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Milton Obote
human
sex or gendermale Gorora
country of citizenshipUganda Gorora
birth nameApollo Milton Opeto Obote Gorora
given nameMilton Gorora
date of birth28 December 1925 Gorora
place of birthApac, Uganda Gorora
date of death10 October 2005 Gorora
place of deathJohannesburg Gorora
manner of deathnatural causes Gorora
cause of deathkidney failure Gorora
place of burialKampala (Nakawa Road) Cemetery Gorora
spouseMiria Obote Gorora
languages spoken, written or signedEnglish Gorora
occupationpolitician Gorora
position heldPresident of Uganda, President of Uganda, Prime Minister of Uganda, Finance Minister of Uganda, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Uganda Gorora
educated atMakerere University, Adams College, Busoga College Gorora
member of political partyUganda People's Congress Gorora
military branchUganda People's Defence Force Gorora
Milton Obote

Apollo Milton Obote (28 Okw ikumi na kumwe 1925 - 10 Okwa ikumi na kumwe 2005) akaba ari omutegyeki wa Uganda owabaireho engazi y'eihanga rya Uganda eya kabiri kuruga 1962 kuhisya 1966 kandi owaabaire ari purezidenti wa Uganda owa kabiri kuruga 1966 kuhisya 1971 kandi bwanyima kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1985.

Obote akaba ari Lango, yaashomera omuri Busoga College, Mwiri na Makerere University. Omuri 1956, akeegaita aha kibiina kya Uganda National Congress (UNC) kandi bwanyima yaakyebaganisamu yaatandikaho ekibiina kya Uganda People's Congress (UPC) omuri 1960. Bwanyima ya Uganda kutunga okwetegyeka kuruga omu butegyeki bw'amatware ga Bungyereza omuri 1962, Obote akarahizibwa nk'enganzi y'eihanga arikukwatanisa na Kabaka Yekka, kandi omwebembezi we Mutesa II akeetwa purezidenti. Ahabw'obutaikirizingana na Mutesa ahabw'okufeerwa akaruuru k'eby'obutegyeki omuri Uganda omuri 1964 kandi bwanyima y'okwejumba omu mishango y'okukukusa ezaabu, Obote akamubinga omuri 1966 yaayetwara nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga, yaataho obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki bwa UPC nk'ekibiina kyonka Obu Obote yaabaire ari omwebembezi w'eihanga, akateeka omu nkora ebiragiro by'obutegyeki, obu eihanga ryabonabonesibwa obushomankuzi n'eibura ry'eby'okurya.

Akasingwa Idi Amin omu bwimukiriro bw'amahe omuri 1971, yaaza omu buzaahe omuri Tanzania, kwonka akagaruka yaatooranwa omu buruuru obwarangirwe nk'obutarimu busingye n'oburingaaniza omuri 1980, omwaka gumwe bwanyima ya Amin kusingwa omuri 1979. Obutegyeki bwe obw'akabiri bukahwa ahanyima y'obutabanguko burikumara obwire buraingwa kandi burimu eshagama oburikumanywa nka orutaro rw'omu kishaka ekya Uganda, obu yaasingwa omurundi gwa kabiri omuri 1985 arikwebemberwa Tito Okello, ekyamureeteire kutuura omu buzaahe.

Amagara g'obuto

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Apollo Milton Obote akazaarwa omu kyaro kya Akokoro omu disiturikiti ya Apac omu matemba ga Uganda, ebiro 28 Okwaikumi na ibiri 1925.[1] Akaba ari omwana wa kashatu[2] aha baana mwenda ow'omukuru w'oruganda rwa Oyima orwa Lango. Akatandika obwegyese bwe omuri 1940 aha eishomero ry'abaporotesitante omuri Lira, kandi bwanyima yaaza omu ishomero rya Gulu Junior [3]Secondary School,Busoga College, Mwiri,[4] kandi bwanyima yaaza omu yunivasite y'e Makerere.[5] Ahabw'okugira ngu akaba aine ekigyendererwa ky'okushoma ebiragiro, ekintu ekyabaire kitarikwegyesibwa omu yunivasite, Obote akakora koosi y'eby'emikono, otwariiremu orungyereza hamwe n'eby'obuhangwa.[6] Omuri Makerere, Obote akatunguura emyoga ye y'obuhangwa y'okugamba; naabaasa kuba yabingirwe ahabw'okwejumba omu keesharingo k'abeegi, nainga ekindi akasigaho bwanyima y'omwanya gw'okwega ebiragiro aheeru y'eihanga kutaheebwa sente kuruga omu gavumenti y'obukuumi.[7] Akakora omuri Buganda omu mashuuma ga Uganda atakatwire omuri Kenya, ahu yaakozire nk'omukozi w'okwombeka omu kitongore kya bayinginiya.[8]

Obu Obote yaabaire ari omuri Kenya, akeejumba omu kibiina ky'okwetegyeka. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omu Uganda omu 1956, akeegaita aha kibiina ky'obutegyeki ekya Uganda National Congress (UNC), kandi akatooranwa omu ishengyero ry'amatware omuri 1957.[9]Omuri 1959, ekibiina kya UNC kikagabaganisamu ebibiina bibiri, ekibiina kimwe ekyabaire nikyebemberwa Obote kikakwatanisa n'ekibiina kya Uganda People's Union kukora ekibiina kya Uganda People's Congress (UPC).[10]

Obote akajwekyera ekibiina kya UPC omu ruteerane rw'engyenderwaho y'eihanga, orwabaire omuri Lancaster House omuri 1961, hamwe n'omwebembezi mugyenzi we A. G. Mehta.[11]Oruteerane rukatebekanisibwa Gavumenti ya Bungyereza kwenda kwiguraho omuhanda gw'okwetegyeka kwa Uganda.[11]

Enganzi

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Omu karuuru k'okwetegyeka, Obote akakora omukago n'ekibiina ky'obugabe ekya Buganda, Kabaka Yekka. Ebibiina bibiri bikaba biine obushoborozi bwingi omu ishengyero kandi Obote akahinduka enganzi y'eihanga omuri 1962. Akatwara omwanya ogwo ebiro 25 Okwakana 1962, arikutooranwa Sir Walter Coutts, owaabaire ari Gavana wa Uganda. Omwaka ogwakuratsireho, omwanya gwa gavana omukuru gukagarurwaho omwebembezi w'eihanga owabaire naatooranwa eishengyero. Mutesa, Kabaka (Mukama) wa Buganda, akahinduka omwebembezi w'eihanga ow'omurembe, Obote nk'enganzi y'eihanga.

Omu kwezi kw'okubanza omuri 1964 hakabaho obwimukiriro aha barakisi y'amahe omuri Jinja, orurembo rwa kabiri omuri Uganda kandi orwabaire nirutuura omu kibinja ky'amahe ga Uganda eky'okubanza. Hakabaho obwimukiriro oburikushushana omu mahanga abiri g'oburugwa izooba bwa Africa; amahanga ashatu goona gakashaba obuhwezi bw'amahe kuruga omu mahe ga Bungyereza. Kwonka batakahikire, Obote akoohereza minisita we w'ebyokwerinda Felix Onama kuteesa n'abaheekyera. Onama akakwatwa nk'omufere, kandi yaikiriza ebyetengo bingi, otwariiremu okwongyera emishaara y'amahe, hamwe n'okukuzibwa kw'abaserukare baingi, otwariiremu n'owaizire kuba purezidenti Idi Amin.[12]Ahamuheru gw'omwaka ogwo, akeetaba omu rukiiko rw'omurundi gwa kabiri orw'ekibiina ekitarikukwatanisa omuri Cairo.[13]Omuri 1965, abanya Kenya bakazibirwa okutwara emyanya y'obwebembezi omu gavumenti, kandi eki kikakuratirwa okwihaho abanya Kenya omu bwingi kuruga omu Uganda omuri 1969, barikwebemberwa Obote.

From left to right: Grace Ibingira, Obote, and John Kakonge in 1962

Obu Obote yaabaire ari enganzi y'eihanga, akaba aine akakwate n'ekigyendererwa ky'okukukusa ezaabu, hamwe na Idi Amin, owaabaire ari omumyoka w'omuduumizi w'amahe ga Uganda. Eishengyero ku ryashabire okucondooza ahari Obote n'okwiha Amin omu ntebe, akemerezaho engyenderwaho y'eihanga reero yerangirira nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga omu kwezi kwa kashatu 1966, yaayehayo obushoborozi butarikuhwaho omu biragiro by'omutaano. Ba memba baingi omu kabineti ye, abaabaire bari abebembezi b'ebibiina ebirikuhayahayana omu kibiina, bakakwatwa kandi bakasibwa bateine kihababirwa. Obote akagarukamu n'okutahirira enju ya Mutesa n'embundu, ekyarugiremu Mutesa kuhunga yaaza omu buzaahe.[14] Omuri 1967, obutegyeki bwa Obote bukakorwaho obu eishengyero ryahinguza engyenderwaho nsya eyaihireho enkora ya federo omu ngyenderwaho y'okwetegyeka reero rikatandikaho omwebembezi w'eihanga.[15]

Okutahirira ekikaari kya Muteesa

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Okutahirira ekikaari kya Muteesa nikimanyisa ekintu ky'omugasho ekyabaireho omu butegyeki bwa Milton Obote obw'okubanza nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga omuri Uganda, ekirikumanywa nka Mengo Crisis. Ebiro 24 Okwaikumi na mukaaga, 1966, Obote akaragiira okutahirira ekikaari kya (Lubiri) ekyabaire nikishangwa Mengo omuri Kampala, amaka ga Kabaka (Kabaka) Edward Muteesa II owa Buganda. Okutahirira kukaba kugyendereire kwiha Muteesa omu bwebembezi n'okumuremesa kwebembera.[16]

Omubwiire bw'okutahirira,ekikaari kikateerwa amasasi maingi, ekyarugiremu okusisikara kw'amaani, ekirikumanywa munonga n'emotoka ze eza Rolls-Royce ezaatairwe omuriro. Muteesa akabaasa kutoroka yasherura obuhungiro omu kitongore kya Bungyereza omuri Kampala, n'obu mukuru we omunyiginya w'eihanga Alexander David Ssimbwa yaakwatwa. Ekyabaireho kikaba eky'omutaano omu by'obutegyeki bwa Uganda kandi kikakora kihango aha biro by'omumaisho by'eihanga.[17]

Okutahirira ekikaari kya Muteesa kikakuratirwa Obote kwihaho obugabe omu Uganda otwariiremu Buganda n'okurangirira Uganda nk'eihanga ry'obutegyeki. Ekikorwa eki kikareetaho obutabanguko omu by'obutegyeki hamwe n'obutaikirizana omu nganda omu ihanga.

Okutahirira orugo rwa Muteesa hamwe n'ebyarugiremu bikakora omurimo gw'amaani omu kureetaho entunguuka omu by'obutegyeki bwa Uganda. Kikareetaho okureebeka kwa Idi Amin, owaaherize kutwara obutegyeki omu bwimukiriro bw'amahe omuri 1971. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, kikareetaho oburemeezi ahagati ya Gavumenti eya rwagati n'ebitongore bya Uganda eby'obuhangwa.[18]

Obwebembezi bw'eihanga obw'okubanza.

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Ebiro 19 Okwaikumi na ibiri 1969, hakabaho okuteeraho kw'okwita Obote. Obu yaabaire naaruga omu ruteerane rw'abajwekyerwa ba UPC orw'omwaka aha kishayi ky'omunda ekya Lugogo omuri Kampala, Mohamed Sebaduka akarasha omwe aha mwebembezi w'eihanga. Eisaasi rikateera Obote omu maisho, ryamuhenda amaino abiri kandi rikaija omu matama. Pistori ya Sebaduka ekasibira, kandi Yowana Wamala, omutemu ondiijo, akateera bbomu aha mukuru w'eihanga, kwonka ekaremwa kubwatuka. Sebaduka akateerwa amasasi abakuumi ba Obote, kwonka boona abaabaire nibateekateekyera hamwe bakatoroka omu bwimukiriro bwanyima y'okugyezaho. Bwanyima, abakyondoozi bakabakwata hamwe n'abanyakibiina kya Democratic Party ekirikukurira orubaju orurikuhakanisa gavumenti, barikubeeherera owabaireho enganzi y'eihanga Benedicto Kiwanuka ahabw'okutebekanisa enteekateeka egyo.[19] Bwanyima y'okugyezaho,ebibiina by'obutegyeki ebirikuhakanisa gavumenti bikazibirwa, Obote yaasigara nk'omwebembezi w'amaani. Embeera y'akabi ekaba eriho kumara obwire obwingi kandi ab'eby'obutegyeki abaabaire nibahakanisa bakasibwa amagara gaabo goona. Obwebembezi bwa Obote bukatiinisiriza, bwabonabonesa, kandi bwabonabonesa abantu. Poriisi ye ey'ekihama eya General Service Unit, erikwebemberwa muzaara wa Obote, ekaba neejunanizibwa aha bukambwe bwingi.[20]

Omuri 1969-70, Obote akashohoza obutabo obwabaire nibushemereire kworeka enkora ye omu by'obutegyeki hamwe n'eby'entaasya. Ekihandiiko kya Common Man's Charter kikaba nikyoreka omu bwijwire omuringo gwe gw'okureebereramu abantu, ekyamanyirwe nka Move to the Left. Gavumenti ekatwara obuchweka nkaaga ahari igana omu bitongore by'abantu buntu ebikuru hamwe na banka omuri 1970. Omu butegyeki bwa Obote, obushomankuzi bw'amaani bukarugaho omumaziina g'enteekateeka ye y'obutegyeki.[20]Eibura ry'ebyokurya rikareetera emihendo kweyongyera. Obote okubonabonesa abashubuzi abahindi kikareetaho okweyongyera kw'emihendo.[20]

Gavumenti ya Israel ekaba neetendeka abapooriisi n'amahe ga Uganda n'okuheereza eby'okurwanisa abanyanya omu mashuuma ga Sudan abaabaire bejumbire omu rutaro rw'abahekyera na gavumenti ya Sudan. Gavumenti ya Obote ekaruga omu bushagiki bw'abahekyera, yaakwata omuserukare Omugirimaani orikwetwa Steiner yaamutwara Sudan kuhurira orubanja rwe. Gavumenti ya Israel ekaba etashemerereirwe ebyabaireho.[21]

Omu kwezi kw'okubanza 1971, Obote akatwarwa amahe obu yabaire ataayaayiire Singapore kuza omu ruteerane rwa Commonwealth, kandi Amin akahinduka purezidenti. Omu myaka ebiri Obote atakatungire obutegyeki, enkoragana ye n'amahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba ekaba egumire. Abamwe bagambire ngu gavumenti z'amahanga g'oburengyerwizooba zikaba nizimanya kandi zikabaasa kuba zaayambire omu kutegyeka eihanga.[22][23]Gavumenti ya Israel ekakora omurimo gw'amaani omu kutebekanisa n'okuta omunkora okutegyeka. Bakaba nibakoresa ebyoma by'ebyoma kandi bakaguma nibamanywa munonga omu kibuga ekikuru n'omu byaro, otwariiremu n'okuzibira enguuto. Kurugirira aha burugo bumwe, "bakaba nibareebeka buri hamwe. "[24]Okugwa kw'obutegyeki bwa Obote kukasiimwa kandi kukajaguzibwa abanya Uganda baingi.[20]

Okuruga omu buzaahe bw'okubanza n'okugyezaho kugaruka omu bwebembezi

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Ku yaamanyire ebirikukwata aha kutegyeka gavumenti, Obote ahonaaho akaza Nairobi kurundana abaserukare omu Uganda kurwanisa obwebembezi bwa Amin. Kwonka, ab'obushoborozi omuri Kenya bakahakanisa enteekateeka ye y'okuhikaana n'abakuratsi be, kandi abaserukare abasigaire abarikushagika Obote bakaremwa kutebekanisa okutahirira. Amahe agabaire nigashagika Amin gakabaasa kubacwekyereza omu bwire butari bumwe na bumwe.[25] Kwonka nabwo, Obote akanga kuhwa amaani yaaza Tanzania, ahu yaatungire obuhwezi bwingi.[26] Omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Tanzania Julius Nyerere akaba aine enkoragana nungi na Obote kandi akaba ashagikire enteekateeka ye y'obutegyeki.[27] Gavumenti ya Tanzania na Somalia ekabanza yaakora enteekateeka y'okuhwera Obote kugaruka omu bwebembezi obwo erikutahirira Uganda kurabira omu Kagera Salient. Purogyekiti egi terakozirwe, nk'oku mukuru w'eihanga rya China Zhou Enlai yaagambiire abarikukwataho ngu akahakanisa okutaahamu kw'amahe, kandi aba Tanzania bakaba nibatiina ngu amahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba nigabaasa kutaahamu aha rubaju rwa Amin. Omu bwire obu, abaheekyera ba Obote omu mahe ga Uganda bakacwekyerezibwa, Nyerere yaheereza Obote amatendekyero omuri Tanzania kutebekanisa amahe g'abahekyera abari omu buzaahe. Omu bwire obwo, enkumi n'enkumi z'abashagiki ba Obote (harimu n'abaserukare baingi) bakatoroka baaza Sudan, gavumenti yaayo ekabaha obuhungiro n'emyanya y'okutendekyerwamu. Okuruga omu kwezi kwa kashatu 1971, Obote akatandikaho eihe ry'abahekyera, reero yaaza Sudan.[26]

Kwonka, amaani ga Obote omu buzaahe gakazibirwa obuhwezi bwe omu banya Uganda, ahabw'okugira ngu guruupu ezindi ez'orubaju orurikuhakanisa gavumenti zikaba nizikunda kushagika Amin okukira okumuha obuhwezi bwona. N'ekicweka kya UPC kikacwamu kumwihaho. Hakaba hariho obunkenke bwingi omu nganda hamwe n'obutaikirizana omu nkambi za Obote, ekyaretsireho okutendekwa kw'amahe. Okwongyera ahari ekyo,gavumenti ya Sudan ekata omukono aha ndagaano na Amin aha ntandikwa ya 1972, yaihamu Obote n'abakuratsi be, ekyabagaruramu amaani.[26] Okutwarira hamwe, Obote tarabaasize kurundaana abahekyera abarikurenga 1,000, abaingi aharibo bakaba bataine kutendekwa kurungi.[28] Obu obunkenke bwabaire nibweyongyera ahagati ya Tanzania na Uganda, hamwe n'okurwanagana aha nsharo obumwe n'obumwe, Nyerere akahendera yaikiriza enteekateeka y'okutahirira. N'abamwe abaabaire nibahakanisa Obote, nk'akakiiko ka Yoweri Museveni, bakegaita aha kikwekweto.[29]Okutahirira Uganda omukago gw'abahekyera ba Obote omuri 1972 kikaba eky'akabi omu mahe, amahe maingi g'abahekyera garikusisikara.[30] Okuremwa oku kukareetaho obunkenke omu mahe agarikurwanisa Amin. Obote nawe akaba naija kujunaana Museveni ahabw'okubeiha ngu niwe yaabaire aine obutegyeki omu mashuuma ga Uganda. Eki kitongore ekirikugambwaho kikaba kishemereire kureetaho okwekarakaasa kw'abantu, kwonka ekyahererukireyo tikirareebekire, ekyareteire okutahirirwa kw'abaserukare. Obote tarasaasiire Museveni ahabw'eki, ekyaretsireho okwebaganisamu okutahwaho.[29] Ekigyendererwa ky'okutahirira kyarabanisibwemu okujumirira kw'amahanga goona, ekyagyemesereize gavumenti ya Tanzania kukinga omu butongore enkambi z'abahekyera n'okweyemeza kurekyeraaho kushagika abahekyera abarikurwanisa Amin.[30]Obote hamwe n'abantu b'omunda ye bakafuruka baaza Dar es Salaam, ahu baingi batandikire kukora nk'abegyesa, ba puriida, abashaho, n'ebirara. , kandi abarwani be aba buriijo bakatwarwa Tabora kuhinga omwani.[31]Gavumenti ya Tanzania ekagambira Obote ngu ekaba neija kugumizamu neyikiriza ebikorwa by'okurwanisa Amin ku araabe yaagumire ari omu kihama, oihireho endagaano y'amahanga goona eyateirweho omukono bwanyima y'okuremwa kutahirira Uganda. N'ekyarugiremu, Obote akaguma ari omukye omu myaka eikurataho, nk'oku yaagumizemu n'amaani ge g'okugaruka omu bwebembezi.Nk'oku yaabaire atarashohwize sente omu banka z'aheeru y'eihanga omu bwire bw'obwebembezi bwe obw'okubanza, Obote akaba naatuura aha sente z'akasiimo k'okuhuumura eza Tanzania.T'aragambireho n'abanyamakuru, kandi akaba atakira kugyenda aheeru y'eihanga kubugana abandi abarikuhakanisa gavumenti. Obwire obwingi, akaba atuura omu nju y'aha rubaju rw'enyanja haihi n'obutaaho bwa Nyerere;abakuru omuri Tanzania omu kubanza bakaguma nibamweta "Purezidenti", kandi bwanyima "Mzee".[32]N'obu araabe yaabaire atarikukira kureebeka omu bantu kandi arikugumisiriza, Obote akaba naakora enteekateeka y'amaani y'okwihaho Amin:Akatandikaho ekibinja kikye ky'abahekyera 100 abaabaire nibatahirira kuruga Kenya kuza Uganda, kandi yaatandikaho "amahe g'ahaiguru" g'amaato mukaaga agaabaire nigatwara omwani aha nyanja Nalubaale kugira ngu batunge sente z'okushagika eby'obutegyeki hamwe n'ebikorwa by'okurwanisa.Amaato aga gakaba nigakora omu kihama. Ebikorwa ebi bikaba bihairwe bamwe aha bantu abu yaabaire naayesiga munonga nka David Oyite-Ojok.[33]Obote akaba aine amatsiko ngu mporampora naija kusingura obutegyeki bwa Amin kugira ngu abe naabaasa kureetaho okwekarakaasa kw'abantu boona arikushagikwa abo abaabaire bari omu buzaahe omuri Tanzania.Kwonka, enteekateeka y'ekibinja kye ekyahekyera ekaba etarikurugamu birungi, ahabw'okuba ekaba etarikubaasa kwita abakuratsi ba Amin abakuru[34] kandi ekaba etarikwetengwa abanya Uganda abaingi. Nangwa,Obote akaba atarikukundwa abanya Uganda abaingi, kandi n'abo abaabaire batarikushagika Amin bakaba batarikwenda kumureeba agarukire omu bwebembezi.[35]

Obwebembezi bw'eihanga obw'akabiri

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Omuri 1979, Idi Amin akaihwaho amahe ga Tanzania, arikuhwerwa abanya Uganda abaabaire bari omu buzaahe. Omwaka gwa 1980 gutakahikire, Uganda ekaba neetwarwa akakiiko k'omwebembezi w'eihanga ak'obwire bukye. Omu bwire bw'oburuuru bwa 1980, mukuru w'entebe y'akakiiko akaba ari munywani wa Obote Paulo Muwanga. Muwanga akaba ari omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Uganda kuruga ebiro 12-20 Okwakataano 1980, nk'omwe aha bapurezidenti bashatu ababaire nibaheereza kumara obwire bukye ahagati y'okubingwa kwa Amin n'okutandikaho akakiiko k'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Ba purezidenti abandi babiri ni Yusuf Lule na Godfrey Binaisa.[36][37][38]

Oburuuru bwa 1980 bukasingwa ekibiina kya Obote ekya Uganda People's Congress (UPC). Kwonka, ab'orubaju orurikuhakanisa UPC bakaikiriza ngu akaruuru kakaiba, ekyarugiremu orutaro rw'abaheekyera[39] orwa Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA) hamwe n'ebibiina by'amahe ebindi.[10] Obote akaba aine ekikopo ky'okwongyera ahari minisita w'eby'esente.[40][41]

Omuri 1983, gavumenti ya Obote ekatandikaho ekikwekweto kya Bonanza, ekyaretsireho okufa kw'enkumi n'enkumi z'abantu n'okubinga abantu baingi.[42] Omugugu gw'okujunaana abantu ahabw'ekittabantu eki gukateebwa aha bantu b'omumatemba ga Uganda ahabw'okushagika ekikorwa kya mukuru w'eihanga, ekyayongyeire aha bunkenke oburiho omu byanga omu ihanga.[42]Nikiteeberezibwa ngu abantu 100,000 kuhisya 500,000 bakafa ahabw'okurwanagana ahagati y'amahe ga Obote ga Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) hamwe n'abahekyera.[43][44][45]

Ebiro 27 Okwaikumi na mushanju, 1985, Obote akagaruka yaihwaho omu ntebe. Omuri 1971, akasingwa abaduumizi b'amahe be omu bwimukiriro bw'amahe; omurundi ogu, abaduumizi bakaba bari Brigadier Bazilio Olara-Okello na General Tito Okello. Abashaija ababiri bakategyeka eihanga kurabira omu kakiiko k'amahe, kwonka bwanyima y'ameezi makye g'akavuyo, ekibiina kya Museveni ekya NRA kikakwata obutegyeki bw'eihanga. Omu kwezi kwa mushanju 1985, ekitongore kya Amnesty International kikateebereza ngu obutegyeki bwa Obote bukaba buretsireho okufa kw'abantu 300,000 okwetoroora Uganda. Okutuntuzibwa kukarebeka munonga omu kicweka kya Uganda ekya rwagati ekirikumanywa nka Luweero Triangle.[46][47]

Okufeera omu buzaahe

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Milton Obote's grave

Bwanyima y'okwihwa omu butegyeki omurundi gwa kabiri, Obote akahunga yaaza Kenya kandi bwanyima yaaza Zambia. Kumara emyaka mingi, kikahurirwa ngu akaba naija kugaruka omu by'obutegyeki bwa Uganda. Kwonka omu kwamunaana 2005, akarangirira ekigyendererwa kye ky'okuruga aha ntebe nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya UPC.[48] Omu kwezi kwa mwenda 2005, kikagambwa ngu Obote akaba naija kugaruka omu Uganda omwaka gutakahweire.[49]Ebiro 10 Okwaikumi 2005, Obote akafa oburemeezi bw'ensigo omwirwariro omuri Johannesburg omuri South Africa aha myaka 79.[50]

Milton Obote akaziikwa omu ihanga, omwebembezi w'eihanga Museveni, omu kibuga ekikuru ekya Uganda Kampala, Okwaikumi 2005, ekyatangaarize kandi kikasiima abanya Uganda baingi ahabw'okuba we na Museveni bakaba nibahakana munonga.[51]Guruupu ezindi, nk'abaganda abahonokireho omu butemu bwa Luweero Triangle, zikashaasha munonga ahabw'okugira ngu Obote akaheebwa orufu rw'eihanga.[52]

Akasigaho omukazi we n'abaana bataano. Ebiro 28 Okwaikumi na kumwe 2005, omukazi we Miria Obote akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya UPC.[53]

Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho

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  1. ↑ Ingham 1994, p. 12.
  2. ↑ "Milton Obote". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  3. ↑ Ingham 1994, pp. 20–21
  4. ↑ Ingham 1994, p. 23
  5. ↑ Ingham 1994, pp. 29–30
  6. ↑ Pirouet, M. Louise (2009). "Obote, (Apolo) Milton (1925–2005)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/96666. Retrieved 17 August 2010. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  7. ↑ "I come from royal ancestry". The Monitor. 8 April 2005
  8. ↑ "How Milton Obote went from casual labourer to Father of the Nation". Pulse Uganda. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  9. ↑ "The Roots, Emergence, and Growth of the Uganda Peoples Congress, 1600–1985", Yoga Adhola, UPC Website.
  10. 1 2 Javira, Ssebwami (27 February 2021). "Inside the life of President Milton Obote". UgStandard. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  11. 1 2 Uganda Constitutional Conference (1961: London) (1961). Uganda: Report of the Uganda Constitutional Conference, 1961 and text of the agreed draft of a new Buganda agreement initialled in London on 9th October, 1961. HMSO. OCLC 14210279.
  12. ↑ Milutin Tomanović, ed. (1965). Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1964 [Chronicle of International Events 1964] (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade, SR Serbia: Institute of International Politics and Economics. p. 440-444.
  13. ↑ Phares Mukasa Mutibwa (1992). Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes. United Kingdom: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 65–70. ISBN 978-1-85065-066-9.
  14. ↑ Andrew Mwenda (5 December 2016). "The Last Word: From Obote's 1966 to Museveni's 2016". The Independent Uganda. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  15. ↑ "Today in history: Obote becomes president". www.newvision.co.ug. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  16. ↑ "Events leading to the Lubiri attack". New Vision. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  17. ↑ "49 years after Lubiri attack: The lessons and memories". Monitor. 9 January 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  18. ↑ "Today in history: Obote orders Idi Amin to attack the Kabaka's palace". Pulse Uganda. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  19. ↑ Mugabe, Faustin (8 August 2021). "When Obote, Amin survived assassination". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Phares Mukasa Mutibwa (1992). Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes. United Kingdom: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 65–70. ISBN 978-1-85065-066-9.
  21. ↑ mutibwa, phares (1992). Uganda since Independence, A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. pp. 73, 74. ISBN 0-86543-357-7.
  22. ↑ George Ivan Smith, Ghosts of Kampala: The Rise and Fall of Idi Amin (1980).
  23. ↑ G. S. K. Ibingira (1980), African Upheavals since Independence, Westview Press, ISBN 978-0-89158-585-5
  24. ↑ Mutibwa, Phares (1992). Uganda since Independence. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-86543-357-7.
  25. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 33–34.
  26. 1 2 3 Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 34.
  27. ↑ Roberts 2017, p. 155.
  28. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 34–35.
  29. 1 2 Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 35.
  30. 1 2 Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 35–37.
  31. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 37.
  32. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 38.
  33. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 39.
  34. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 40.
  35. ↑ Avirgan & Honey 1983, pp. 40–42.
  36. ↑ "Milton Obote returns after nine-year exile in Tanzania". Monitor. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  37. ↑ "Uganda: Obote's legacy – DW – 04/15/2016". dw.com. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  38. ↑ "Uganda - The Second Obote Regime: 1981-85". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  39. ↑ "Today in history: Obote returns, lands in Bushenyi". www.newvision.co.ug. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  40. ↑ "Uganda's finance ministers since independence".
  41. ↑ "President Apollo Milton Obote | State House Uganda". www.statehouse.go.ug. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  42. 1 2 Ruddy Doom; Koen Vlassenroot (1999). "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". African Affairs. 98 (390): 9. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008002.
  43. ↑ Henry Wasswa (10 October 2005), "Uganda's first prime minister, and two-time president, dead at 80", Associated Press
  44. ↑ Bercovitch, Jacob and Jackson, Richard (1997), International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995. Congressional Quarterly. ISBN 978-1-56802-195-9.
  45. ↑ Uganda. CIA Factbook.
  46. ↑ "Notes On Concealment Of Genocide In Uganda", Black Star News, 11 December 2008.
  47. ↑ Bahingwire, Joseph (18 July 2019). "Why Obote II feared his home and State House". The Observer - Uganda. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  48. ↑ "Uganda's exiled ex-president Obote to retire from party's presidency", Xinhua, 28 August 2005.
  49. ↑ "Uganda's exiled ex-president to return home before end of 2005", People's Daily Online, 2 September 2005
  50. ↑ "Former Ugandan leader Obote dies", BBC News, 10 October 2005.
  51. ↑ "Former foe mourns Uganda's Obote", The Guardian, 20 October 2005
  52. ↑ Timothy Kalyegira (11 October 2005) "A founding father adored, dreaded in equal measure", The Monitor.
  53. ↑ "Walking in Obote’s shadow" Archived 13 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Monitor, 21 December 2005 no longer available online

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