Wp/nyn/Nigeria
| part of | West Africa  |
|---|---|
| inception | 1 October 1963 |
| native label | Nijeriya, Naigeria, Nàìjíríà |
| short name | Nigeria, NG |
| named after | Niger River |
| named by | Flora Shaw |
| official language | English |
| anthem | Nigeria, We Hail Thee |
| culture | culture of Nigeria |
| motto text | Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress, Единство и вяра, мир и прогрес, Good people, great nation, Undod a Ffydd, Heddwch a Chynnydd |
| continent | Africa |
| country | Nigeria |
| capital | Abuja |
| located in time zone | UTC+01:00, Africa/Lagos, West Africa Time |
| located in or next to body of water | Atlantic Ocean |
| located in/on physical feature | West Africa |
| coordinate location | 9°0′0″N 8°0′0″E |
| coordinates of easternmost point | 12°9′51″N 14°40′41″E |
| coordinates of northernmost point | 13°53′8″N 5°31′47″E |
| coordinates of southernmost point | 4°16′13″N 6°5′13″E |
| geoshape | Data:Nigeria.map |
| highest point | Chappal Waddi |
| lowest point | Atlantic Ocean |
| basic form of government | federal republic |
| office held by head of state | President of Nigeria |
| head of state | Bola Ahmed Tinubu |
| office held by head of government | President of Nigeria |
| head of government | Bola Ahmed Tinubu |
| executive body | Cabinet of Nigeria |
| legislative body | National Assembly of Nigeria |
| highest judicial authority | Supreme Court of Nigeria |
| central bank | Central Bank of Nigeria |
| currency | naira |
| shares border with | Benin, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, São Tomé and Príncipe |
| driving side | right |
| electrical plug type | BS 1363, BS 546 |
| follows | Federation of Nigeria |
| replaces | Federation of Nigeria |
| studied by | Nigerian studies |
| official website | https://nigeria.gov.ng/ |
| hashtag | Nigeria, nigeria |
| top-level Internet domain | .ng |
| flag | flag of Nigeria |
| coat of arms | coat of arms of Nigeria |
| has seal, badge, or sigil | Seal of the President of Nigeria |
| official symbol | Costus spectabilis |
| geography of topic | geography of Nigeria |
| has characteristic | partly free country |
| history of topic | history of Nigeria |
| most populous urban area | Lagos |
| economy of topic | economy of Nigeria |
| demographics of topic | demographics of Nigeria |
| madhhab | Malikism |
| mobile country code | 621 |
| telephone country code | +234 |
| trunk prefix | 0 |
| emergency phone number | 112, 199 |
| GS1 country code | 615 |
| licence plate code | WAN |
| maritime identification digits | 657 |
| Unicode character | 🇳🇬 |
| category for honorary citizens of entity | Q8942555 |
| category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of Nigeria |
| Commonwealth Sport country code | NGR |
Nigeria, omu butongore Federal Republic of Nigeria, n'eihanga omuri burengye bw'eizooba bwa Africa. Kishangwa ahagati ya Sahel omu matemba hamwe na Gulf of Guinea omunyanja ya Atlantic omu mashuuma. Nikitwariramu ekicweka kya kiromita 923,769 (356,669 sq mi). N'abantu abarikuhingura obukaikuru 230, niyo eihanga eririkusingayo abantu baingi omuri Afirika, kandi n'erya mukaaga omunsi yoona. Nigeria eine ensharo na Niger omu matemba ga Uganda, Chad omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba, Cameroon omuri burugwa izooba, hamwe na Benin omuri burengyerwa-izooba. Nigeria n'eihanga rya federo eririmu amahanga 36 hamwe n'ekicweka kya federo ekikuru, ahu orurembo rwayo orukuru, Abuja, ruri. Orurembo orurikukirayo obuhango omuri Nigeria kurugirira ahabantu n'orurembo rwa Lagos, rumwe aha myanya erikukirayo obuhango omunsi yoona kandi nirwo rurikukirayo obuhango omuri Afirika.
Nigeria etwire eri amaka g'eby'obuhangwa, amahanga n'obugabe kuruga omu rukumi rwa kabiri BC. Eby'obuhangwa bwa Nok, c. 1500 BC, nikyo kimwe aha by'obuhangwa eby'okubanza omu kyanga. Obukama bwa Hausa bukatuura omu matemba, n'obukama bwa Benin obwa Edo omu mashuuma hamwe n'obukama bwa Nigeria obwa Igbo omu mashuuma g'oburugwa izooba. Omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, obugabe bwa Yoruba Ife bukasikirwa obugabe bwa Oyo. Omwanya oguriho hati omuri Nigeria, gukaba guri amaka g'endembo nyingi. Omu kyasha ky'ekumi na mwenda eky'okubanza, Jihad ya Fula ekahika aha muheru gw'obutegyeki bwa Sokoto. Eihanga ry'obwahati rikatandika n'amatware ga Bungyereza omu kyasha kya 19, rikatunga omuringo gwaryo oguriho hati n'okwegaita kw'obutegyeki bw'amashuuma ga Nigeria hamwe n'obutegyeki bw'amatemba ga Nigeria omuri 1914. Abangyereza bakataho engyenderwaho y'obwebembezi hamwe n'ebiragiro kandi baataho abagabe b'eby'obuhangwa nk'omuringo gw'obutegyeki obutarikwetengwa. Nigeria ekahinduka eihanga eryetongoire omu butongore ebiro 1 Okwaikumi 1960. Hakabaho orutaro rw'omunda kuruga 1967 kuhisya 1970, orwakuratiirweho obutegyeki bw'amahe n'obw'abantu buntu obwarondwa kurungi, kuhisya obu batungire obusingye omu karuuru k'omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Nigeria omuri 1999.
Nigeria n'eihanga ry'amahanga maingi eririmu enganda ezirikuhingura 250 ezirikugamba endimi 500 ezitarikushushana, zoona zikworeka eby'obuhangwa ebitarikushushana. Amahanga ashatu agarikukirayo obuhango ni aba Hausa omu matemba ga Uganda, aba Yoruba omu burengyerwizooba, hamwe n'aba Igbo omu burugwa izooba, hamwe nibakora ebicweka 60% by'abantu boona. Orurimi rukuru n'orungyereza, orutoorainwe kureetaho okukwatanisa omu ndimi aha rurengo rw'eihanga. Nkaimwe aha mahanga arimu abantu baingi munonga omu nsi yoona, abantu ba Nigeria bagabaniisibwemu kimwe kya kabiri ahagati y'abasiraamu, abarikukira kutuura omu matemba g'eihanga, hamwe n'abakristaayo, abarikukira kutuura omu mashuuma. Endiini z'enzaarwa, nk'ezo ez'amahanga ga Igbo na Yoruba, nizikye munonga. Enkoragana y'obutegyeki y'eihanga neeha abantu obugabe bw'ediini.
Eby'entaasya ya Nigeria n'ey'omurundi gwa kana omuri Afirika, n'ey'omurundi gwa 53 omunsi yoona kurugirira ahari GDP. N'eihanga ry'amaani omuri Afirika kandi n'eihanga ry'ahagati omu nshonga z'amahanga goona. Nigeria n'omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya African Union kandi n'omwebembezi w'ebitongore by'amahanga goona, otwariiremu United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, Economic Community of West African States, na OPEC. Kandi ni memba w'ekibiina kya MINT ekitarikwetegyerezibwa kandi n'emwe ahari next eleven economies.
Enkora y'ebigambo
[edit | edit source]Eiziina rya Nigeria rikatandikwa omunyamahurire omuri Bungyereza Flora Shaw omu kwezi kw'okubanza okwa 1897, rikatandikira aha mugyera Niger ogurikutamburira omwihanga. Eihanga rya Niger erituherereire, niritwara eiziina ryaryo kuruga omu mugyera nigwo gumwe. Eiziina rya Niger, erikwata ahagati y'omugyera, tiburikwetegyerezibwa, kwonka nikibaasa kuba kihindwire eiziina rya Tuareg 'egere n-igerewen'. Flora Shaw atakahaire ekiteiso ky'eiziina Nigeria, amaziina agandi agateirweho gakaba garimu amatware ga Royal Niger Company, Central Sudan, Niger Empire, Niger Sudan, hamwe n'amatware ga Hausa.
Ebyafaayo
[edit | edit source]Ebyabaireho kare
[edit | edit source]Okutimba ekidiba kya Kainji kworeka okukora ebyoma omu kyasha kya kabiri BC. Empindahinduka kuruga omu bwire bwa neolithic kuza omu bwire bw'ekyoma ekabaho hatariho kukora ekikomo. Abamwe bagambire ngu tekinorogye ekaza omu burengyerwizooba kuruga omu kicweka kya Nile. Kwonka obwire bw'ekyoma omu kicweka ky'omugyera kya Niger hamwe n'ekibira nikireebeka nk'obw'enyima y'okutandika kw'ebyoma omu kicweka eky'ahaiguru emyaka nka 800, hamwe n'obw'enyima omu kicweka kya Nile. Okucondooza okwakozirwe obwahati nikworeka ngu ebyoma bikakorwa omu Africa.
Okutunguuka kwa Nok kukakurakurana ahagati ya 1,500 BC na AD 200. Kikakora ebishushani bya terracotta ebirikuhikaana n'oburengye bw'omuntu, ebimwe aha bishushani eby'okubanza ebirikumanywa omuri Afirika, kandi kikacwekyereza ekyoma omuri 550 BC kandi nikibaasa kuba kyabaireho ebyasha bikye enyimaho. Obujurizi bw'okusiika ekyoma nabwo busimbirwe omu myanya omu kicweka kya Nsukka omu mashuma g'oburugwa izooba bwa Nigeria: kuruga omuri 2000 BC aha mwanya gwa Lejja, hamwe na 750 BC aha mwanya gwa Opi.
Ebyafaayo bya kare
[edit | edit source]Ekitabo kya Kano Chronicle nikyoreka ebyafaayo eby'obuhangwa kuruga omu mwaka gwa 999 AD by'orurembo rwa Hausa Sahelian-eihanga rya Kano, hamwe n'ebibuga ebindi ebikuru ebya Hausa (oba Hausa Bakwai) ebya Daura, Biram, Katsina, Obukama bwa Zazzau, Rano, na Gobir byona biine ebyafaayo ebyahandikirwe kuruga omu kyasha kya 10. Ahabw'okujanjaara kw'obusiraamu kuruga omu kyasha kya mushanju AD,omwanya gukamanyibwa nka Sudan nainga nka Bilad Al Sudan (Orungyereza: Ensi y'abairaguju). Ahabw'okugira ngu abantu bakaba nibakwatanisa n'eby'obuhangwa bw'abasiraamu omu matemba ga Africa, bakatandika eby'obushubuzi kuruga omuri Sahara kandi abaabaire nibagamba eby'obuhangwa bakaba nibeetwa Al-Sudan (ekirikumanyisa "Abairaguju") nk'oku baabaire nibatwarwa nk'ekicweka ky'ensi y'abasiraamu. Hariho ebyafaayo by'abaharabu n'abasiraamu aba ira ebirikugamba aha bwami bwa Kanem-Bornu nk'omwanya gw'obuhangwa bw'obusiraamu.
Obukama bwa Nri obw'abantu ba Igbo bukongyera amaani omu kyasha kya 10 kandi bukagumizamu kuhisya obu Abajungu baabufeerwa obushoborozi bwabwo omuri 1911. Nri ekategyekwa Kabaka Nri, kandi orurembo rwa Nri nirutwarwa nk'omusingye gw'ebyobuhangwa bwa Igbo. Nri na Aguleri, ahu enfumu y'abaigbo erikukwata aha kutandikaho ebintu, eri omu kicweka ky'oruganda rwa Umuri. Ba memba b'ekika nibaronda enzarwa yaabo kuruga aha mugabe mukuru Eri. Omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Africa, ebyoma by'ekikomo ebikuru ebyakozirwe barikukoresa enkora y'amabaare g'eizooba, bikaba nibiruga omuri Igbo-Ukwu, orurembo oruri ahansi y'obushoborozi bwa Nri.
Obukama bwa Yoruba obwa Ife na Oyo omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa izooba bwa Nigeria bukatandika kumanywa omu kyasha kya 12 na 14. Obubonero oburikukirayo obukuru obw'okutuura kw'abantu aha mwanya oguriho hati omuri Ife bukaruga omu kyasha kya mwenda, kandi eby'obuhangwa byakyo birimu ebishushani bya terracotta hamwe n'eby'ekikomo.
Obutegyeki bw'amatware bukiri kare
[edit | edit source]Omu kyasha kya 16, aba Portuguese abacondoozi nibo babandize kutandika eby'obushubuzi n'abantu b'omu mashuuma ga Nigeria, aha mwaaro ogu baayetsire Lagos (eyabaire eri Eko) hamwe na Calabar omu kicweka kya Slave Coast. Abajungu bakaguza ebintu n'abantu aha rubaju rw'enyanja; eby'obushubuzi aha rubaju rw'enyanja n'abajungu nabyo bikareetaho entandikwa y'obushubuzi bw'abahuuku omuri Atlantic. Omwanya gwa Calabar aha Bight ya Biafra ey'ebyafaayo gukahinduka emwe aha myanya y'obushubuzi bw'abahuuku omuri West Africa omu bwire obu. Emyanya endiijo mikuru y'okuguza abahuuku ekaba eri Badagry, Lagos aha nyanja ya Benin, hamwe n'ekirwa kya Bonny aha nyanja ya Biafra. Abaingi abaatwirwe aha myanya egi bakwasirwe omu butahirira hamwe n'entaro, buriijo, abasibe bakaba bagarurwa omu kicweka ky'abahanguzi nk'abakozi b'amaani. Enguuto z'abahuuku zikatebwaho omuri Nigeria yoona, zikakwatanisa emyanya y'omunda n'emyanya mikuru y'aha rubaju rw'enyanja. Obumwe aha butegyeki obwabaire nibutunda abahuuku munonga, bukakwatanisa n'obugabe bwa Benin obwa Edo omu mashuuma, obwa Oyo omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, hamwe n'obugabe bwa Aro omu mashuuma g'oburugwa-izooba. Amaani ga Benin gakagumaho ahagati y'ekyasha kya 15 n'ekya 19. Oyo, aha muheru gw'eitaka ryayo aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 17 kuhisya aha ntandikwa y'ekyasha kya 18, ekongyera amaani gaayo kuruga omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Nigeria kuhisya omuri Togo eya hati.
Omu matemba, endwano ezitarikuhwaho ahagati y'orurembo rwa Hausa hamwe n'okugwa kw'obugabe bwa Bornu bikareka aba Fulani kutunguuka omu kyanga. Omu kutandika kw'ekyasha kya 19, Usman dan Fodio akebembera orutaro rw'okurwanisa obugabe bwa Hausa, yaatandikaho obutegyeki bwa Sokoto. Obutegyeki obu, obw'Oruwarabu nk'orurimi rwabwo oruhikire, bukakurakurana munonga ahansi y'obutegyeki bwe hamwe n'obw'abaijukuru be, abasindikire amahe g'okurumba buri mwanya. Obukama obuhango obutarimu itaka, bukakwatanisa burugwa izooba n'oburengyerwizooba bwa Sudan, bwatahirira omu mashuuma, bwahangura ebicweka by'obukama bwa Oyo (obwahati ni Kwara), bwanyima bukagyenda omu maisho ga Yoruba omuri Ibadan, kuhika aha nyanja ya Atlantic. Ekicweka ekyabaire nikitegyekwa obutegyeki kikaba kirimu ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Nigeria ekya hati hamwe n'ekya rwagati. Omwebembezi w'eihanga akatuma abaami kutaho obutegyeki omu byanga ebi yaasingire n'okutunguura eby'obuhangwa bw'obusiraamu; abaami nabo bakatunga obugaiga n'amaani kurabira omu by'obushuubuzi n'obuhuuku. Omu mwaka gwa 1890, abahuuku abarikukirayo obwingi omunsi yoona, obukaikuru bubiri, bakaba bari omu byanga by'obutegyeki bwa Sokoto. Okukoresa abakozi nk'abahuuku kukaba kuri kwingi, okukira munonga omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa. Obwire bw'okushenyuka omuri 1903, obutegyeki bwa Sokoto bukaba buri bumwe aha mahanga ga Afirika agarikukirayo obuhango.
Ekiragiro ky'ebiragiro ekyahindukire (okuzibira eby'obushubuzi bw'abahuuku omuri Atlantic omuri 1807) hamwe n'ekiragiro ky'eby'entaasya kikareetera amahanga ga Buraaya agasinga kushagika okuhinga ebintu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa. Obushubuzi bw'abahuuku bukagumizamu bwanyima y'okuzibirwa, nk'abarikuguza abahuuku omu buryo butahikire kuruga aha rubaju rw'enyanja. Ekitongore kya Bungyereza ekya West Africa Squadron kikagyezaho kukwata abarikukukukusa ebintu aha nyanja. Abahuuku abajunirwe bakatwarwa omuri Freetown, ekitongore omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Afirika ekyatandikirweho Lieutenant John Clarkson, okutaho abahuuku abaabaire barekwirwe Bungyereza omuri America y'amatemba bwanyima y'orutaro rw'okwetegyeka omuri America.
Obutegyeki bw'amatware ga Bungyereza
[edit | edit source]Bungyereza ekeetaba omu ntongane z'obugabe bwa Lagos obwo erikuteera bbomu omuri Lagos omuri 1851, ekaruga omu butegyeki bwa Oba Kosoko owaabaire naakunda eby'obushubuzi bw'abahuuku, ekareetaho obusingye bwa Oba Akitoye n'okuta omukono aha ndagaano ahagati ya Bungyereza na Lagos ebiro 1 Okwakana 1852. Bungyereza ekegaita Lagos nk'eihanga ry'obutegyeki omu gw'omunaana gwa 1861 n'endagaano ya Lagos Treaty of Cesion. Abamiisani ba Bungyereza bakagaziya emirimo yaabo kandi bagyenda omunda y'eitaka. Omuri 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther akahinduka biishopu w'okubanza omuri Afirika ow'ekanisa y'abakurisitaayo. Omuri 1885, Abangyereza bakagira ngu nibatwara obutegyeki bwa Afirika y'oburengyerwa-izooba, bakatunga okumanywa kuruga omu mahanga ga Buraaya agandi omu rukiiko rwa Berlin. Omwaka ogwakuratsireho, ekataho ekitongore kya Royal Niger Company ekyabaire nikyebemberwa Sir George Taubman Goldie. Aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19 hamwe n'okutandika kw'ekyasha kya 20, kampuni ekaba yasingwire munonga omu kutegyeka obugabe bw'omumashuuma obwetongoire aha rubaju rw'omugyera rwa Niger. Abangyereza bakasingura Benin omuri 1897, kandi, omu rutaro rwa Bungyereza na Arua (1901-1902), bakasingura abandi abaabaire nibahakanisa. Okusingwa kw'amahanga aga, kikiguraho obutegyeki bw'Abangyereza omu kicweka kya Niger. Omuri 1900, eitaka rya kampuni rikaza ahansi y'obushoborozi bwa Gavumenti ya Bungyereza, reero rikatandikaho eihanga ry'amashuuma ga Nigeria nk'eihanga rya Bungyereza kandi nk'ekicweka ky'obugabe bwa Bungyereza.