Wp/nyn/Republic of the Congo
_-_COG_-_UNOCHA.svg)
| inception | 1960  |
|---|---|
| official name | Repubilika ya Kongo, Republíki ya Kongó, République du Congo, Republic of the Congo, 刚果共和国 |
| native label | République du Congo, Repubilika ya Kongo, Republíki ya Kongó |
| short name | Congo |
| IPA transcription | rɛpʉˈblɪkən ˈkɔŋɡu |
| named after | River Congo |
| official language | French |
| anthem | La Congolaise |
| culture | culture of the Republic of the Congo |
| motto text | Unité, Travail, Progrès, Unity, Work, Progress, Единство, труд, прогрес, Undeb, Gwaith, Datblygiad, 团结，劳动，进步 |
| continent | Africa |
| country | Republic of the Congo |
| capital | Brazzaville |
| located in time zone | UTC+01:00 |
| located in or next to body of water | Atlantic Ocean |
| located in/on physical feature | Central Africa |
| coordinate location | 0°45′0″S 15°23′0″E |
| coordinates of geographic center | 0°13′41″S 15°49′40″E |
| coordinates of northernmost point | 3°42′0″N 17°28′48″E |
| geoshape | Data:Republic of Congo.map |
| highest point | Mont Nabemba |
| lowest point | Atlantic Ocean |
| basic form of government | parliamentary republic |
| office held by head of state | President of the Republic of the Congo |
| head of state | Denis Sassou-Nguesso |
| office held by head of government | Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo |
| head of government | Anatole Collinet Makosso |
| executive body | Makosso government |
| legislative body | Parliament of the Republic of the Congo |
| central bank | Bank of Central African States |
| currency | Central African CFA franc |
| twinned administrative body | Seto |
| shares border with | Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon |
| driving side | right |
| electrical plug type | Europlug, Type E |
| follows | People's Republic of the Congo |
| replaces | People's Republic of the Congo |
| official website | https://gouvernement.cg/ |
| hashtag | RepublicoftheCongo |
| top-level Internet domain | .cg |
| flag | flag of the Republic of the Congo |
| coat of arms | coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo |
| geography of topic | Geography of the Republic of the Congo |
| has characteristic | not-free country |
| history of topic | history of the Republic of the Congo |
| economy of topic | economy of the Republic of the Congo |
| demographics of topic | demographics of the Republic of the Congo |
| mobile country code | 629 |
| telephone country code | +242 |
| emergency phone number | 117, 118 |
| vehicle registration plate code | RCB |
| maritime identification digits | 615 |
| Unicode character | 🇨🇬 |
| category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of the Republic of the Congo |
Eihanga rya Kongo, [a] eririkumanywa nka Kongo-Brazzaville, Kongo eya Repubulika, nari Kongo (eiziina ryayo kuruga omuri 1971 kuhisya omuri 1997; eryahererukireyo niryoreka obutetegyerezibwa ahagati ya Kongo na Democratic Republic of the Congo), n'eihanga erishangwa aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'enyanja ya Atlantic aha rubaju rwa Afirika eya rwagati aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa omugyera gwa Kongo. Eriine ensharo na Gabon[[[b] aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba, Cameroon aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'amatemba, Afirika eya rwagati aha rubaju rw'amatemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba, Democratic Republic of the Congo aha rubaju rw'amashuuma g'ekicweka kya Angola ekya Cabinda, hamwe n'omumashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'enyanja ya Atlantic.
Ekicweka kikaba kirimu abantu abarikugamba orurimi rw'Abantu emyaka 3,000 enyima, abaayombekire emikago y'eby'obushubuzi erikuhika omu kicweka ky'omugyera Congo. Kuruga omu kyasha kya 13, ekicweka ekiriho hati kikaba kirimu obugabe obwabaire nibwebemberwa Vungu obwabaire burimu Kakongo na Ngoyo.Obukama bwa Tio bukatandika omu kyasha kya 14, kandi obwa Loango omu kyasha kya 16. Aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19 Bufaransa ekatwara ekicweka ekyo kandi yaakita omu ihanga rya Bufaransa erya Equatorial Africa.Eihanga rya Congo rikatandikwaho ebiro 28 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1958 kandi rikatunga okwetegyeka kuruga omuri Bufaransa omuri 1960.Eihanga rikaba riri ery'obutegyeki bwa Marxist-Leninist kuruga omuri 1969 kuhisya omuri 1992, rikaba ryine eiziina People's Republic of the Congo (PRC). Eihanga rikaba ryine oburuuru bw'ebibiina bingi kuruga omuri 1992, kwonka gavumenti eyabaire eronzirwe omu demokurasiya ekaihwaho omu rutaro rw'omunda orwa 1997. Omwebembezi w'eihanga Denis Sassou Nguesso, owabandize kuhika omu bwebembezi omuri 1979, akategyeka kuhisya omuri 1992 kandi bwanyima y'okugarurwaho.
Eihanga rya Congo nirishagika ekibiina kya African Union, United Nations, La Francophonie, Economic Community of Central African States, hamwe n'ekibiina kya Non-Aligned Movement. N'eky'okuna omu kushohoza amajuta omu kicweka kya Gulf of Guinea, ekirikureetera eihanga kugira obusingye, n'obutabanguko omu by'obutegyeki hamwe n'omu by'entaasya omu bicweka ebimwe hamwe n'okugabana kubi esente z'amajuta omu ihanga ryona[1]. Ebyentatsya yaayo nibyegamira aha kitongore ky'amajuta[14] kandi entatsya yaayo etandikire kuhwa kuruga obu emihendo y'amajuta yaagwa ahansi omuri 2015.
Obukristaayo nibwo burikukirayo kugambwa omu ihanga. Kurugirira aha ripoota y'okushemererwa kw'ensi yoona eya 2024, eihanga rya Congo nirishangwa omu mwanya gwa 89 ahagati y'amahanga 140.
igamboOkuruga omu k
[edit | edit source]Kikatunga eiziina kuruga omu mugyera Congo, eriiziina ryaagwo rikaruga omuri Kongo, obugabe bwa Bantu obwabaire nibutuura aha muryango gwagwo obu Abapotuguezi baabanza kuhikayo omuri 1483[16] nainga 1484.[17] Eiziina ry'obugabe rikaruga omu bantu baabwo, Abakongo, eiziina ry'omunda eririkugambwa ngu nirimanyisa "abahiigi" (Kongo: mukongo, nkongo).[18][19]
Omu bwire obu Bufaransa yaabutegyekyeire, bukaba nibumanywa nka French Congo nainga Middle Congo. Eihanga rya Congo, nainga Congo yonka,[3] n'eihanga
Ebyafaayo
[edit | edit source]Abantu abarikugamba orurimi rw'Orubantu, abatandikireho enganda omu bwire bw'okujanjaara kw'abantu, bakasingura kandi baatwara abantu abaabaire bari omu kicweka ekyo, abantu ba Pygmy, omu mwaka gwa 1500 Yesu atakazairwe.Abakongo, abantu b'oruganda orurikugambwa Abakongo, abaabaire nibatuura omu bicweka ebyabaireho Angola, Gabon, hamwe na Democratic Republic of Congo, nibo baatandikireho okukwatanisa n'okuhayahayana omu mahanga ago.
Omu kyasha kya 13, hakaba hariho obugabe bushatu obukuru omu kicweka kya Congo Basin. Omu burugwa izooba hakaba hariho Obugabe mushanju bwa Kongo dia Nl[[a[25], oburikuteekateekwaho kuba nibwo bwabandize kandi oburikukirayo amaani, oburikubaasa kuba bwabaire burimu obugabe bwa Nsundi, Mbata, Mpangu, hamwe na Kundi na Okanga.Ahansi y'obugabe obwo hakaba hariho Mpemba eyaabaire eriho kuruga omuri Angola eya hati kuhika aha mugyera Congo. Ekyo kikaba kirimu obugabe bwingi nka Mpemba Kasi na Vunda. Obugabe obwo bwabaire buri aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'omugyera Congo.Akatare ka Congo kak2bamu obugabe bwingi, otwariiremu obwa Mpemba, Kasi, hamwe na Vunda. Obugabe bwa Congo bukaba burimu obugabe bukye bushatu, oburikwetwa Vungu (obwebembezi bwabwo), Kakongo, na Ngoyo.[22]: 24–25 Obugabe obundi bwa Bantu, otwariiremu obwa Tio, Loango na Kongo, bukakora enkoragana y'ebyobushubuzi erikuhika omu kicweka kya Congo Basin.[23] Obugabe bwa Tio bukatandika omu kyasha kya 14;[24] okukwatanisa kw'obugabe n'okukora ebyoma nikuteekateekwaho kuba kwatandikire omuri Tio butakajanjaire omu bugabe bwa Loango na Kongo.[25]: 439–44[[Wp/nyn/[1|[1]]
Omujumbuzi Omupotuguezi Diogo Cão akahika aha kanwa k'omugyera Congo omuri 1484. Eby'obushubuzi bikatandika ahagati y'obugabe bw'Abantu obw'omunda hamwe n'abashuubuzi b'Abapotuguezi, barikuguza ebintu, ebintu ebikozirwe, hamwe n'abantu abahambirwe bakahindurwa abahuuku omu myanya ey'omunda.Bwanyima y'emyaka mingi nk'omwanya mukuru gw'obushubuzi bw'omuri Amerika, obutegyeki bwa Buraaya obwa butunu aha rubaju rw'omugyera Congo bukatandika omu kyasha kya 19, ekyareteire amaani g'obugabe bw'Abantu omu kyanga.
Ekicweka eky'omumatemba ga Congo kikaija ahansi y'obwebembezi bwa Bufaransa omuri 1880, ahabw'endagaano ei Pierre de Brazza yaataireho omukono na Kabaka wa Tio, Iloo I, [1].Bwanyima y'okufa kwa Iloo, omugabekazi we Ngalifour akahamya endagaano egyo kandi ya[2]
Omuri 1908, Bufaransa ekatebekanisa French Equatorial Africa (AEF), erimu Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, na Oubangui-Chari (obwahati obwahindukire Afirika eya rwagati).Abafaransa bakatoorana Brazzaville nk'orurembo rukuru rwa federo.Omu myaka 50 y'okubanza y'obutegyeki bw'amatware omuri Kongo, eby'entaasya bikaba nibyebembeza okutimba eby'obuhangwa, okukira munonga amabaare g'omuhendo n'ebiti.Eky'okureeberaho, oruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika orurikuruga Kongo kuza aha nyanja ya Pacific (Congo–Ocean Railway) rukaba nirukoresibwa kuhisya amabaare g'omuhendo omuri Buraaya, okwongyera aha ntasya y'eihanga.
Omu bwire bw'okutegyekwa kwa Nazi omuri Bufaransa omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa II, Brazzaville ekaba neekora nk'orurembo orurikworeka obusingye omuri Bufaransa ey'obusingye ahagati ya 1940 na 1943.Orukiiko rwa Brazzaville orwa 1944 rukareetaho empindahinduka omu biragiro by'amatware ga Bufaransa.Congo "ekagasirwa" omu kushanjuura eby'obutegyeki n'okwombeka ebyombeko bwanyima y'orutaro, ahabw'okugira ngu ekaba eri ahagati ya AEF, kandi ekaba eine ekibuga ekikuru ekya Brazzaville.Ekyo kikareetera eihanga eryo kugira eishengyero ry'omunda bwanyima y'okutaho engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1946 eyatandikireho obutegyeki bwa kana.
"Kurugirira aha kuhindura engyenderwaho y'eihanga rya Bufaransa eyatandikireho obutegyeki bwa kana omuri 1958, AEF ekashenyuka omu bicweka byayo, buri kimwe kikaba eihanga ry'okwetegyeka omu Bantu b'Abafaransa.Omu mpindahinduka ezi, Congo eya rwagati ekaba erikwetwa Republic of the Congo omuri 1958[23] kandi yaashohoza engyenderwaho y'eihanga ryayo ey'okubanza omuri 19[1]23]Obutaikirizana ahagati y'Abambochi (abaabaire nibashagika Jacques Opangault) hamwe n'Abalari n'Abakongo (abaabaire nibashagika Fulbert Youlou, meeya w'okubanza omwiraguju owaatooranwe omu Bufaransa Equatorial Africa) kikarugamu akeimukiriro omuri Brazzaville omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 1959, akarikukyendezebwa amahe ga Bufaransa.
Okuteera akaruuru kukabaho omu Kwa kana omuri 1959.Obu Congo yaatungire okwetegyeka omu Kwa munaana omuri 1960, Opangault, owaabaire ari omuhakanisa wa Youl[[assistant assistant Okuteera akaruuru kukabaho omu Kwa kana omuri 1959.Obu Congo yaatungire okwetegyeka omu Kwa munaana omuri 1960, Opangault, owaabaire ari omuhakanisa wa Youlou, akaikiriza kuheereza ahansi ye.Youlou, owaabaire ari omurwanirizi w'amaani ow'okurwanisa obukomunisiti, akaba omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Congo ow'okubanza.
Okuteera akaruuru kukabaho omu Kwa kana omuri 1959. Obu Congo yaatungire okwetegyeka omu Kwa munaana omuri 1960, Opangault, owaabaire ari omuhakanisa wa Youlou, akaikiriza kuheereza ahansi ye.Youlou, owaabaire ari omurwanirizi w'amaani ow'okurwanisa obukomunisiti, akaba omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Congo ow'okubanza.
'Ku yaabaire ari omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 19[23], Massamba-Débat akarondwa nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga kumara emyaka etaano.Omu bwire obu yaabaire ari omu ofiisi, gavumenti ekatandika 'engyenderwaho y'obuhangwa ey'obuhangwa' nk'omusingye gw'engyenderwaho y'eihanga.Omuri 1964, Congo ekasindika tiimu y'abazaani omu mizaano ya orimpiki omurundi gw'okubanza omu byafaayo byayo. Omuri 1965, Congo ekatandika enkoragana n'amahanga nka Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, North Korea, na North Vietnam.Omu bwire bw'obwebembezi bwe, Congo ekatandika kukora amakorero, nk'amakorero g'emyenda, emisiri y'ebikwijo, amakorero g'ebikwato, n'amakorero g'emeeri.Eby'obwegyese bikatandikwaho hamwe n'ebibiina by'eishomero. Okwejumba kw'abaana omu mashomero kukaba kuri okw'ahaiguru munonga omuri Afirika ey'oburugwa-izooba.
Ekiro kya 14 kuhisya ebiro 15 okwa kabiri omuri 1965, abakuru ba gavumenti ya Kongo bashatu bakakwatwa: Lazare Matsocota (omuhababi wa gavumenti), Joseph Pouabou (omwebembezi w'ekooti enkuru), na Anselme Massouémé (orikukur[ira] ekitongore kya Kongo eky'amakuru).Emibiri y'abashaija babiri bakashangwa, barikutemwa, aha mugyera Kongo.[37][38]Gavumenti ya Massamba-Débat ekatayayisa amahe ga Cuba 100 omu ihanga kwegyesa ebibinja by'amahe ga kiraabu ye.Amahe aga gakahwera gavumenti ye kusingura okurwanisa obutegyeki omuri 1966 okwabaire kwebemberwa abaserukare b'amahe abarikwesigwa ahari Marien Ngouabi owabiire ari omwebembezi wa Kongo.Obutegyeki bwa Massamba-Débat bukahwa n'okurwanisa obutegyeki okwabaire kutarimu kusheesha eshagama omu kwezi kwa mwenda omuri 1968.[35]
Marien Ngouabi, owaabaire ayejumbire omu kihagaro ky'obutegyeki, akatwara omwanya gwa purezidenti ebiro 31 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1968.Bwanyima y'omwaka gumwe, Ngouabi akarangirira Congo nk'eihanga ry'okubanza omuri Afirika kuhinduka "people's republic", Republic of the People of the Congo, kandi akarangirira okusharamu kw'ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekya National Revolutionary Movement kuhindura eiziina ryaakyo kuhinduka Congolese Labour Party (PCT).Akahonokaho omu kugyezaho kw'okuhamba obutegyeki omuri 1972, kandi akaitwa ebiro 18 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1977.[39] Akakiiko k'amahe ak'abantu 11 aka Military Committee of the Party (CMP) kakatooranwa kwebembera gavumenti y'obwahati, na Joachim Yhombi-Opango ari purezidenti.Bwanyima y'emyaka ebiri, Yhombi-Opango akagyemeserezibwa kuruga omu butegyeki, kandi Denis Sassou Nguesso akahinduka purezidenti omusya.[23]
Sassou Nguesso akakwatanisa n'ekibiina ky'amahanga ga burugwa izooba kandi yaata omukono aha ndagaano y'obunywani ey'emyaka 20 na Soviet Union.Emyaka y'enyima, Sassou akaba aine kwesiga okunyangarazibwa kw'eby'obutegyeki kukira oku yaabaire naayebembera kugira ngu agume aine obutegyeki bwe.Okugwa kwa Soviet Union omuri 1991 kukarugamu okurekyeraho obuhwezi bwa Soviet Union omu kushagika obutegyeki bwe, kandi yaaruga omu butegyeki.
Pascal Lissouba, owaabaire ari omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Congo omu myaka ya 1992-1997, akagyezaho kuta omu nkora empindahinduka z'eby'entaasya arikushagikwa IMF, okushashura amabanja g'eihanga.Omu myaka ya 1993 na 1994, hakabaho orutaro rw'okubanza orw'omunda omuri Congo, kandi omu kwezi kwa mukaaga 1996, IMF ekaikiriza enteekateeka y'emyaka eshatu ey'okureetaho empindahinduka omu by'entaasya eyabaire neehika aha bukaikuru bwa SDR 69.5 (eza doora za Amerika obukaikuru 100).
Eby'obutegyeki bwa Congo bikateganisibwa omuri 1997 obu Lissouba na Sassou batandika kurwana ahabwa obutegyeki omu rutaro rw'omunda. Oburuuru bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga obwabaire nibuza kubaho omu kwezi kwa mushanju omuri 1997 bukaba buri haihi kuhika, obunkenke ahagati y'ebibinja bya Lissouba na Sassou bukongyera.Ebiro 5 Okwa mukaaga, amahe ga gavumenti ya Lissouba gaketoorora ekibuga kya Sassou omuri Brazzaville, kandi Sassou akaragiira ab'ekibina kye eky'obuntu buntu (ekirikumanywa nka "Cobras") okurwanisa.Ekyo nikyo kyatandikireho orutaro rw'ameezi ana orwasisikara ekicweka kya Brazzaville kandi rukareetaho okufa Okurwanagana ahagati y'ebibiina by'obutegyeki bikarugaho kurugamu orutaro rw'omunda, ekyarugiremu okufa kw'abantu baingi.Okwezi kwa ikumi, gavumenti ya Angola ekatahirira Congo kuhwera Sassou kutegyeka, kandi gavumenti ya Lissouba ekagwa.Bwanyima y'ekyo, Sassou akarangirira ngu niwe purezidenti.
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Omu karuuru k'omwaka gwa 2002, Sassou akasingura aine obuchweka 90 ahari igana bw'oburuuru obwateirwe. Abazaani be babiri abakuru, Lissouba na Bernard Kolelas, bakazibirwa kuhakana. Omuntu ondiijo owaabaire naahakana nawe, André Milongo, akahabura abahagizi be okwetantara akaruuru kandi bwanyima yaaruga omu karuuru. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga, eyaikiriziibweho kurabira omu kuteera akaruuru omu kwezi kw'okubanza omuri 2002, ekaha omwebembezi w'eihanga obushoborozi busya, yongyera emyaka y'obwebembezi bwe kuhika mushanju kandi yaataho akakiiko k'eishengyero akasya. Abareebi kuruga omunsi yoona baketomboitwa ahabw'okutebekanisa kubi akaruuru k'obwebembezi bw'eihanga hamwe n'akaruuru k'engyenderwaho y'eihanga, ebyabaire nibyoreka obutegyeki bw'ekibiina kimwe.Okuteera akaruuru k'obwebembezi bw'eihanga hamwe n'akaruuru k'engyenderwaho y'eihanga, ebyabaire nibyoreka obutegyeki bw'ekibiina kimwe, bikarugaho okurwana kwatandika omuri Pool ahagati y'amahe ga gavumenti n'abahekyera barikwebemberwa Paasita Ntumi; endagaano y'obusingye ey'okumaraho entaro ekateerwaho omukono omu Kwa kana omuri 2003.44
Sassou akasingura akaruuru k'omwebembezi w'eihanga ak'okwezi kwa mushanju 2009, n'obu abarikureeberera obugabe bw'abantu baagizire ngu akaruuru kakaba karimu obushomankuzi n'obutakuratira ebiragiro.Omu kwezi kwa kashatu 2015, Sassou akarangirira ngu akaba naayenda kwesimbaho omurundi ogundi, kandi[L]
Omu 2023, ekibira kya Odzala-Kokoua kikatairwe aha rukarara rw'obuhangwa bw'ensi orwa UNESCO.
Eby'obuhangwa
[edit | edit source]Eby'obuhangwa birimu ebibira, enyanja, emigyera, enshozi hamwe n'ebibira bya Mayombe, hamwe n'ebiikiro by'aha rubaju rw'enyanja Atlantic.
Congo eri omu kicweka kya rwagati y'amashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Afirika, aha rubaju rw'ekikorwa kya Equator, eri ahagati y'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa 4°N na 5°S, hamwe n'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa 11° na 19°E. Aha mashuuma n'oburugwa-izooba bwayo hariho Democratic Republic of the Congo. Eri aha nsharo na Gabon omu burengyerwa-izooba, Cameroon hamwe na Central African Republic omu matemba, hamwe na Cabinda (Angola) omu burugwa-izooba bw'amashuuma. Eri aha rubaju rw'enyanja Atlantic.
Oburengyerwa-izooba bw'amashuuma n'ekicweka ky'aha rubaju rw'enyanja, ahu orugyendo rw'amaizi orurikwetwa Kouilou-Niari River rurikuraba; omunda y'eihanga harimu orutare rw'ahaiguru ahagati y'ebibaya bibiri, eky'amashuuma n'eky'omumatemba. Ebibira biri ahansi y'oburemeezi bw'okubikoresa.
Congo eri omu bicweka bina by'obuhangwa bw'ensi: Ebibira bya Atlantic Equatorial coastal, Northwestern Congolian lowland, Western Congolian swamp, hamwe na Western Congolian forest–savanna. Ahabw'okugira ngu eihanga riri aha rubaju rw'ekikondo ky'ensi, embeera y'obwire neeba eri hamwe omwaka gwona, obutagasi bw'eizooba buri 24 °C (75 °F) hamwe n'ekiro kiri[16 °C (61 °F) na 21 °C (70 °F). Enjura erikugwa buri mwaka neeba eri ahagati ya mm 1,100 (43 in) omu kicweka kya Niari omu mashuuma kuhika aha mm 2,000 (79 in) omu bicweka by'omunda. Obwire bw'ekyanda n'okuruga Okwamukaaga kuhika Okwamunaana, kandi omu bicweka bingi eby'eihanga, obwire bw'enjura burimu emirundi ebiri: 1 omu kwezi kwa kashatu[May] na 2 omu kwezi kwa mwenda[November].
Omu 2006–07, abakyondoozi kuruga omu kitongore kya Wildlife Conservation Society bakakora okucondooza aha nkozi z'ebishaka omu bicweka by'ebibira[[1] ebya Atlantic Equatorial coastal, Northwestern Congolian lowland, Western Congolian swamp, hamwe na Western Congolian forest–savanna. Nibagira ngu omubaro gw'ebinyamishwa ebi guri ahagati ya 125,000 hamwe n'okwetoroora, kandi okwetoroora kwabyo kurinzirwe munonga "ebisharara ebitarikwetengwa".[2]