Wp/nyn/Madagascar

Madagascar, omu butongore Republic of Madagascar, n'eihanga ry'eizinga omuri Indian Ocean eririmu ekizinga kya Madagascar hamwe n'obuzinga obundi bukye n'eshangwa aha rubaju rw'amashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Africa. nikyo kizinga kya kana ekirikusingayo obuhango omunsi yoona kandi n'eihanga ry'eizinga erya kabiri omu buhango, kandi n'eihanga rya 46 omu buhango mu ndi yoona. Orurembo rwayo orukuru ni Antananarivo.

Madagascar ni memba w'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine ekya United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), Southern African Development Community (SADC), hamwe na Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Orumalagasia n'orufaransa n'endimi z'eihanga. Obukristaayo niryo diini erikusinga oburungi omu eihanga, n'abantu bakye abarikukuratira enyikiriza zaabo eza ira. Ekitongore ky'amahanga geeteeraine nikitwara Madagascar nk'eihanga eritaratunguukire munonga.

Okuruga omwaka 2021, abantu 68.4% nibatwarwa nk'abooro munonga. Kurugirira aha kitongore ky'eby'okurya eky'ensi yoona ki World Food Programme okuruga okwezi kw'okubanza omwaka 2025, 1. obukaikuru 31 bw'abantu bakahikwaho eibura ry'eby'okurya ry'amaani kandi abantu abarikuhingura 90% aha bukaikuru 28 bakaba nibatuura bakukozesa sente ezitakahika doora 3.10 buri eizooba.

Obwebembezi omuri Madagascar eyetongoire

Kuruga obu Madagascar yaatunga okwetegyeka, etungire ababembezi baingi bamwe abahindwire engyenderwaho y'eihanga. Obwebembezi obwokubanza (1960-1972) ahansi ya Philibert Tsiranana, ekaba erimu enkoragana y'amaani omu by'entaasya n'eby'obutegyeki na Bufaransa. Emyanya mingi muby'obwebwebembezi obw'ahaiguru ekaba er kukorebwa abafaransa abarikuruga aheeru y'eihanga, okwegyesa, ebitabo hamwe n'enteekateeka y'okwegyesa eby'Abafaransa bikagumizamu nibikozesibwa omu mashomero okwetoroora eihanga. Obutaikirizana bw'abantu ahabw'okugira ngu Tsirana akaikiriza enteekateeka y'obutegyeki bw'amatware, kikareetaho obwesharingo bw'abahingi n'abeegi obwarugiremu obutegyeki bwe okuhiibwaho omuri 1972.

Gabriel Ramanantsoa, ow'amahe, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga hamwe n'enganzi y'eihanga omwaka ogwo gumwe, kwonka abantu bakaba batarikumukunda, ekyamureetera kurekura omuri 1975. Colonel Richard Ratsimandrava, owarondwiirwe kumusikira, akaitwa bwanyima y'ebiro mukaaga by'obwebembezi bwe. General Gilles Andriamahazo akatwara obutegyeki bwanyima ya Ratsimandrava kumara emyezi ena bwanyima Didier Ratsiraka akaija kutegyeka omu 1975 kuhisya 1993.

Rukundo ya Ratsiraka ekakyendeera munonga aha muheru gw'emyaka ya 1980 kuhika aha muheru gw'omwaka 1991 abakuumi b'omwebembezi weihanga ku baakubire amasasi ahabesharingi abaabaire bataine bikwato omu ruteerane. Omu bwire bw'emyezi ebiri, gavumenti ey'akaire ekaba etandikirweho ahansi y'obwebembezi bwa Albert Zafy (1992-1996), owaasingire akaruuru k'omwebembezi w'eihanga omuri 1992 kandi yaataho obutegyeki bwa kashatu (1992-2010). Kwonka, ekisanja kya Zafy, kikashishwa okugwa kw'ebyentatsya, obushomankuzi, hamwe n'okureetaho ebiragiro by'okweyongyera amaani. Ekyarugiremu n'okubingwa omu ntebe omu 1996. Norbert Ratirahonana, akatooranwa kumara ameezi ashatu kuhisya akaruuru k'omwebembezi w'eihanga akakurastireho. Ratsiraka akagarurwa omu butegyeki arikugyendera aha nteekateeka y'okureetaho empindahinduka omu by'entaasya kuruga 1996 kuhisya 2001.