Wp/nyn/Mali
Mali omu omubutongole the Republic of Mali n'eihanga eritaine nyanja omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Africa. N'eihanga rya munaana eririkusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika, eririkwingana kiromita 1,240,192 (478,841 sq mi). [1]Eihanga riine ensharo omumatemba ga Algeria, omuri burugwa izooba na Niger, omumatemba g'oburengyerwa izooba na Mauritania, omu mashuuma na Burkina Faso na Ivory Coast, kandi omuri burengyerwa izooba na Guinea na Senegal.Omubare gw'abantu omuri Mali ni nka 23. obukaikuru 29, 47. ebicweka ikumi na mwenda ahari igana nibiza kuba biri ahansi y'emyaka ikumi n'etaano omuri 2024. Orurembo rwayo orukuru kandi orukuru ni Bamako. Eihanga riine endimi ikumi na ishatu, kandi Bambara niyo erikukirayo kugambwa.
Ensharo z'amahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba nizihika ahagati y'eihamba rya Sahara. Ekicweka ky'amashuuma g'eihanga, ahu abantu abarikukira obwingi barikutuura, kiri omu kibira kya Sudan kandi kirimu emigyera ya Niger na Senegal erikurabamu. Eby'entatsya y'eihanga nibigyendera ahaby'obuhingi n'oburiisa hamwe n'okutimba eby'obugaiga by'omu itaka, otwariiremu ezaabu (ekirikusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika) hamwe n'omwonyo.
Mali ekaba eri emwe aha butegyeki bushatu obw'amaani kandi obugaiga omuri Afirika y'oburengyerwa-izooba oburikutegyeka eby'obushubuzi omuri Sahara: obutegyeki bwa Ghana (oburikwetwa Ghana), obutegyeki bwa Mali (oburikwetwa Mali), hamwe n'obutegyeki bwa Songhai. Omu mwaka gwa 1300, obutegyeki bwa Mali nibwo bwabaire buri eihanga eririkusingayo obugaiga omuri Afirika, omugabe waabo Mansa Musa owaabaire ariho omu kyasha kya 14 niwe yaabaire naateekwateekwaho kuba ari omwe aha bantu abarikusingayo obugaiga omu byafaayo. Oyihireho okuba omwanya gw'ebyobushubuzi n'okutimba eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, Mali eya ira ekaba eri omwanya gw'obusiraamu, eby'obuhangwa hamwe n'obwengye, kandi Timbuktu ekahinduka omwanya gw'obwegyese ogurikumanywa munonga n'eitendekyero ryayo erikuru, rimwe aha rikuru munonga omunsi yoona kandi.Obutegyeki bwa Songhai obwabaire nibweyongyera, bukakwata obutegyeki omuri 1468, [tiburikwetegyerezibwa omu mubiri] bukakuratirwa amahe ga Saudi agaasingire aba Songhai omuri 1591.
Aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19, omu bwire bw'obutabanguko omuri Afirika, Bufaransa ekakwata obutegyeki bwa Mali, ekyarugiremu ekicweka kya Sudan eya Bufaransa; nk'eihanga rya Sudan,Senegal n'eihanga rya Sudan bikakwatanisa kumara akaire kakye, reero byatunga okwetegyeka omuri 1960.Bwanyima ya Senegal kurugayo, eihanga rya Mali rikatandikwaho. Bwanyima y'obwire bureingwa bw'obutegyeki bw'ekibiina kimwe, okutegyeka eihanga omuri 1991 kukareetaho engyenderwaho nsya n'okutandikaho eihanga rya Mali nka eihanga rya demokurasiya eririmu ebibiina by'obutegyeki bingi.
Omu kwezi kw'okubanza 2012, hakabarukaho entaro omu matemba ga Mali, obu abahekyera ba Tuareg batwara obutegyeki bw'eitaka omu matemba ga Mali, kandi omu kwakana bakarangirira okwetantara kw'eihanga risya, Azawad. Obutabanguko bukagumizamu bwanyima y'okurwanisa amahe omu kwezi kwa kashatu 2012 n'okurwanagana ahagati y'aba Tuareg hamwe n'ebibiina by'abahekyera ebindi. Omu kugarukamu obuhanguzi bw'eitaka,amahe ga Bufaransa gatandikireho ekikwekweto Serval omu kwezi kw'okubanza 2013. Bwanyima y'omwezi gumwe, amahe ga Mali na Bufaransa gakagaruka gakwata ekicweka ky'amatemba, nobu orutaro rwagyenda omu maisho. Oburuuru bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga bukabaho ebiro 28 Okwaikumi na kumwe 2013, akaruuru ka kabiri kakabaho ebiro 11 Okwamunaana, kandi akaruuru k'abanyishengyero kakabaho ebiro 24 Okwaikumi na kumwe na 15 Okwaikumi na kumwe 2013. Omuri 2020 na 2021, okutegyeka kw'obutegyeki okwabaire kwebemberwa Colonel Assimi Goita kukarugaho gavumenti ya Mali. Ekitongore ky'amahe ekyebembeirwe Goita, nikyo kitwire nikitegyeka eihanga rya Mali. Omu kwezi kwakataano omwaka gwa 2025, ekitongore ky'obutegyeki ekya junta kikasharaho ebibiina by'obutegyeki byona. Omu kwezi kwa mushanju 2025, eishengyero ry'obuhangwa rikaheereza Goita ekisanja ky'obwebembezi bw'eihanga eky'emyaka etaano, ekirikubaasa kugarurwa busya hatariho akaruuru.