Wp/nyn/Niger

Flag of Niger

Niger,omu butongore, Republic of the Niger, n'eihanga eritarikukwata nyanja omu mashuuma ga Africa. N'eihanga eririmu ensharo za Libya omu matemba ga burugwa izooba, Chad omu burugwa izooba, Nigeria omu mashuuma, Benin na Burkina Faso omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, Mali omu burengyerwa-izooba, hamwe na Algeria omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba.Nikitwariramu eitaka rya kiromita miriyoni 1.27 (490,000 sq mi), ekirikurugwamu eihanga eririkusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika y'oburengyerwa-izooba hamwe n'eihanga rya kabiri eririkusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika enyima ya Chad. Ebitundutundu 80% by'eitaka ryakyo biri omuri Sahara. Abantu baayo abarikukira obwingi abasiraamu abarikuhika obukaikuru 25 nibatuura omu bicweka omu mashuuma n'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'eihanga. Orurembo orukuru Niamey nirushangwa omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba koona aha rubaju rw'omugyera nigeri ogurikwetwa eiziina rye.

Ahabw'okujanjaara kw'obusiraamu omu kicweka ekyo,Niger ekaba eri aha rubaju rw'amahanga agamwe, otwariiremu obugabe bwa Kanem-Bornu hamwe n'obw'obugabe bwa Mali, ebicweka ebikuru by'eitaka ryakyo bitakahindukire ebicweka by'obugabe nka Sultanate ya Agadez hamwe n'obugabe bwa Songhai. Kikatwarwa obutegyeki bwa Bufaransa omu bwire bw'obutabanguko bwa Afirika nk'ekicweka kya Afirika y'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Bufaransa, kyahinduka obutegyeki bw'omutaano omuri 1922. Kuruga obu kyatunga okwetegyeka omuri 1960, Niger etungire obutegyeki butaano bw'okurwanisa hamwe n'obutegyeki bw'amahe obw'emirundi ena. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga rya Niger ey'omusanvu kandi eriho obwahati, ekateebwaho omuri 2010, ekataho ebibiina by'obutegyeki bingi, hamwe n'enkora y'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Bwanyima y'okutegyeka eihanga omuri 2023, eihanga rigumire niritegyekwa ekitongore ky'amahe ekya National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland.

Enkora y'ebigambo

Eiziina niruruga aha mugyera Niger ogurikuraba omu burengyerwizooba bw'eihanga. Oburugo bw'eiziina ry'omugyera tigurikwetegyerezibwa. Omuhangu w'eby'obuhangwa omuri Alexandria Ptolemy akahandiika ebirikukwata aha mugyera Gir (omu kicweka ekiri haihi na Algeria eya hati) hamwe na Ni-Gir 'Lower Gir' omu mashuuma, nikibaasa kuba nikigamba aha mugyera Niger. Enkora y'okuhandiika Niger ey'omurembe egi ekahandiikwa omunyakibiina kya Berber, Leo Africanus omuri 1550, nikibaasa kuba kirugire omu kigambo kya Tuareg ekya (e)gărăw-n-gărăwăn ekirikumanyisa 'omugyera gw'emigyera' .Abahangu b'endimi nibaikirizana ngu terikuruga omu rurimi rwa Latin niger 'black' nk'oku kyabaire nikiteekateekwaho omu nshobi. Okugamba kw'orungyereza nikwo kuri /niː'ezer/, kandi omu mikutu emwe erikugamba orungyereza /'naider'/ nayo neekoresibwa.

Ebyafaayo

Ebyabaireho kare

Ebikwato by'amabaare, ebimwe ebyabaireho omu mwaka gwa 280,000 BC, bishangirwe omuri Adrar Bous, Bilma na Djado omu matemba ga Agadez. Ebimwe ahari ebi bishangirwe bikwatireine n'obuhangwa bwa Aterian na Mousterian obwa Middle Paleolithic, obwabaireho omu matemba ga Africa nka 90,000 BC20,000 BC. Nikiteekateekwaho ngu abantu aba bakaba nibatuura nk'abahigi, abarikurundaana ebintu. Omu bwire bw'obuhangwa bwa Afirika, embeera y'obwire omuri Sahara ekaba eri ey'obutiti kandi erimu kandi n'eky'obuhingi n'oburiisa, eky'okureeberaho eki abakugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'omu itaka barikukigambaho nka "Green Sahara",ekyareteire embeera nungi y'okuhiiga n'obuhingi n'oburiisa.

Omurembe gwa Neolithic, ogwatandikire nka 10,000 BC, gukareetaho empindahinduka nyingi nk'okutandikaho eby'okubumba (nk'oku kirikworekwa omuri Tagalagala, Temet na Tin Offaden), okujanjaara kw'oburiisa bw'ente, hamwe n'okuziika abafiire omu mabaare.Embeera y'obwire kuyahindukire omu bwire bwa 4000-2800 BC, Sahara ekatandika kwoma mporampora, ekyaretsireho empindahinduka omu nkora y'okutuura omu mashuuma n'oburugwa, Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa bikajanjaara, otwariiremu okubyara oburo n'omugusha, hamwe n'okukora ebintu by'eibumba. Ebyoma n'ebikomo bikareebeka omu bwire obu, hamwe n'ebyasangirwe omuri Azawagh,Takeda, Marende hamwe na Termit Massif. Eby'obuhangwa bwa Kiffian (circa 80006000 BC) hamwe n'eby'ahamuheru ebya Tenerian (circa 50002500 BC), ebirikukwata ahari Adrar Bous na Gobero ahu amagufa gashangirwe, gakakurakurana omu bwire obu.