College Budo (1929–34), Makerere Yunivasite College, Kampala (1934–36), Fort Hare Yunivasite kuli Alice, South Africa (1936–39) hamwe na Yunivasite ya Edinburgh.[2] Omu kubanza, akaba ari omusiraamu kwonka akahinduka yaaba omukurisitaayo obu yaabaire ari omuri King's College Budo.[3]

Omu mwaka gwa 1947 Lule akashwera Hannah Namuli Wamala aha kanisa ya Kings College Budo, ahu yaabaire ari omwegyesa kandi nawe akaba naajwekyera abaishiki.[4]

Omu mwaka gwa 1959 ,ekibiina kya Democratic Party (DP) kikatoorana Lule nk'omw'ebembezi w'obugabe bwa Buganda. Abantu b'ekitiinisa omu bugabe bakaba batarikw'esiga Lule ahabw'okuba omusiraamu, n'obu araabe yaahindukire akaba Omukurisitaayo. Michael Kintu akasingura akaruuru.[5] Yuganda ku yaatungire okw'etegyeka omu mwaka gwa 1962, akaba mukuru w'akakiiko k'abakozi ba gavumenti.[6]

Lule akakora nka mukuru w'okubanza omwiraguju[7] aha itendekyero rya Makerere kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1964 kuhisya omu mwaka gwa 1970, kandi akaba ari omuhwezi w'omuhandiiki mukuru w'ekibiina kya African Universities, omuri Accra, Ghana, ahagati ya 1973 na 1978.[1] Lule akakora nka minisita omu gavumenti ya Bungyereza yaaheza kwerema kandi bwanyima yaaba omuhwezi wa minisita omukuru omu kibiina kya Common wealth Secretariat. Akaza omu buzaahe bwanyima ya Idi Amin kuza omu bw'ebembezi.[8]

Mukuru w'entebe y'ekibiina kya Uganda National Liberation Front

[edit | edit source]

Orutaro rwa Uganda na Tanzania ku rwatandikire, abahekyera ba Uganda hamwe n'abafuruki baakatandika kutebeekanisa okutandikaho gavumenti ensya kugyira ngu bagyende omu bigyere bya Idi Amin. Amahe ga Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) ku gaaherize kutwara eitaka rihango, omw'ebembezi w'eihanga rya Tanzania Julius Nyerere akaragiira ngu garekye kugyenda kugira ngu gahereze abahekyera ba Uganda obwire bw'okw'etebeekanisa. Abahekyera ba Uganda bakakora entebeekanisa z'amaani, bari kw'ebemberwa owaabaireho omw'ebembezi w'eihanga Milton Obote hamwe n'omunyabwengye w'abakomunisiti Dani Wadada Nabudere.[9] Abatanzania ku baatandikire kutebeekanisa oruteerane rw'abahekyera hamwe n'abafuruki, Nyerere akaba naateekateeka aha murimo gwa Obote omu kibiina. Akaba atarikwenda kugira ngu Tanzania neeza kuta omu Uganda gavumenti ei erikwenda arikurabira omu kuhwera Obote kw'ebembera ekibiina ky'abahekyera, kandi Abaganda ab'omu mashuuma ga Uganda hamwe n'amahanga agandi nka Kenya bakaba nibanga Obote.[10] Nyerere nawe akaba atiinire ngu Obote akaba naija kuremesa okukwatanisa omu rukiiko kandi akaruremesa kuhendera rutarugiremu birungi. Akahendera yaabeihabeiha Obote kuremwa kuza omu rukiiko.[11] Obote ku yaarugire omu ntebe, abanyayuganda abaingi abaabaire bari omu buzaahe baakatandika kushagika Lule, owaabaire ari Omuganda kandi aine eiziina ry'okuba omuntu w'obutagwera rubaju[12] omu by'obutegyeki kandi omukozi wa gavumenti owaabaire ataine kihagaro kyona nari obushumankuzi omu butegyeki bwa Uganda obwabaireho.[13]

Oruteerane rwa Moshi rukatandika ebiro 24 okwa kashatu omu mwaka rwa 1979 omu tawuni ya Moshi omuri Tanzania, ahanyima y'okuhanuura kw'amaani aha bibiina ebirikubaasa kw'ejumbamu.[14] Omu mwabazyo ogwo abajwekyerwa bakarangirira okutandikaho ekibiina kya Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), ekyabaire nikiza kw'ebemberwa akakiiko k'okwebuuza aha bantu akarimu abantu 30 hamwe n'akakiiko k'okw'ebembera akarimu abantu 11, akarimu obukiiko bushatu obw'omutaano, obw'eby'esente n'obwebembezi, obw'eby'obutegyeki n'enshonga z'aheeru hamwe n'enshonga z'amahe.[15] Ebiro bibiri eby'akuratsireho bikamara nibihanuura aha kugabana obushoborozi omu bitongore ebirikutegyeka hamwe n'okuronda mukuru w'entebe w'ekitongore ekyo, ekyabaire kirimu okuhakana kw'amaani ahagati ya Lule na Paulo Muwanga, owaabaire naashagika Obote. Bwanyima y'okuhanuura kw'amaani, hakabaho okwikirizana ngu Lule akaheebwa entebe kandi Paulo Muwanga yaahindurwa mukuru w'akakiiko k'enshonga z'amahe.[16]

Omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Uganda

[edit | edit source]

Okutongoza

[edit | edit source]

Ahabw'okugira ngu akaba ateteekateekire okugwa kwa Kampala, Lule akakora orukarara rw'aba minisita abu yaabaire naayenda ngu babaase kujwekyera ihanga rya Uganda.[17] Ebiro 12 Okwa kana omu mwaka gwa 1979 Lule hamwe na kabineti ye bakatemba enyonyi kuruga Dar es Salaam kuza Entebbe kugira ngu baaze kumurahiza. Enyonyi ku yaabaire eri omuri Mwanza, abakuru omuri Tanzania bakasharamu kugiteerayo kuhisya obu baabaire nibareeba ngu hariho oburinzi burungi aha mukoro ogw'abaire guri omuri Kampala. Eizooba eryakuratsireho, Lule na ba minisita be bakahika Entebbe kandi baareetwa omuri Kampala omu kabangali ya TPDF omu mwebazyo. Lule akarahizibwa nk'omw'ebembezi w'eihanga omu maisho g'eishengyero kandi yaaha orubazo rukye arikuraganisa kugaruraho obusingye n'obutebekana. Lule akahendera arikugamba omu rurimi rw'o Luganda ati, "Hati n'omurundi gwaitu".[18] Kwonka ahabw'okugira ngu Kampala ekaba etarimu busingye, abakuru ba Tanzania bakatwara Lule omu ishengyero bamutwara omu maka g'obwa purezidenti Entebbe.[19]

Obwiire

[edit | edit source]

Lule akatwara ofiisi omu bwire obu ebitongore bya Uganda byabaire bitarikukora gye kandi eihanga rikaba ritarimu busingye n'obutabanguko; akatwara eihanga eriremirwe.[20] Lule akahakanisa endagaano z'oruteerane rwa Moshi ezirikworeka obushoborozi bukye bw'omw'ebembezi w'eihanga kandi yaagyezaho kworeka ngu naabaasa kukora aine obushoboorozi bw'amaani oburikwikirizibwa omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga omu Uganda obu Amin yaabaire atakateireho , Lule hamwe n'abahabuzi be bakatandika kusharamu ebintu by'amaani bateebuuriize aha kakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki. Akagaya ab'akakiiko obu yaayanga kwija aha mukoro gw'okubatongoza, kandi obu omukoro gw'agaruka gw'atebekanisibwa kugira ngu abe ariho, akaha orubazo reero yaagyenda atakabahaire omugisha, eky'abareteire kugira ekiniga.[21] Lule akatoorana ba minisita hamwe na ba minisita abahwezi omu kakiiko ke atarikwikirizibwa NCC. Ba memba b'akakiiko bakaza omu kakiiko ka NCC, kandi akaahendera atooraine ba minisita 24 hamwe na ba minisita abahwezi 20, ekyaretsireho okw'eyongyera kw'abany'eishengyero. Oihireho okw'etomboitwa okwakozirwe ekitongore ky'eby'obutegyeki ekya National Consultative Council, Lule akagumizamu naakora entebeekanisa kandi yaagaruka yashwijuma entebeekanisa y'akakiiko ke.[22] Akarangirira okugaruka kutebekanisa obw'ebembezi bwa Uganda, okugabanyamu eihanga omu bicweka bina buri kimwe kikaba kiri ahansi y'obushoborozi bw'omujwekyerwa w'ekyanga.[23]

Lule akongyera kugwisa kubi NCC obu kabineti ye yaahereza ba memba baayo doora 5,000 z'okugura esente z'aheeru nk'omuhendo gw'okugarura busya abantu, n'obu esente zaabaire ziri nkye munonga. Lule akagarukamu ekiniga ky'abakuru arikubaha omuhendo nigwo gumwe, eki baayangire.[22] Kandi akaba atarikwesiga UNLA, ei yaabaire naareeba nk'erimu abantu abeesigwa abarikushagika Obote na Yoweri Museveni. Gavumenti ya Lule ekaba etarikuha amahe sente ahabw'enshonga egi, kandi ekaba etarikwejumba omu kusingura amahe ga Amin.[21] Akateekateeka okusharamu ekibiina kya UNLA akakihindura "amahe g'eihanga" ekyareteere abeebembezi b'ekibiina ekyo ekiniga.[13] Amahe gakaba gaine kujwekyerwa kurugiirira aha bicweka bya Uganda byona hamwe n'okworeka obwegyese oburikwetengwa aha barikushaba.[24]

Lule akatunga obuhwezi bwa pawundi obukaikuru 100 kuruga omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba, ekyareteire ab'ekibiina kya leftist okutiina ngu akaba naija kuguza eihanga omu mikono y'abashuubuzi b'amahanga goona.[25] Amaani ga gavumenti ye g'okukyendeeza emihendo y'ebintu hamwe n'okuzibira okukoresa kubi esente gakaba gari makye kandi gatarabiremu, kandi omu bwire bwe embeera y'eby'entaasya ya Uganda ekagumizamu neegwa kuruga omu butegyeki bwa Amin.[26]

Abaganda baingi bakashemererwa ahabw'okutwarwa kwa Lule nk'omw'ebembezi w'eihanga, barikuteekateeka ngu akaba naija kurinda ebyetengo by'ekyanga kya Buganda kandi arekye Obote kugaruka omu butegyeki. Lule akakora ebintu bingi ebyashemeize Abaganda, nk'okugaruraho obumwe omu bw'ebembezi bwa Buganda, okwongyera obushoborozi omu gavumenti ya Buganda, okugamba munonga omu rurimi rw'Oruganda, okuronda abantu abarikumanya eby'obugabe bwa Buganda kubaha emirimo y'ahaiguru, hamwe n'okuha abashuubuzi Abaganda endagaano z'eby'obushubuzi.[27] Gavumenti ya Lule ekaba neegabira abantu ebintu ebyabaire bitwairwe kuruga omu mikono y'abanywani ba Amin, kandi ekaba neegabira munonga Abaganda hamwe n'abanywani be ab'ahamara.[28] Abantu b'enganda ezindi omu Uganda bakaba batarikwesiga Lule kandi bakaba batarikumuha kitiinisa, ahabw'okugira ngu bakaba nibateekateeka ngu akaba naija kushagika Buganda aha rubaju rw'ebicweka ebindi.[29] Abanyayuganda abamwe bakatiina ngu enteekateeka ye y'amahe ekaba neija kureetaho okutandikaho amahe agarikw'ebemberwa Abaganda, ahabw'okuba Buganda ekaba eine abantu baingi kukira ekyanga ekindi kyona omu ihanga.[24] Abamuhakanisa bakamujumirira nk'omuntu orikushagika obugabe bw'obugabe hamwe n'obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki.[23]

Okufa n'okwihwa omu ofiisi

[edit | edit source]

Oku Lule yaakozire aha kabineti ye kikareetaho ekiniga omu kibiina kya NCC, na munonga obu yaabinga Muwanga omu ofiisi. Omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Tanzania Nyerere akagambira Lule ngu Tanzania ekaba neija kushagika endagaano z'obushoboorozi ezikozirwe ab'obushoboorozi omuri Uganda hamwe n'omuri Moshi.[30] Lule akareeba ngu Tanzania ekaba n'eija kushagika ab'eby'obutegyeki abu yaabaire ayesimbireho nabo, kandi akagyezaho kucendeeza amaani gaayo omu ihanga arikukoresa kubi amahe ga TPDF, agaabaire gakiriho bwanyima y'okwihaho amahe ga Amin, kugira ngu bagareetereho obutebeekana. Akahiga ebitabo bya Uganda kujumirira amahe ga Tanzania, ekyareeteire abamwe omu Uganda kugwera ekiniga hamwe na UNLA abaabaire nibateekateeka ngu ekyo kikaba kitari ky'oburingaaniza ahabw'okugira ngu bakaba nibahakanisa amahe agaabaire "gacungwire" eihanga.[25] Ebiro 8 Okwa mukaaga abantu b'ekibiina abaabaire batarikushemererwa bakateeranira omuri Kampala kandi baasharamu ngu Lule areete abantu boona abu yaabaire atooraine omu by'obutegyeki omu kakiiko k'okushwijuma. Lule taragarukiremu, n'ahabw'ekyo ebiro 12 Okwamukaaga ekibiina kikagaruka kyateeranira hamwe kandi kyagira ngu Lule aine ebiro mushanju by'okuhikiiriza ebyetengo byabo. Omw'ebembezi w'eihanga akagaruka yaaremererwa kugarukamu, n'ahabw'ekyo omu mwabazyo gwa 19 okwa mukaaga akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki kakabugana aha maka g'obwa purezidenti Entebbe omu maisho ga Lule. Mukuru w'akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki Edward Rugumayo akatandika orukiiko arikugarukamu okushaba kw'akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki okutakarugiremu karungi k'okushaba omwebembezi w'eihanga kureeta abantu abu yaabaire aronzire kugira ngu babaase kubashagika. Akagaruka yaagira ngu abantu abu yaabaire aronzire bakaba bamanyirwe abantu boona kandi ngu akakiiko kakaba nikabaasa "kutwara abo bantu nk'oku karikwenda."[31]

Eki Lule yaagambire kikakuratirwa eshaaha nyingi z'okuhanuura aha kugabana obushoborozi obwabaire bwaikiriziibwe omuri Moshi. Bwanyima, Lule akaimuka kugamba ngu akaba atahenzire ebiragiro ebyabaire bikozirwe omuri Moshi kandi yaagira ngu akaba atakatungire ebiragiro ebikuru ebyabaire nibiteekateekwa ngu bikaba nibiija kumutwarira. Rugumayo akagarukamu ngu empurizana ezi zikaba ziheirwe omuhandiiki wa purezidenti. Bwanyima y'obwire bukye Paulo Wangoola akaimuka yaaha orubazo ruraingwa. Akarangirira ngu Lule akaba atarikwenda kwikiriza obwebembezi bwa UNLF kandi yaahendera arikureeta ekiteiso ky'okwihaho obwesigye omu purezidenti. Eki kikakuratirwa okuhanuura kw'amaani ahu ba kansara batarikushushana baahaire okurwanirira n'okujumirira Lule.[31] Aha shaaha ikumi n'emwe z'ekiro kya 20 okwamukaaga, akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki kateera akaruuru k'ekiteiso ekyo omu kihama. Ebyarugiremu bikarangirirwa bwanyima y'edakiika 35, abakiiki 18 bakateera akaruuru barikwikiriza kandi 14 barikuhakanisa. N'ahabw'ekyo Lule akaihwaho entebe y'omw'ebembezi w'eihanga, kandi akaruga omu kishengye aine abakiiki abandi mwenda obu Rugumayo yaagira ngu okubingwa kwe kukareetaho okubingwa kw'abakuru b'ebitongore.[32]

Lule akaba omw'ebembezi w'eihanga rya Uganda kumara ebiro 68 byonka, obwire bukye munonga obu omw'ebembezi w'eihanga rya Uganda yaamazire omu ntebe.[33] Godfrey Binaisa, owaabaireho ssaabawolereza wa Uganda ahansi ya Obote owaizire kurwanisa Obote na Amin kandi owaabaire ataine mugasho gwona omu kakiiko, akatooranwa nk'omw'ebembezi w'eihanga.[34] Binaisa akagumizamu na ba minisita ba Lule kwonka yaiha abashagiki be abakuru omu kakiiko kandi yagarura enyima empindahinduka ze omuri Buganda.[35][36]

Abaganda baingi bakaba nibateekateeka ngu Lule akaihwaho ahabw'okugira ngu akaba arinzire ebyetengo bya Buganda.[35] Okwihwaho kwe kukareetaho okwesharinga kw'amaani omuri Kampala hamwe n'okurwanagana ahagati y'abeshaaringi na amahe ga Tanzania agabaire nigagyezaho kugaruraho obutebekana.[37] Abaganda abaabaire nibesharinga bakazibira enguuto kandi baacwekyereza ebiiruka by'amaani, kandi abakozi b'eby'engyenda bakesharinga, kandi abashuubuzi bakongyera emihendo y'ebintu ebyabaire biri eby'omugasho. Ebibinja by'Abaganda abaine embundu bikatandikaho bwanyima ya Lule kugyenda kandi byatahirira abapooriisi hamwe n'abaserukare, ekyareteire Buganda etarikubaasa kw'ebemberwa.[38] Ku yaaherize kubingwa, ebiro 21 Okwa ikumi omuri 1980, kooti ya Uganda ekarangirira ngu okubingwa kwe kukaba kutahikire, erikugira ngu akaba aine obushoboorozi kutoorana ba minisita ataine rusa rwa NCC. N'obu okusharaho oku kuraabe kwarugiremu Lule kuguma ari omw'ebembezi w'eihanga, abantu baingi bakasharamu kwehuzya okusharaho okwo, ahabw'okuba obutegyeki bw'eihanga bukaba bw'ahindukire ahonaaho kuruga obu Lule yaihwaho.[39]

Amagara ga bwanyima

[edit | edit source]

Bwanyima y'okuruga omu ofiisi, Lule akatwarwa omu nyonyi omuri Tanzania, ahu yaakomirwe arikurindwa abaserukare batakamwikiriize kuza London.[5] Bwanyima akaza Nairobi omuri Kenya.[40] Omu 1980 Uganda ekataayaayisa akaruuru k'okutoorana gavumenti ensya.[41] Omu kuteekateeka aha kuhayahayana, Abaganda baingi bakatandika kushagika ekibiina kya DP nk'omuringo gw'okurwanisa Obote hamwe na UPC. Lule akateekateeka kuza omu ruteerane rw'ekibiina kya DP omu kwezi kwa mukaaga ahu ekibiina kyabaire nikiija kutoorana abebembezi baakyo abasya. Obwebembezi obwabaire buriho bukatiina ngu obushagiki bwe kuruga omu Baganda bukaba nibwija kumureetera kw'ebembera ekibiina kyabo, kandi bakamuzibira kugaruka omu Uganda.[40] Nobu harabe habaireho okwetomboitwa ahabw'obushomankuzi, ekibiina kya UPC kikarangirirwa nk'ekyasingire akaruuru kandi Obote yaaba purezidenti wa Uganda.[42] Ahabw'okutiina obutegyeki bwa Obote, Lule hamwe n'abandi nka Bernard Kibuuka Musoke bakatandikaho ekibiina ky'abahekyera ekya Uganda Freedom Fighters (UFF). Ebiro 8 Okwa mukaaga omuri 1981 aba UFF bakagaitwa hamwe n'aba Popular Resistance Army ba Museveni kugira ngu batandikeho ekibiina kya National Resistance Movement (NRM).[43] Lule akahinduka mukuru w'entebe wa NRM, kandi Museveni akahinduka omuhwezi we kandi mukuru w'ekitongore ky'amahe ekya National Resistance Army.[44] Okwegaita oku kukongyera amaani omu kuhakanisa Obote omuri Buganda.[45] Lule akahinduka omuhakanisa wa Obote[6] orikumanywa munonga kandi akahandiika ekitabo, Okuhenda obugabe bw'abantu omu Uganda ahansi ya Obote, ekyajanjaire munonga omu bibiina ebitari bya Gavumenti.[46]

Omu myaka mukaaga y'amagara ge, Lule akatunga obujanjabi bw'oburwaire bw'ensigo omu irwariro rya Hammersmith omuri London. Akafa aho ebiro 21 Okwa kana omuri 1985 ahabw'ensigo kuremwa kukora kurugirira aha kushemezibwa.[6] Akazikwa omuri London.[47] Ekibiina kya NRM kikashohoza ekihandiiko ahanyima y'okufa kwe, kirikugira ngu "nikyenda kugumya ba memba baakyo, abahagizi, abarikusaasibwa hamwe na abanya Uganda boona ngu orutaro oru Purofeesa Lule yaayemereireho nirwija kugumizamu."[6] Ekibiina kya NRM kikasingura orutaro rwa Uganda orw'omu kishaka, kyahamba Kampala omu kwezi kwokubanza omuri 1986.[48] Bwanyima ya Museveni kutwara obutegyeki, gavumenti ye ekashaba ngu omurambwe gwa Lule gugarurwe omu ihanga. Omurambwe gukaihwa omu itaka gwatwarwa Entebbe ebiro 22 Okwa kana omuri 1987. Gukarangirirwa aha kishayi ky'enyonyi abantu baingi, omurambwe gwa Lule gukatwarwa Kampala ahu gwagumire kumara ebiro bibiri batakaguziikire omuri Kampala ahu bendera y'eihanga ey'okubanza yaabaire eyemereirwe aha izooba ry'okwetegyeka.[47]

Eki yaakozire

[edit | edit source]

Omunyabyafaayo Phares Mukasa Mutibwa akashoboorora okukora kwa Lule omu bwebembezi bw'eihanga nka "okutakamanyire".[49] Omwana we Wasswa Lule, akahinduka omujwekyerwa w'eishengyero rya Rubaga ey'omumatemba.[7]

Ebirikujurizibwamu

[edit | edit source]
  1. 1 2 "Lule, K. Yusufu", Africa Who's Who, London: Africa Journal for Africa Books Ltd, 1981, p. 636.
  2. ↑ "Uncovering University of Edinburgh's black history". RACE.ED. 30 April 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  3. ↑ Mubangizi, Michael (11 January 2012). "They stand tall in new found faith". The Observer. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  4. ↑ Okech, Jennifer A. (5 June 2011). "Farewell to Hannah Namuli Lule". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  5. 1 2 Mutibwa 1992, p. 48.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Yusufu Lulu Dies; ex-Uganda Leader". The New York Times. Associated Press. 23 January 1985. p. B8. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  7. 1 2 "President Yusuf Kironde Lule | State House Uganda". 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  8. ↑ "Yusuf Lule". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  9. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 96–98.
  10. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 102–104
  11. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 105.
  12. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 106.
  13. 1 2 Womakuyu, Frederick (19 January 2012). "Lule, the president for 68 days". New Vision. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  14. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 110–114.
  15. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 115.
  16. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 116–117.
  17. ↑ Ingham 1994, p. 155.
  18. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 152–153.
  19. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 153.
  20. ↑ Otunnu 2017, p. 37.
  21. 1 2 Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 197.
  22. 1 2 Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 198.
  23. 1 2 Kasozi 1994, p. 131.
  24. 1 2 Tindigarukayo 1988, p. 610.
  25. 1 2 Otunnu 2017, p. 41.
  26. ↑ Tindigarukayo 1988, p. 609.
  27. ↑ Otunnu 2017, p. 34.
  28. ↑ Tindigarukayo 1988, pp. 609–610.
  29. ↑ Otunnu 2017, pp. 34–35.
  30. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 198–199.
  31. 1 2 Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 199.
  32. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 200.
  33. ↑ "President Yusuf Kironde Lule". The State House of Uganda. Presidency of Uganda. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  34. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 201.
  35. 1 2 Otunnu 2017, p. 42.
  36. ↑ Tindigarukayo 1988, p. 611.
  37. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 203.
  38. ↑ Otunnu 2017, pp. 43–44.
  39. ↑ "Court Rules for Lule". Africa Research Bulletin. October 1980.
  40. 1 2 Mutibwa 1992, p. 144.
  41. ↑ Mutibwa 1992, p. 139.
  42. ↑ Mutibwa 1992, pp. 139–140.
  43. ↑ Amara 1998, p. 36.
  44. ↑ Kasfir 2005, p. 293.
  45. ↑ Kasfir 2005, pp. 283, 293.
  46. ↑ Otunnu 2017, p. 125.
  47. 1 2 "Panorama Africana : Uganda". The African Guardian. 1986.
  48. ↑ Kasfir 2005, p. 281.
  49. ↑ Mutibwa 1992, p. 128.
Retrieved from "https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/nyn/Yusuf_Lule&oldid=7148822"