Wp/nyn/Israel
Ekicweka eki nikikwata aha eihanga. Ahabw'ekyanga, reeba eitaka rya Israel. Okumanya ebindi, reeba Israel .
| part of | Middle East, West Asia, Asia  |
|---|---|
| inception | 14 May 1948 |
| name | ꠁꠎꠞꠣꠁꠟ, ישראל |
| official name | ישראל, دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل |
| native label | מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل |
| short name | ישראל, إسرائيل |
| vocalized name | מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, رِیاسَتِ اِسْرائِیل, دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل |
| IPA transcription | ˈiːsɾɑɛl, ˈɪzreɪəl, jisʁaˈʔel |
| archives at | Israel State Archives |
| named after | Land of Israel, Jacob |
| founded by | David Ben-Gurion |
| official language | Hebrew |
| anthem | Hatikvah |
| motto text | no value |
| continent | Asia |
| country | Israel |
| capital | Jerusalem |
| located in time zone | Israel Standard Time, Israel Summer Time, Asia/Jerusalem, UTC+02:00, UTC+03:00 |
| location | Southern Levant |
| located in/on physical feature | Fertile Crescent |
| coordinate location | 31°0′0″N 35°0′0″E |
| coordinates of easternmost point | 32°56′43″N 35°53′46″E |
| coordinates of northernmost point | 33°19′58″N 35°46′5″E |
| coordinates of southernmost point | 29°29′27″N 34°54′10″E |
| coordinates of westernmost point | 31°13′11″N 34°16′3″E |
| geoshape | Data:Israel.map |
| highest point | Meron |
| lowest point | Dead Sea |
| basic form of government | parliamentary republic, unitary state |
| office held by head of state | President of Israel |
| head of state | Isaac Herzog |
| office held by head of government | Prime Minister of Israel |
| head of government | Benjamin Netanyahu |
| has cabinet | cabinet of Israel |
| executive body | cabinet of Israel |
| legislative body | The Knesset |
| highest judicial authority | Israeli Supreme Court |
| central bank | Bank of Israel |
| member of | United Nations |
| political ideology | Zionism |
| currency | new shekel |
| location of formation | Independence Hall |
| shares border with | Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon |
| foundational text | Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel |
| driving side | right |
| electrical plug type | Europlug, Type H, BS 546 |
| replaces | Mandatory Palestine |
| studied by | Israel studies |
| production statistics | olive |
| described at URL | https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Israel |
| external data available at URL | http://www.cbs.gov.il/, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html, https://www.oecd.org/israel/ |
| hashtag | Israel, israel |
| top-level Internet domain | .il, ישראל. |
| flag | flag of Israel |
| coat of arms | Emblem of Israel |
| official symbol | Eurasian Hoopoe, Anemone coronaria, Canaan Dog, Olea europaea, falafel |
| geography of topic | geography of Israel |
| has characteristic | free country, Jewish and democratic state |
| history of topic | history of Israel |
| official religion | Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Druze Faith |
| most populous urban area | Jerusalem |
| railway traffic side | left |
| maintained by WikiProject | WikiProject Israel |
| open data portal | data.gov.il |
| economy of topic | economy of Israel |
| demographics of topic | demographics of Israel |
| mobile country code | 425 |
| telephone country code | +972 |
| trunk prefix | 0 |
| emergency phone number | 100, 101, 102 |
| GS1 country code | 729 |
| licence plate code | IL |
| maritime identification digits | 428 |
| Unicode character | 🇮🇱 |
| category for honorary citizens of entity | Category:Honorary citizens from Israel |
| category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of Israel |
Israel, omu butongore eihanga rya Israel, n'eihanga eriri omu mashuuma ga Levant omuri Asia y'oburengyerwa-izooba. Neegabana ensharo na Lebanon omu matemba ga Lebanon, Syria omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba, Jordan omu burugw'izooba, Egypt omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba hamwe n'enyanja ya Mediterranean omu burengyerwa-izooba. Nituura omu myanya y'Abapalestina eya West Bank omuri burugw'izooba, Gaza Strip omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, hamwe na Syria Golan Heights omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba. Israel nayo eine omwanya mukye aha rubaju rw'enyanja erikutukura omu mashuuma gaayo, kandi ekicweka ky'enyanja ya Dead sea kiri aha nsharo zaayo ez'oburugwa izooba. Orurembo rwayo orukuru nirwe Yerusaalemu, kandi Tel Aviv nirwo rurembo rwayo orurikukirayo obuhango hamwe n'omwanya gw'eby'entaasya.
Israel neshangwa omu kicweka ekirikumanywa nk'eitaka rya Israel, ekirikumanywa nka Kanaani, eitaka eririkwera, Palestine hamwe na Buyudaaya. Omu bwire obwa kare, ekaba eri amaka g'obuhangwa bwa Kanaani, bwanyima bukakuratirwa obugabe bwa Israeli na Yuda. Ahabw'okugira ngu ekicweka kiri aha nsharo y'amahanga, kikareeba empinduka y'abantu ahansi y'obwebembezi bw'obugabe kuruga aha Abaroma kuza aha ba Ottoman. Okuhakanisa Abayudaaya omuri Buraaya aha muheru gw'ekyasha ky'ekumi na mwenda, kikareetaho obwesharingo, obwarikugyezaho kutaho eihanga ry'Abayudaaya omuri Palestine, kandi bwanyima bakatunga obushagiki bwa Bungyereza n'ekiragiro kya Balfour. Bwanyima y'orutaro rw'ensi yoona orw'okubanza, Bungyereza ekatwara ekicweka kandi ekataho obutegyeki bwa Palestine omuri 1920. Okweyongyera kw'Abayudaaya abarikuruga omu mahanga agandi omu bwire bwa Holocaust hamwe n'ebiragiro bya Bungyereza eby'aheeru omuri Middle East, bikareetaho entaro ahagati y'Abayudaaya n'Abawarabu, ekyarugiremu orutaro rw'omunda omuri 1947 bwanyima y'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine (UN) okuteesa okugabana itaka.
Bwanyima y'okuhendera kw'obwebembezi bwa Bungyereza ahari Palestine, Israel ekarangirira okwetegyeka ebiro 14 Okwakataano 1948. Amahanga g'abaharabu agatuherereire gakatahirira ekyanga eizooba eryakuratsireho, ekyatandikire orutaro rw'okubanza orwa Abaharabu na Israeli. Enkora y'okurwanisa omuri 1949, ekasiga Israel omu butegyeki bw'eitaka eririkukira obw'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine, kandi tihaine eihanga risya ry'abaharabu eryateirweho nk'eitaka erindi eryabaire rikwasirwe Egypt na Jordan, Gaza Strip na West Bank. Abaarabu ba Palestine abaingi bakahunga nainga bakabingwa omubyo ebirikumanywa nka Nakba, kandi abo abaasigaraho bakaba abantu bakye munonga omu ihanga erisya. Omu makumi g'emyaka agaakuratsireho, omuhendo gw'abantu omuri Israel gukeeyongyera ahabwokuba eihanga rikatunga Abayudaaya abafuruka, abairuka nainga ababingirwe kuruga omu mahanga g'Abaarabu
Bwanyima y'orutaro rw'ebiro mukaaga omuri 1967, Israel ekakwata West Bank, Gaza Strip, Egypt Sinai Peninsula hamwe na Syria Golan Heights. Bwanyima y'orutaro rwa Yom Kippur orwa 1973,Isreal ekata omukono aha ndagaano y'obusingye na Egypt, yaagarura Sinai omuri 1982 hamwe na Jordan. Omuri 1993,Isreal ekata omukono aha ndagaano ya Oslo, eyareesireho okwetegyerezana n'okwerinda kw'Abapalestina omu bicweka bya West Bank na Gaza. Omu mwaka gwa 2020, kikareetaho enkoragana nungi n'amahanga g'abaharabu kurabira omu ndagaano za Abraham. Kwonka, amaani g'okushoborora entaro za Israeli na Palestina ahanyima y'endagaano za Oslo tibarasinguziire, kandi eihanga ryejumbire omu ntaro nyingi n'okurwanagana n'ebibiina by'abaheekyera aba Palestina. Israel ekataho kandi ekagumizamu n'okushanjuura emyanya y'okutuuramu omu buryo butahikire, ekirikuhikaana n'ebiragiro by'amahanga goona, kandi ekatwara Yerusaalemu y'oburugwa eizooba hamwe n'emyanya ya Golan, omubikorwa ebitarikwetegyerezibwa amahanga goona. Enkora ya Israel omu kutwara eitaka rya Palestine, ereesireho okwetomboita kw'amahanga goona, hamwe n'okubeeherera ngu ekozire ebihagaro by'orutaro, ebihagaro ebirikuhenda abantu, hamwe n'okwita abantu ba Palestine, kuruga omu bakugu, ebitongore ebirikurwanirira obugabe bw'abantu hamwe n'abakungu b'ekibiina ky'amahanga agetereine.
Ebiragiro bikuru by'eihanga nibitandikaho eishengyero eririkujwekyerwa kurugirira ahaby'obutegyeki, orwa Knesset, orurikucwamu engyenderwaho ya gavumenti erikwebemberwa engazi y'eihanga n'okuronda omwebembezi w'eihanga. Israel eine entatsya y'amaani omu mahanga g'oburugwa-izooba bwa Middle East, n'emwe aha ntatsya y'amaani omuri Asia, n'ey'omurundi gwa 26 omunsi yoona kurugirira ahari GDP kandi n'ey'omurundi gwa 16 kurugirira ahari GDP ya buri muntu. Israeli n'emwe aha mahanga agakuzire munonga omubya tekinorogye omunsi yoona, neshohoza esente nyingi munonga omu kucondooza n'okutunguura eby'obuhangwa kukira amahanga agandi omu nsi yoona. Nikiteekateekwaho munonga ngu eine ebikwato bya nukiriya. Eby'obuhangwa bwa Israel birimu Abayudaaya n'Abayudaaya abarikuruga omu mahanga agandi hamwe n'abaharabu.
Enkora y'ebigambo
[edit | edit source]Amaziina g'eitaka rya Israeli hamwe n'abaana ba Israeli gatwire nigakoresibwa omu byafaayo kumanyisa obugabe bwa Israeli oburi omu Baibuli hamwe n'Abayudaaya boona. Eiziina rya Israeli nirikwata aha mukuru w'eihanga Yakobo, okurugiirira ahari Baiburi y'Oruheburaayo, akaheebwa eiziina eryo bwanyima y'okurwanagana na maraika wa Mukama. Ekicweka ky'eby'obuhangwa eky'okubanza ekirikumanywa eky'okugamba aha kigambo Isreal nk'ekigombe, n'eibaare rya Merneptah erya Egypt eya ira (eryakozirwe aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 13 BCE). Ahansi y'obwebembezi bwa Bungyereza (1920-1948), ekyanga kyona kikaba nikimanywa nka Palestine. Bwanyima y'okutandikaho omuri 1948, eihanga rikatandika kukoresa eiziina ry'eihanga rya Israel bwanyima y'amaziina agandi nk'eitaka rya Israel (Eretz Israel), Ever (okuruga aha ishenkuru Eber), Zion, hamwe na Buyudaaya, kwonka gakangwa. Eiziina rya Israel rikateebwaho David Ben-Gurion kandi rikaija n'oburuuru 63. Omu sande z'okubanza bwanyima y'okutandikaho,gavumenti ekatoorana ekigambo Israeli kworeka omutuuragye w'eihanga.
Ebyafaayo
[edit | edit source]Eby'obuhangwa
[edit | edit source]Omwanya gw'ebyafaayo ogwa Ubeidiya omuri Israeli nigworeka okubaho kw'abantu aba ira nka emyaka miriyoni itaano enyimaho. Obujurizi obwa kabiri oburikukirayo obukuru oburikukwata aha mubiri gw'abantu ab'omurembe oguri aheeru ya Africa, n'obuhumbi bw'ebintu ebyabaireho emyaka 200,000 enyima kuruga omu mpuku ya Misliya. Eby'obuhangwa bwa Natufian (c. 10,000 BCE) ekareetaho enkora y'okutuura kandi ekabaasa kuba yaine akakwate n'orurimi rwa Proto-Afro-Asiatic. Entandikwa y'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu kyanga eki omu bwire bw'obuhangwa bw'amabaare g'amaju nibyorekwa emyanya nka Nahal Oren.
Emyaka y'ekikomo n'ekyoma
[edit | edit source]Okugamba aha "Kanani" hamwe na "Abakanani" nikureebeka omu bihandiiko bya ira ebya Near Eastern na Egypt (c. 2000 BCE); abantu aba bakaba batebekanisiibwe nk'endembo z'amahanga ezetongoire omu by'obutegyeki. Omu myaka y'ekikomo eyahwaire (1550-1200 BCE), ebicweka bingi ebya Kanaani bikakora amahanga g'obugabe bwa Egypt obusya. Ahabw'okugwa kw'emyaka y'ekikomo eyahwaire, Kanaani ekagwa omu butabanguko, hamwe n'obutegyeki bwa Egypt aha kicweka ekyo bukagwa. Baishenkuru b'Abaisraeli nibateekwateekwa kuba barimu abantu abaabaire nibagamba orurimi rwa Semiti omu mwanya ogu. Ebihandiiko ebirikukwata aha by'obuhangwa ebirikugambwaho nibyoreka ngu Abaisraeli hamwe n'emitwarize yaabo, bikaruga omu bantu b'e Kanaani, barikurabira omu kutandikaho ediini ey'omutaano erikukwata ahari Yahweh. Bakaba nibagamba orurimi rw'Oruheburaayo orwa ira, orurikumanywa nka orurimi rw'Oruheburaayo orwa Baibuli. Omu bwire bumwe, Abafilistia bakatuura aha rubaju rw'enyanja rw'amashuuma. Abacondooza abarikukira obwingi nibaikirizana ngu ebyahandiikirwe ebirikukwata ahari Okuruga omuri Toora hamwe n'endagaano enkuru, tibiragambirweho; kwonka ebintu ebimwe ebirikukwata aha migyenzo egi biine oburugo bw'ebyafaayo. Hariho okuhanuura aha kubaho kw'obugabe bwa Israeli na Yuda hamwe n'obuhango bwabwo hamwe n'amaani gaabwo. N'obu kiraabe kitarikwetegyerezibwa ku haabaireho obugabe bwa Israeli, abanyamahurire hamwe n'abakugu omu by'obuhangwa nibaikirizana ngu obugabe bwa Israeli obw'amatemba bukabaho omuri ca. 900 BCE hamwe n'obugabe bwa Yuda omuri ca. 850 BCE. Obukama bwa Israeli nibwo bwabaire nibukira kutunguuka omu byombi, kandi bukiri kare bukakura buhinduka amaani g'ekyanga, n'ekibuga kikuru omuri Samaria; omu bwire bw'obutegyeki bwa Omride, bukategyeka Samaria, Galilaaya, ekicweka ekyaheiguru ekya Jordan Valley, ekisharara kya Sharon hamwe n'ebicweka bingi ebya Transjordan. Obukama bwa Israeli bukasingwa obugabe bwa New-Assyria omuri 720 BCE. Obukama bwa Yuda, ahansi y'obutegyeki bwa Daudi n'orurembo rwabwo orukuru omuri Yerusaalemu, bwanyima bukahinduka eihanga ry'obutegyeki bw'Abaasiria hamwe n'obutegyeki bwa Babulooni. Nikiteeberezibwa ngu abantu b'omukyanga ekyo bakaba bari 400,000 omu bwire bwa Iron Age II. Omuri 587/6 BCE, ahanyima y'okwesharinga omuri Yuda, omugabe Nabukodonoza II aketoorora Yerusaalemu kandi yaacwekyereza Hekalu ya Sulemaani, yasharaho obugabe, yaatwara abantu b'omutaano omuri Buyudaaya omu buzaahe omuri Babulooni.
Eby'obuhangwa ebya ira
[edit | edit source]Bwanyima y'okutwara Babulooni omuri 539 BCE, Cyrus omukuru, owatandikireho obutegyeki bwa Achemenid, akashohoza ekiragiro ekirikwikiriza abantu ba Buyudaaya abaabaire bari omu buzaahe kugaruka. Okwombeka Hekalu ya kabiri, kukahwaire omu mwaka gwa ca. 520 BCE. Abahakemenidi bakategyeka ekicweka nk'ekicweka kya Yehud Medinata. Omuri 332 BCE, Alexander omukuru akasingura ekicweka nk'omwe aha kampeyini ze kurwanisa obugabe bwa Achemenid. Bwanyima y'okufa kwe,omwanya gukategyekwa obugabe bwa Ptolemaic na Seleucid nk'ekicweka kya Coele-Syria. Omu byasha ebyakuratsireho, okuhindura ebyanga eby'abagiriki kikareetaho obunkenke omu by'obuhangwa obwarugire aha mutwe omu butegyeki bwa Antiochus IV, ekyarugiremu okwetomboita kwa Maccabean okwa 167 BCE. Obutabanguko bw'omunda bukamaraho obutegyeki bwa Seleucid, kandi omu kyasha kya kabiri, obukama bwa Hasmonean obw'omutaano obwa Judaya bukarugaho, bwanyima bukatunga okwetegyeka kw'omutaano n'okujanjaara omu byanga ebirikubaherereire. Ekitongore kya Rooma kikatahirira ekyanga omu mwaka gwa 63 BCE, kyatandika kutwara obutegyeki bwa Syria, reero kyetaba omu ntaro z'omunda eza Hasmonean. Endwano ahagati y'ebibiina ebirikushagika Abarooma hamwe n'ebirikushagika aba Parthian omuri Buyudaaya, ekareetaho okutaho Heroode omukuru nk'omwebembezi w'obugabe bwa Rooma. Omu mwaka gwa 6 CE,omwanya gukakwatanisibwa nk'eihanga rya Rooma erya Buyudaaya; obunkenke n'obutegyeki bwa Rooma bikareetaho entaro z'Abayudaaya n'Abarooma, ekyarugiremu okusisikara kw'amaani. Orutaro rw'okubanza orw'Abayudaaya n'Abarooma (6673 CE) rukarugwamu okusisikara kwa Yerusaalemu hamwe na Hekalu ya kabiri kandi abantu baingi bakaitwa nainga bakabingwa. Akeimukiriro ak'akabiri akamanyirwe nka akeimukiriro ka Bar Kokhba (132136 CE) kakiriza Abayudaaya kutandikaho eihanga ry'okwetegyeka, kwonka Abarooma bakacwekyereza obwimukiriro, bakashiisha n'okwihaho abantu omu byaro bya Buyudaaya. Yerusaalemu ekagaruka yaombekwa nk'obutware bwa Rooma (Agelia Capitolina), kandi ekicweka kya Buyudaaya kikahindurwa eiziina Syria Palestine. Abayudaaya bakabingwa omu disiturikiti ezabaherereire Yerusaalemu. N'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, hakaba hariho Abayudaaya bakye, kandi Galilaaya ekaba omwanya gwabo gw'ediini.
Ebyafaayo eby'ahamuheru hamwe n'eby'obuhangwa
[edit | edit source]Okumanya ebirikukiraho: Obureeberezi bw'oburugwa izooba,Bilad al-Sham, hamwe n'obugabe bwa Yerusaalemu
Obukristaayo obw'okubanza bukaruga omu bukaafiire bw'Abarooma omu kyasha kya kana CE, Constantine akakwatira kimwe n'okutunguura ediini y'Ekikristaayo kandi Theodosius I akagihindura ediini y'eihanga. Ebiragiro bingi bikateebwaho ebyabaire nibicwera orubanja Abayudaaya hamwe n'obuyudaya, kandi Abayudaaya bakahiiganisibwa ekanisa hamwe n'ab'obushoborozi. Abayudaaya baingi bakaba bafurukiire omu myanya y'aheeru y'eihanga eyabaire neetunguuka, kandi omu byaro hakaba harimu abakurisitaayo n'abahanguzi. Ahagati y'ekyasha kya kataano, hakaba hariho abakurisitaayo baingi. Ahamuheru gw'ekyasha kya kataano, obwimukiriro bw'Abasamaria bukarugaho, bwagyenda omu maisho mpaka aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya mukaaga, ekyarugiremu okukyendera kw'abantu ba Samaria. Bwanyima y'abasasani okuhangura Yerusaalemu hamwe n'obutabanguko bw'Abayudaaya obw'obwire bukye ahari Heraklius omuri 614 CE, obutegyeki bwa Byzantine bukongyera kutegyeka omwanya ogu omuri 628.
Omuri 634-641 CE, Rashidun Caliphate ekasinga Levant. Kalifa Umar bin al-Khattab (r. 634-644) akarugaho okuzibira kw'Abayudaaya kutaaha omuri Yerusaalemu kandi yabaikiriza kurabamu. Omu byasha mukaaga ebyakuratsireho, obutegyeki bw'ekyanga bukagyenda ahagati y'obutegyeki bwa Umayyad, Abbasid, hamwe n'obw'aba Fatimid, n'obw'aba Seljuk hamwe n'obw'aba Ayuubid. Omuhendo gw'abantu gukakyendeera munonga omu byasha ebirikukurataho, okuruga ahari miriyoni emwe omu bwire bw'abarooma na Byzantine kuhisya ahari 300,000 omu bwire bwa Ottoman obw'okubanza, kandi hakabaho okuhindura Abaarabu n'obusiraamu. Okuhendera kw'ekyasha kya 11 kikareetaho entaro z'abakurisitaayo, ezirikwikirizibwa Paapa, okutahirira kw'abakurisitaayo abaabaire baine ekigyendererwa ky'okwiha Yerusaalemu hamwe n'eitaka eririkwera kuruga omu butegyeki bw'abasiraamu n'okutandikaho amahanga g'abakurisitaayo. Abayuubi bakahakanisa abasiraamu obutegyeki bw'abasiraamu butakagarukireho kimwe aba Mamluk ab'omuri Egypt omuri 1291.
Ebiro by'omurembe n'okurugaho kw'obutegyeki bwa Zionism
[edit | edit source]Omuri 1516, obutegyeki bwa Ottoman bukasinga ekicweka ekyo kandi bukakitegyeka nk'ekicweka kya Syria ya Ottoman. Hakabaho obutabanguko bubiri ahabw'Abayudaaya, okutahirira kwa Safed omuri 1517 hamwe n'okutahirira kwa Hebron omuri 1517 , ahanyima y'abajwekyerwa ba Turkey kubinga aba Mamluk omu rutaro rwa Ottoman-Mamluk. Ahansi y'obugabe bwa Ottoman, Levant ekaba erimu abantu baingi, n'obugabe bw'ediini bw'abakurisitayo, abasiraamu hamwe n'Abayudaaya. Omuri 1561 omugabe w'eihanga rya Ottoman akeeta Abayudaaya aba Sephardi abairuka kuruga omuri Spanish Inquisition kutuura n'okugaruka kwombeka orurembo Tiberias.
Ahansi y'obutegyeki bwa Ottoman, abakurisitaayo n'Abayudaaya bakaba nibatwarwa nka dhami ("barindwa") omu biragiro by'obutegyeki bwa Ottoman, barikuhayo obwesigwa aha eihanga hamwe n'okushashura omushoro gwa jizya. Abantu abatari basiraamu abaabaire nibategyekwa abasiraamu, bakaba baine obukwakurizo omu myanya hamwe n'emitwarize y'abantu, n'obu kiraabe kyabaire kitarikwikirizibwa buriijo. Enkora y'eihanga ekatebekanisa abatari basiraamu omu byanga ebirikwetegyeka kurugirira aha diini yaabo.
Ekiteekateeko ky'okugaruka kikaguma nk'akamanyiso omu nyikiriza y'ediini y'Abayudaaya ekyabaire nikigumya ngu okugaruka kwabo kushemereire kusharwamu Ruhanga kutari bikorwa by'abantu. Omuhandiiki w'ebyafaayo omukuru omu Zionist, Shlomo Avineri, naashoboorora enkoragana egi ati: "Abayudaaya tibarakwatireine n'okugaruka kwa Yesu omu muringo gw'amaani nk'oku abakurisitaayo barikureeba okugaruka kwe omurundi gwa kabiri.". "Enteekateeka y'ediini y'Abayudaaya ey'okuba eihanga ekaba etarikushushana n'enkora y'abajungu ey'obunaku obu ey'okukunda eihanga ryabo. Abantu b'Abayudaaya omuri Palestine kuruga omu butegyeki bwa Ottoman kuhisya aha ntandikwa y'ekibiina kya Zionist, ekirikumanywa nka Old Yishuv, bakaba bari bakye munonga kandi bakaba nibahinduka munonga. Omu kyasha kya 16, amahanga g'Abayudaaya gakasimba emizi omu ndembo ina ezirikwera, Yerusaalemu, Tiberiasi, Hebron, hamwe na Safed, kandi omuri 1697, Rabi Yehud Hachasi akareeta Abayudaaya 1,500 omuri Yerusaalemu. Akeimukiriro k'aba druze omuri 1660 bakashiisha Safed na Tiberias. Omu kicweka kya kabiri ky'ekyasha kya 18, Abayudaaya b'omu burugwa izooba abaabaire nibahakanisa engyenderwaho ya Hasidism, abarikumanywa nka Perusim, bakatuura omuri Palestine.
Aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 18, Sheikh Zahir al-Umar Omwarabu akatandikaho emirate eyetongoire omuri Galilaaya. Abasiraamu abaabaire nibagyezaho kutegyeka Sheikh bakahwa amaani. Ahanyima y'okufa kwa Zahir, Abasiraamu bakagaruka batwara omwanya. Omuri 1799, gavana Jazzar Pasha akahakanisa okurumbwa kwa Acre amahe ga Napoleon, ekyareteire abafaransa kurekaho ehururu ya Syria. Omuri 1834, akeimukiriro k'abahingi b'Abawarabu kuruga Palestine, okurwanisa enkora ya Egypt ey'okuheereza abantu emirimo n'emishoro ahansi y'obwebembezi bwa Muhammad Ali, kikacwekyerezibwa; amahe ga Muhammad Ali gakarugaho kandi obutegyeki bwa Ottoman bukagarurwaho n'obuhwezi bwa Bungyereza omuri 1840. Empindahinduka za Tanzimat zikateebwa omu nkora omu butegyeki bwa Ottoman.
Okufuruka kw'Abayudaaya okw'omurembe gw'obwahati omuri Palestine erikutegyekwa aba Ottoman, okurikumanywa nka Aliyah y'okubanza, kukatandika omuri 1881, nk'Abayudaaya kubarikuhunga okubonabonesibwa omuri Buraaya y'oburugwa izooba. Ebiragiro by'okwezi kwa mukaaga 1882 bikongyera okushoroora Abayudaaya omu by'entaasya, hamwe n'okuzibira ahu barikubaasa kutuura. Omu kugarukamu, obw'obutegyeki obwa Zionism bukakora, ekibiina ekyabaire nikigyenderera okutandikaho eihanga ry'Abayudaaya omuri Palestine, ekyaretsireho oburyo bw'okugonjoora ekibuuzo ky'Abayudaaya omu mahanga ga Buraaya. Okwanga Abayudaaya, okurwanagana, hamwe n'ebiragiro by'obutegyeki omuri Russia, bikareetaho okufuruka kw'obukaikuru bushatu bw'Abayudaaya, ahagati ya 1882 na 1914, abarikwingana ebicweka ikumi ahari igana nibo baagyenda omuri Palestine. Abo abaagyenda omuri Palestine, bakaba nibagyenderwa enteekateeka y'okwetegyeka hamwe n'obumanyiso bw'Abayudaaya, kutari kugarukamu ebikorwa by'obwinazi nainga obutabanguko omu by'entaasya.
Aliyah ey'akabiri (1904-1914) ekatandika ahanyima y'obutabanguko bwa Kishinev; Abayudaaya nka 40,000 bakatuura omuri Palestine, n'obu haihi kimwe kya kabiri kyahwaire kyaguruka. Abafuruki ab'okubanza n'ab'omurundi gwa kabiri, bakaba bari Abayudaaya ab'ediini y'abasodokisi. Aliyah owa kabiri harimu guruupu za Zionist socialist ezatandikireho ekibiina kya kibbutz kurugirira aha kiteekateeko ky'okutandikaho entaasya y'Abayudaaya ey'omutaano kurugirira aha bakozi b'Abayudaaya bonka. Abo aba Aliyah owa kabiri abaabaire abebembezi ba Yishuhu omu makumi g'emyaka agaizire, bakaba nibaikiriza ngu entatsya y'Abayudaaya etashemereire kwesigama aha bakozi b'Abaarabu. Eki kikaabaire eky'oburugo bw'obutaikirizana n'Abawarabu, ahabw'okugira ngu enteekateeka ya Yishuhuhu ensya ey'eihanga ekaba neeza kwebembera enteekateeka yaayo ey'obutegyeki. N'obu abafuruki kuruga omuri Aliyah owa kabiri barabeire nibenda kutaho emyanya y'okutuuramu y'Abayudaaya, Tel Aviv ekatandikwaho nk'orurembo rw'Abayudaaya orwabaire nirutebekanisibwa omuri 1909. Abaheekyera b'Abayudaaya abaine embundu bakarebeka omu bwire obu, omurundi gw'okubanza ni Bar-Giora omuri 1907. Bwanyima y'emyaka ebiri, ekitongore ekikuru ekya Hashomer kitandikirweho.
Obutegyeki bwa Bungyereza omuri Palestine
[edit | edit source]Amakuru agandi: Yishubu, entaro z'abantu omu Palestine, hamwe n'orutaro rwa Palestine orwa 1948. Reeba kandi: Okugura eitaka ry'Abayudaaya omuri Palestine.
Amaani ga Chaim Weizmann g'okutunga obuhwezi bwa Bungyereza ahabw'ekibiina kya Zionist gakahendera gatungire ekihandiiko kya Balfour ekya 1917, ekirikworeka obushagiki bwa Bungyereza aha kutandikaho "eka y'eihanga" ry'Abayudaaya omuri Palestine. Envunuura ya Weizmann y'ekirangiriro ekaba eri ngu okuteesa aha nyensya y'eihanga kukaba nikwija kubaho ahagati ya Bungyereza hamwe n'Abayudaaya, hatariho Abaarabu. Enkoragana y'Abayudaaya n'abaharabu omuri Palestine ekasisikarira kimwe omu myaka eyaakuratsireho.
Omuri 1918, ekitongore ky'Abayudaaya, okukira munonga aba Zionist, kikahwera omukutwara Palestine aba British. Omuri 1920, eitaka rikagabwa ahagati ya Bungyereza na Bufaransa, kandi omwanya ogwabaire nigwebemberwa Bungyereza (otwariiremu n'eihanga rya Israel eriho hati) guketwa Mandatory Palestine. Okuhakanisa Abaarabu obutegyeki bwa Bungyereza hamwe n'okufuruka kw'Abayudaaya kikareetaho akeimukiriro omuri Palestine omuri 1920 hamwe n'okutandikaho ekibinja ky'Abayudaaya ekirikumanywa nka Haganah nk'ekyarugire omuri Hashomer, eki ebibinja bya Irgun hamwe n'ebya Levi byatandikiremu bwanyima. Omuri 1922, ekibiina ky'amahanga ekya League of Nations kikaheereza Bungyereza ekiragiro ky'okutegyeka Palestine, ekyabaire kirimu ekihandiiko kya Balfour Declaration n'ebiraganiso byakyo ahabw'Abayudaaya hamwe n'ebiragiro ebirikushushana ebikwatiraine n'Abaarabu aba Palestine. Abantu b'omumwanya ogwo bakaba bari Abawarabu n'abasiraamu, Abayudaaya bakaba bari ebicweka ikumi na kimwe ahari igana kandi abakurisitaayo abaarabu bakaba bari ikumi na mwenda. ebicweka ataano ahari igana by'abantu.
Aliyah ey'akashatu (1919-1923) hamwe n'ey'kana (1924-1929) ekareeta Abayudaaya abandi 100,000 omuri Palestine. Okweyongyera kw'obutegyeki bwa Nazi hamwe n'okuhiiganisibwa kw'Abayudaaya omu myaka ya 1930 omuri Buraaya, kikareetaho Aliyah ya kataano, hamwe n'okutaaha kw'ekicweka ky'obukaikuru bw'Abayudaaya. Eki nikyo kikuru ekyareesireho okwekarakaasa kw'abaharabu omuri 1936-1939, okwabaire nikucwekyerezibwa ab'eby'okwerinda omuri Bungyereza hamwe n'aba Zionist militia. Ebikumi n'ebikumi by'ab'eby'okwerinda omuri Bungyereza hamwe n'Abayudaaya bakaitwa; Abaarabu 5,032 bakaitwa, 14,760 bakahutazibwa, kandi 12,622 bakakomwa. Ebicweka ikumi ahari igana by'abashaija abakuru omuri Palestine, bakaitwa, bahutazibwa, baakomwa, nainga batwarwa omu buzaahe.
Abangyereza bakataho obugarukiro bw'Abayudaaya omuri Palestine omu kitabo ekirikwetwa White Paper ekya 1939. Ahabw'okugira ngu amahanga g'ensi yoona gakahakanisa empungi z'Abayudaaya ezaabaire nizihunga orutaro, ekibiina ky'ekihama ekirikumanywa nka Aliyah Bet kikatebekanisibwa kureeta Abayudaaya omuri Palestine. Orutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri ku rwahwaire, abantu 31 ahari igana omuri Palestine bakaba bari Abayudaaya. Bungyereza ekeshanga eri omu butabanguko bw'Abayudaaya ahabw'ebiragiro by'okufuruka hamwe n'obutabanguko n'Abaarabu ahabw'ebirikwikirizibwa. Haganah ekegaita ahari Irgun na Leah omu rutaro rw'okurwanisa obutegyeki bwa Bungyereza. Haganah ekagyezaho kureeta enkumi n'enkumi z'empungi z'Abayudaaya hamwe n'abahonokireho omu bwimukiriro omuri Palestine barikukoresa emeeri. Amaato amaingi gakakwatwa amahe ga Royal Navy kandi empungi zikatwarwa omu kampu omuri Atlit na Cyprus.
Ebiro 22 okwa mushanju 1946, Irgun ekateera bbomu aha kitebe kikuru ky'obwebembezi bwa Bungyereza omuri Palestine, yaita abantu 91. Okutahirira kukaba kuri eky'okugarukamu ky'ekikwekweto kya Agatha (ebikwekweto bingi, otwariiremu n'ekimwe aha kitongore ky'Abayudaaya, ebyakozirwe Abangyereza) kandi nikyo kyabaire kiri eky'akabi munonga omu bwire bwa Mandate. Obwimukiriro bw'Abayudaaya bukagumizamu omuri 1946 na 1947 oihireho amahe ga Bungyereza na poriisi y'Abapalestina kugashiisha. Amaani ga Bungyereza g'okuteisa n'abajwekyerwa b'Abayudaaya n'Abawarabu nagwo gakaremwa, ahabw'okuba Abayudaaya bakaba batarikwenda kwikiriza oburyo bwona obutarimu eihanga ry'Abayudaaya, kandi bakaha ekiteiso ky'okugabya Palestine omu mahanga g'Abayudaaya n'Abaharabu, kandi abaharabu bakaguma nibagira ngu eihanga ry'Abayudaaya omu kicweka kyona ekya Palestine tikirikwikirizibwa kandi ngu ekirikubaasika n'eihanga rya Palestine eri omu butegyeki bw'Abaharabu. Omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 1947, Abangyereza bakareeta enshonga ya Palestine omu kibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine ekyatandikirweho. Ebiro 15 Okwakataano 1947, orukiiko rw'amahanga geeteeraine rukashaba ngu akakiiko k'omutaano katandikeho "kwetebeekanisa. . . ripoota aha nshonga ya Palestine. Ripoota y'akakiiko ekataho enteekateeka y'okuza omu mwanya gw'obwebembezi bwa Bungyereza n'eihanga ry'abaharabu eryetongoire, eihanga ry'Abayudaaya eryetongoire hamwe n'orurembo rwa Yerusaalemu. . . eky'ahamuheru ky'okuba ahansi y'obutegyeki bw'amahanga goona. Obwahati, obwimukiriro bw'Abayudaaya bukagumizamu kandi bwahika aha muheru gwabwo omu kwezi kwa mushanju 1947, n'obutahirira bw'abaheekyera obw'amaani obwarugiremu enshonga ya Sergeants, obu Irgun yatwaire ba sergeants babiri aba Bungyereza nk'abahuuku nk'omuringo gw'okurwanisa enteekateeka y'okwita abakozi Bwanyima y'okwita abantu, aba Irgun bakaita abaserukare ba Bungyereza babiri, bakahanika emibiri yaabo aha miti, kandi bakasigaho omutego aha mwanya ogwareteire omusirikare wa Bungyereza obuhuta. Ekyabaireho kikareetaho ekiniga omu Bungyereza. Omu kwezi kwa mwenda omuri 1947, aba minisita ba Bungyereza bakasharamu kuruga omuri Palestine, ahabw'okuba obutegyeki bwa Mandate bukaba butakibaasa kugumizamu.
Ebiro 29 Okwaikumi na kumwe, 1947, orukiiko rwa boona rukaikiriza ekiteiso 181 (II). Enteekateeka eyabaire eri omu kiteiso kikaba nikyo kimwe n'ekyabaire kiri omu ripoota eyabaireho ebiro 3 okwaikumi na mwenda. Ekitongore ky'Abayudaaya, ekirikumanywa nk'omujwekyerwa w'Abayudaaya, kikaikiriza enteekateeka, eyaheireyo obucweka 55-56 ahari igana bw'eitaka rya Palestine eri Mandatory aha Bayudaaya. Omu bwire obwo,Abayudaaya bakaba bari kimwe kya kashatu ky'abantu kandi bakaba biine obuchweka nka 67 ahari igana obw'eitaka. Abaharabu bakaba bari abaingi kandi bakaba biine ebicweka makumi abiri ahari igana by'eitaka, kandi ebisigaire bikaba biri eby'obushoborozi bwa Mandate nainga bakama b'eitaka abarikuruga aheeru y'eihanga. Ekibiina kya Arab league hamwe n'akakiiko k'abaharabu ak'ahaiguru omuri Palestine bakakihakanisa ahabw'okugira ngu enteekateeka y'okugabana amahanga ekaba neeyongyera aha migasho y'abazungu okukira ey'Abapalestina, kandi bakoreka ngu nibaija kuhakanisa enteekateeka endiijo yoona y'okugabana amahanga. Ebiro 1 Okwaikumi na kumwe, 1947, akakiiko k'Abaharabu akarangirira akesharingo k'ebiro bishatu, kandi akeimukiriro kakarugaho omuri Yerusaalemu. Embeera ekahinduka orutaro rw'omunda. Omuhandiiki w'amatware Arthur Creech Jones akarangirira ngu obutegyeki bwa Bungyereza nibwija kuhwa ebiro 15 Okwakataano 1948. Abaserukare n'ebibinja by'abaharabu ku byatahirira emyanya y'Abayudaaya, bakakira kurwana na Haganah hamwe na Irgun na Leah. Omu kwakana kwa 1948 aba Haganah bakataahirira.
Ihanga rya Israel
[edit | edit source]Amakuru agandi agarikukwata ahari ihanga rya Israel: Ebyafaayo bya Israel (1948-obwahati) Reeba n'ekindi: Israel ekarangirira okwetegyeka
Okwetegyeka hamwe n'emyaka ye y'obuto
[edit | edit source]Ebiro 14 Okwakataano, 1948, eizooba eryabaire ritakahweireho obutegyeki bwa Bungyereza, David Ben-Gurion, mukuru w'ekitongore ky'Abayudaaya, akarangirira "okutandikaho e Eizooba eryakuratsireho, amahe g'amahanga ana g'Abawarabu, Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, na Iraq, gakataaha omuri Palestine, gatandika orutaro rw'Abawarabu na Israeli omuri 1948; amahe kuruga omuri Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia na Sudan geegaita aha rutaro. Ekigyendererwa ky'okutahirira n'okuzibira okutandikaho eihanga ry'Abayudaaya. Ekibiina ky'amahanga g'abaharabu kikagira ngu okutahirira kukaba kuri okureetaho obusingye n'okuzibira okushisha eshagama.
Bwanyima y'omwaka gw'okurwana, okukomya amasasi kukarangirirwa kandi ensharo ez'akanya kakye, ezirikumanywa nka Green Line, zikatandikwaho. Jordan ekakwata eki kyabaire kimanyirwe nka West Bank, otwariiremu n'oburugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu, kandi Egypt ekakwata Gaza Strip. Abapalestina abarikurenga 700,000 bakahunga nainga bakabingwa amahe ga Zionist hamwe n'amahe ga Israel, ekyabaire nikimanywa omururabbu nka nakba (oburemeezi). Ebyabaireho bikareetaho okusisikara kw'obuhangwa bw'Abaarabu, n'ebigyendererwa by'eihanga rya Palestine. Abaarabu 156,000 bakagumaho kandi baahinduka abaharabu b'eihanga rya Israel.
Ahabw'ekiteiso ky'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine ekya 273,Isreal ekaikirizibwa nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine ebiro 11 Okwakataano 1949. Omu myaka y'okubanza y'eihanga, ekibiina kya Labour Zionist ekyabaire nikyebemberwa engazi y'eihanga Ben-Gurion nikyo kyabaire nikitegyeka eby'obutegyeki bwa Israel. Okufuruka kuza omuri Israel omu myaka ya 1940 n'emyaka ya 1950 kikakorwa ekitongore kya Israel ekirikujunanizibwa ahaby'obufuruki hamwe n'ekitongore ekitari kya gavumenti ekya Mossad Le Aliyah Bet (lit. "Ekitongore ky'eby'obufuruki B"). Abahererukayo bakejumba omu mirimo y'ekihama omu mahanga, okukira munonga omuri Middle East hamwe n'oburugwa izooba bwa Europe, ahu amagara g'Abayudaaya gakaba gari omu kabi kandi okugaruka gukaba gugumire. Mossad Aliyah Bet ekashohozibwa omuri 1953. Okufuruka kukakorwa kurugiirira aha nteekateeka ya miriyoni emwe. Abafuruki abamwe bakaba baine enyikiriza y'ekizayoni nainga bakaija ahabw'okureebeka ngu nibaza kutunga amagara marungi, kandi abandi bakafuruka okuhiiganisibwa nainga bakabingwa omu maka gaabo.
Okutahirira kw'Abayudaaya kuruga omu mahanga g'abaharabu n'abasiraamu omuri Israeli omu myaka eshatu y'okubanza, kikongyera omuhendo gw'Abayudaaya kuruga aha 700,000 kuhika ahari 1,400,000. Omwaka gwa 1958 abantu bakaba beeyongyeire kuhika aha bukaikuru bubiri. Ahagati ya 1948 na 1970, empungi ez'Abayudaaya ezirikwingana e1,150,000, zikafuruka zaza omuri Israeli. Abafuruki abamwe bakaija nk'empungi kandi bakatuura omu kampu ez'akanya kakye ezirikumanywa nka ma'barot; omuri 1952 abantu abarikurenga 200,000 bakaba nibatuura omu ndembo ezi ez'amahema. Abayudaaya abarikuruga omuri Buraaya, bakaba batwarwa kurungi kukira abo abarikuruga omu mahanga g'oburugwa izooba n'omumatemba ga Afirika. Omu bwire obu, eby'okurya, ebijwaro hamwe n'ebintu by'omu nju bikagabwa omu bwire obwamanyirwe nk'obw'okureeberera eby'entaasya. Ekyetengo ky'okumaraho oburemeezi kikareetera Ben-Gurion kuta omukono aha ndagaano y'okurihirira n'amahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Bugirimaani ekyaretsireho okwekarakaasa kw'Abayudaaya ahabw'ekiteekateeko ngu Israel neebaasa kwikiriza okurihirirwa omu sente ahabw'okwita abantu.
Entongane z'Abawarabu na Israeli:
[edit | edit source]Omu myaka ya 1950, Israel ekaba ekira kutahirirwa aba Palestine fedin, buriijo kurwanisa abantu ba buriijo, okukira munonga kuruga omuri Gaza Strip eyabaire ekwasirwe Egypt, ekyarugiremu enkora nyingi eya Israeli y'okuhoorazaho. Omuri 1956, Bungyereza na Bufaransa zikagyezaho kugaruraho obutegyeki aha mugyera gwa Suez, ogu Egypt yaabaire etungire. Okugumizamu n'okuzibira emiringo ya Suez Canal hamwe na Straits of Tiran ahabw'okutwara amaato ga Israel, hamwe n'okweyongyera kw'okurumbwa kwa fedaya aha bantu b'omu mashuuma ga Israel hamwe n'okutinatinisa kw'Abaarabu okwabaireho juba, kikareetera Israel kurumba Egypt. Israel ekegaita aha mukago gw'ekihama na Bungyereza na Bufaransa kandi ekatahirira ekizinga kya Sinai omu bwimukiriro bwa Suez kwonka ekagyemeserezibwa ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine kubwihaho obugabe bwa Israeli obw'okutwara amaato. Orutaro rukareetaho okukyendera kw'amahe ga Israeli aha nsharo.
Omu kutandika kw'emyaka ya 1960, Israel ekakwata omukozi w'ebibi Adolf Eichmann omuri Argentina yaamureeta omuri Israel kuhurira orubanja. Eichmann niwe muntu wenka owaisirwe omuri Isreal ahabw'okusingwa omushango omu kooti y'abantu ba buriijo omuri Isreal. Omuri 1963, Israel ekaba eri omu butaikirizana na United States ahabw'enteekateeka yaayo eya nukiriya.
Kuruga omwaka gwa 1964 amahanga g'abaharabu, agarikwerarikirira enteekateeka ya Israel y'okwiha amaizi g'omugyera Jordan, gakatandika kukoresa amaizi g'omugyera ogwo kutwara Israel amaizi, ekyaretsireho obunkenke ahagati ya Israel aha rubaju rumwe na Syria na Lebanon aha rubaju orundi. Abaharabu abarikurwanirira eihanga ryabo, barikwebemberwa mukuru w'eihanga rya Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, bakanga kwikiriza eihanga rya Israel kandi bakashaba okuricwekyereza. Omwaka gwa 1966 omukago gwa Israeli n'Abawarabu gukaba gwetomboitiire kuhika aha rurengo rw'entaro ahagati y'amahe ga Israeli n'Abawarabu.
Okwamukaaga, 1967, Egypt ekateerana amahe gaayo haihi n'ensharo na Israel, ekabinga abakuumi b'obusingye kuruga omuri Sinai Peninsula kuruga omuri 1957, kandi yazibira Israel okuhika aha nyanja erikutukura. Amahanga g'abaharabu agandi gakakoresa amahe gaago. Israel ekagarukamu ngu ebikorwa ebi bikaba biri entaro z'omurembe kandi ekatandikaho okutahirira Egypt omu kwezi kwa mukaaga. Jordan, Syria na Iraq zikatahirira Israel. Omu rutaro rw'ebiro mukaaga, Israel ekakwata kandi yaataahirira West Bank kuruga Jordan, Gaza Strip na Sinai Peninsula kuruga Egypt, hamwe na Golan Heights kuruga Syria. Ensharo za Yerusaalemu zikaguzibwa, zaataho Yerusaalemu y'oburugwizooba. Omuri 1949, Green Line ekahinduka ensharo y'obwebembezi ahagati ya Israel n'amahanga agabaire gakwatsirwe.
Bwanyima y'orutaro rwa 1967 hamwe n'ekiteiso kya "Three No" ekya Arab League, Israel ekatahirirwa Abanyamisri omuri Sinai Peninsula omu 1967-1970 orutaro rw'okwihaho amahanga gaayo, hamwe n'ebibiina by'Abapalestina ebyabaire nibigyenderera Abaisraeli omu byanga ebibatwaire, omunsi yoona, hamwe na Israel. Ekikuru munonga omu bibiina by'Abapalestina n'Abaarabu, n'ekya Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), ekyatandikirwe omuri 1964. Aha muheru gw'emyaka ya 1960 hamwe n'okutandika kw'emyaka ya 1970, guruupu z'Abapalestina zikatandika kutahirira Abaisraeli hamwe n'Abayudaaya okwetoroora ensi yoona, otwariiremu n'okwita abairuki ba Israel omu mizaano ya orimpiki eya 1972 omuri Munich. Gavumenti ya Israel ekagarukamu n'omurimo gw'okwita abateekateeki b'okwita abantu, okuteera bbomu n'okutahirira ekitebe kikuru ekya PLO omuri Lebanon.
Ebiro 6 Okwaikumi 1973, amahe ga Egypt na Syria gakatahirira amahe ga Israeli omuri Sinai Peninsula na Golan Heights, ekyatandika orutaro rwa Yom Kippur. Orutaro rukahendera ebiro 25 Okwaikumi, Israel ku yaasingire amahe ga Egypt na Syria kwonka ekafeerwa munonga. Okucondooza okwabaireho omunda y'eihanga kukareetera gavumenti okurekyeraho obujunanizibwa bw'okuremwa etakatandikire orutaro n'omu bwire bw'orutaro, kwonka ekiniga ky'abantu kikagyema enganzi minisita Golda Meir kurekura omurimo. Omu kwezi kwa mushanju 1976, enyonyi ekakwatwa kuruga Israel kuza Bufaransa abahekyera ba Palestina; abakomando ba Israel bakacungura abantu 102 ahari 106.
Enkora y'obusingye
[edit | edit source]omu kicweka ekikuru: Enkora y'obusingye eya Israeli-Palestine
Oburuuru bwa Knesset omuri 1977 bukareetaho empindahinduka y'amaani omu byafaayo by'eby'obutegyeki bwa Israel nk'ekibiina kya Likud ekya Menachem Begin kutwara obutegyeki kuruga omu kibiina ky'abakozi. Ahamuheru gw'omwaka ogwo, omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Egypt, Anwar El Sadat akagyenda omuri Israel yaagamba omu maisho g'eishengyero omurundi gw'okubanza kumanya Israel. Sadat na Begin bakata omukono aha ndagaano ya Camp David eya 1978 hamwe n'endagaano y'obusingye eya Egypt na Israel eya 1979. Ekyarugiremu, Israel ekaruga omu kicweka kya Sinai kandi yaikiriza kutabaganisa ahabw'obutegyeki bw'Abapalestina omuri West Bank na Gaza Strip.
Ebiro 11 okwa kashatu, 1978, PLO akarumba abahekyera kuruga Lebanon, kikareetaho okwitwa kw'abantu aha ruguuto rwa Coastal Road. Israel ekagarukamu erikutaahirira amashuuma ga Lebanon kucwekyereza emyanya y'amahe ga PLO. Gavumenti ya Begin omu bwire obwo ekaha aba Israel ebirikubagaruramu amaani kuza kutuura omuri West Bank, ekyaretsireho obutaikirizana n'Abapalestina.
Ekiragiro kya Yerusaalemu ekya 1980 kikaikirizibwa abamwe ngu kikahamya ngu Israeli ekakwata Yerusaalemu omuri 1967 kurugirira aha kiragiro kya gavumenti kandi kikareetaho obutaikirizana omunsi yoona aha nshonga y'orurembo. Tihariho ekiragiro ky'eihanga rya Israel ekirikworeka obuhangwa bwa Israel, kandi tihariho ekiragiro ekirikworeka oburugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu. Omuri 1981, Israel ekatwara Golan Heights. Abantu b'ensi yoona bakanga enkora egi, ekitongore ky'amahanga geeteeraine eky'eby'okwerinda kikarangirira ebiragiro bya Yerusaalemu hamwe n'ebiragiro bya Golan Heights nk'ebitaine mugasho. Abayudaaya baingi kuruga Ethiopia bakafurukira omuri Israel kuruga omu myaka ya 1980, kandi ahagati ya 1990 na 1994, abafuruki kuruga omumahanga agaabaire gakyebeire ga Soviet Union, bakongyera omubare gw'abantu omuri Israel n'obucweeka ikumi na bubiri ahari igana.
Ebiro 7 okwa mukaaga 1981, omu rutaro rwa Iran na Iraq, amahe ga Israel gakashiisha ekyoma kya nukiriya ekya iraq, ekyabaire nikyombekwa, okubaasa kuremesa enteekateeka ya iraq ey'okukora eby'okurwanisa bya nukiriya. Bwanyima y'okutahirira ekibiina kya PLO omuri 1982, Israel ekatahirira Lebanon kushiisha emyanya ya PLO. Omu biro mukaaga eby'okubanza, Israel ekashiisha amahe ga PLO omuri Lebanon kandi ekasingura Abasiria. Okucondooza kwa gavumenti ya Israel (Ekitongore kya Kahani) kikareetera Begin hamwe na ba Genero baingi ba Israel obujunanizibwa ahabw'okwita abantu omuri Sabra na Shakila kandi kikareetera minisita w'ebyokwerinda Ariel Sharon obujunanizibwa nk'omuntu. Sharon akagyemeserezibwa kurekura omurimo. Omuri 1985, Israel ekagarukamu okutahirirwa kw'abahekyera aba Palestina omuri Cyprus obwo erikuteera bbomu aha kitebe kikuru ky'ekibiina kya PLO omuri Tunisia. Israel ekaruga omuri Lebanon omuri 1986 kwonka ekagumizamu neetaahirira ensharo omu mashuuma ga Lebanon kuhisya omwaka 2000, ahu amahe ga Israel gatandikire kurwanagana na Hezbollah. Intifada y'okubanza, okwekarakaasa kw'Abapalestina kurwanisa obutegyeki bwa Israel, kukatandika omuri 1987, n'obwesharingo n'obutabanguko omu West Bank na Gaza. Omu myaka mukaaga ekyakuratsireho, obutabanguko bukongyera kutebekanisibwa kandi bwaba burimu enkora y'eby'entaasya n'eby'obuhangwa erikugyenderera okutabangura obutegyeki bwa Israeli. Abantu abarikurenga omu rukumi bakaitwa. Omu rutaro rwa Gulf orwa 1991, PLO ekahagira Saddam Hussein hamwe n'okuteera za mizayiro omuri Israel. Oihireho ekiniga ky'abantu, Israel ekehurikiza okushaba kw'Abamerika okwetantara okugarukamu.
Omuri 1992, Yitzhak Rabin akahinduka enganzi y'eihanga ahanyima y'akaruuru, ekibiina kye kikashaba ngu habeho okukwatanisa na bataahi ba Israel. Omwaka ogwakuratsireho, Shimon Peres ahabwa Israel hamwe na Yasser Arafat ahabwa PLO bakata omukono aha ndagaano za Oslo, ezahaire Palestine Authority (PNA) obugabe bw'okwebembera ebicweka bya West Bank na Gaza Strip. Ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekya PLO nakyo kikaikiriza obugabe bwa Israel, kandi kikaraganisa kumaraho obwimukiriro. Omuri 1994, endagaano y'obusingye eya Israeli na Jordan ekatebwaho omukono, ekyareteire Jordan kuba eihanga rya kabiri omu mahanga g'abaharabu okutereeza enkoragana na Israel. Obushagiki bw'amahanga g'abaharabu aha ndagaano, bukasisikarira okugyenda omu maisho kw'obutuura n'okukyeberwa kwa Israeli, hamwe n'embeera y'eby'entaasya eyeyongyeire. Obushagiki bwa Israeli aha ndagaano bukakyendeera bwanyima y'abapalestina kweita. Omu Kwaikumi na kumwe 1995, Rabin akaitwa Yigal Amir, Omuyudaaya owabaire arikuhakanisa endagaano.
Omu bwire bwa Benjamin Netanyahu nk'enganzi y'eihanga ahamuheru gw'emyaka ya 1990,Isreal ekaikiriza kuruga omuri Hebron, n'obu eki kitakikiriziibwe, kandi yaata omukono aha ndagaano ya Wye River Memorandum. Endagaano ekaba neekwata aha kuheereza abantu omuri West Bank hamwe n'enshonga z'eby'okwerinda. Ekihandiiko ekyo kiketomboitwa ebitongore ebirikurwanirira obugabe bw'abantu omu nsi yoona ahabw'okushagika okutuntuzibwa kw'obugabe bw'abantu. Ehud Barak, owarondwa nk'enganzi y'eihanga omuri 1999, akarugayo amahe omu mashuuma ga Lebanon yaataho enteeseganya na mukuru w'entebe ya PNA, Yasser Arafat hamwe na Amerika. S. Omwebembezi w'eihanga Bill Clinton aha rukiiko rwa Camp David omuri 2000. Barak akaha enteekateeka y'okutandikaho eihanga rya Palestine, otwariiremu Gaza Strip yoona hamwe n'ebicweka 90 ahari igana ebya West Bank na Yerusaalemu nk'orurembo rwabo orukuru. Buri rubaju ruketomboita orundi ahabw'okuremwa kw'oruteerane.
Omu kyasha kya 21
[edit | edit source]Ahamuheru gwa 2000, ahanyima y'okutaayaaya kwa Sharon aha rushozi rwa Hekalu, akaimukiriro ak'akabiri kakatandika. Okwesharinga kw'abantu kukatunga okubonabonesibwa okutarikwetengwa kuruga omu ihanga rya Israel. Okuteera bbomu kw'Abapalestina okwabaire nikuguma nikugyenda omu maisho omu bwire bw'obutabanguko. Abacondoozi abamwe nibagira ngu akaimukiriro kakaba katebekanisibwe Arafat bwanyima y'oruteerane rw'obusingye kugwa. Sharon akahinduka enganzi y'eihanga omu karuuru k'omwaka 2001. akakora enteekateeka ye y'okuruga omu kicweeka kya Gaza kandi yaayebembera okwombeka ekikomera omuri West Bank, ekyarekwireho obuheekyera. Ahagati ya 2000 na 2008, Abaisraeli 1,063, Abapalestina 5,517 hamwe n'abanyamahanga 64 bakaitwa.
Omu kwezi kwa mushanju 2006, okutahirira kw'embundu za Hezbollah aha nsharo za Israel ez'omumatemba hamwe n'okwiba abaserukare ba Israel babiri, bikareetaho orutaro rwa kabiri orwa Lebanon, otwariiremu n'okutahirira kwa Israel omuri Lebanon. Orutaro rukahwaho omu kwezi kwamunaana 2006 bwanyima y'okuhikiiriza ekiteiso kya United Nations Security Council 1701; amahe ga Israel gakaruga omuri Lebanon omu kwezi kwa ikumi 2006 kwonka gakagumizamu kutwara ekicweka kya Lebanon eky'ekyaro kya Ghajar.
Omuri 2007, amahe ga Israel gakashiisha ekyoma kya nukiriya omuri Syria. Omuri 2008, okukomya omuriro ahagati ya Hamas na Israel kukagwa, ekyarugiremu orutaro rwa Gaza orwamara esande ishatu. Israeli ekashoboorora nk'eky'okugarukamu aha kurumbwa kw'emizinga y'Abapalestina erikuhingura igana omu mashuuma ga Israel, Israel ekatandika okukorera omuri Gaza Strip omuri 2012, ekyamara ebiro munaana. Israel ekatandikaho ebikwekweto ebindi omuri Gaza ahanyima y'okuteerwa za rocket kuruga omu kibiina kya Hamas omu kwezi kwa mushanju 2014. Omu kwezi kwakataano omwaka 2021 hakabaho okurwana okundi omuri Gaza na Israel, okwamazire ebiro ikumi na kimwe.
Omu mwaka gwa 2010, okukwatanisa okw'omutaano ahagati ya Israel n'amahanga ga Arab League kukatandikwaho, ekyarugiremu okuta omukono aha ndagaano ya Abraham. Eby'okwerinda omuri Isreal bikaruga aha ntongane z'abaharabu na Isreal, byaza aha ntongane za Iran na Isreal hamwe n'okurwanagana na Iran omu rutaro rwa Syria. Eizooba 7 Okwaikumi 2023, guruupu z'abaheekyera Abapalestina kuruga Gaza, ezirikwebemberwa Hamas, zikatandika kurumba Israel, ekyarugiremu entandikwa y'orutaro rwa Gaza. Eizooba eryo, Abaisraeli 1,300, abarikukira obwingi abantu ba buriijo, bakaitwa omu byaro haihi n'ensharo za Gaza Strip hamwe n'omu kivvulu ky'okweshongora. Abantu abarikuhingura 200 bakabuzibwa batwarwa omuri Gaza Strip.
Bwanyima y'okwihaho abaheekyera omu kicweka kyabo, Israel ekatandikaho ehururu y'okuteera bbomu omu byafaayo by'omurembe n'etahirira Gaza ebiro 27 Okwaikumi n'ekigyendererwa ky'okushiisha Hamas hamwe n'okwihaho abasibe. Orutaro orwa kataano orwabaireho ahagati ya Gaza na Israel kuruga 2008, nirwo rwabaire nirusinga okufa Abapalestina omu rutaro rwa Israeli na Palestine, kandi nirwo rwabaire nirusinga kuteganisa amahe omu kicweka ekyo kuruga omu rutaro rwa Yom Kippur omuri 1973.
Omu kwakana kwa 2024, Israel ekatandika okuteera enyonyi omuri Iran, bwanyima ya Iran kuteera enyonyi omuri Israel. Omu kwezi kwa ikumi omwaka 2024, Israel ekatahirira Lebanon kandi yaaheereza Iran za mizayiro bwanyima y'esande ishatu, nk'okugarukamu okutahirira kwa Iran aha ntandikwa y'okwezi okwo. Bwanyima y'omwaka gumwe gw'obutabanguko bwa Israel na Hezbollah kuruga Okwaikumi 2023, ahabw'okuteera emizinga omuri Israel kuhwera Hamas omuri Gaza, Israel ekateera omuhandiiki mukuru wa Hezbollah Hassan Nasrallah omu kwezi kwamwenda 2024. Endagaano y'okukomya omuriro eya Okwaikumi na kumwe 2024 ekaragiira Israel okuruga omuri Lebanon, eki Israeli yaakozire omuri kabiri wa 2025, kwonka kurwanisa endagaano, amahe ga Israel gakaguma omu myanya etaano y'amahe omu mashuuma ga Lebanon.
Omu kwezi kwa mukaaga omwaka gwa 2025,eihanga rya Israel rikagaruka rikatandika kuteera za mizayiro omuri Iran, ekyarugiremu entaro.
Akakiiko k'amahanga geeteeraine,gavumenti nyingi n'abakugu hamwe n'ebitongore ebirikurwanirira obugabe bw'abantu bikasharamu ngu Israel neekora ekikorwa ky'okwita abantu ba Palestine ahabw'oburemeezi n'okufa kw'abantu ba buriijo omu rutaro rwa Gaza.
Ekicweka ekya Geography:
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru; Geography of Israel Reeba n'ebirikukwata ahaby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Israel, enyamiishwa omuri Israel, orunyiriri rw'ebibira omuri Israel, hamwe n'ekibira kya Yatir.
Israel eshangwa omu kicweka kya Levant ekya Crescent erikweeza. Aha muheru gw'oburugwa izooba bw'enyanja ya Mediterranean, erimu ensharo na Lebanon omumatemba ga Syria omumatemba g'oburugwa izooba, Jordan hamwe na West Bank omumatemba ga burugwa izooba, hamwe na Egypt hamwe na Gaza Strip omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa izooba. Kiri ahagati ya latitude 29° na 34° N, hamwe na longitude 34° na 36° E.
Eitaka rya Israel eririkwetegyeka (kurugirira aha nsharo z'endagaano y'okurekyeraho orutaro eya1949 hamwe n'eitaka ryona eryakwatwa Israel omu rutaro rw'ebiro mukaaga omuri 1967) n'ekicweka kya kiromita 20,770 (8,019 sq mi), kandi ebicweka bibiri ahari igana n'amaizi. Kwonka,eihanga rya Israel rikye munonga (kiromita 100 omu buraingwa bwaryo, wagyeragyeranisa na kiromita 400 kuruga omu matemba kuza omu mashuuma) reero ekicweka ky'ebyentatsya omu nyanja ya Mediterranean nikikubisa emirundi ebiri eitaka ry'eihanga. Omwanya gwona oguri ahansi y'ebiragiro bya Israel, otwariiremu oburugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu hamwe na Golan Heights, ni kiromita 22,072 (8,522 sq mi), kandi omwanya gwona oguri ahansi y'obushoborozi bwa Israel, otwariiremu n'oguri ahansi y'obushoborozi bw'amahe n'ekicweka ky'eitaka eririkutegyekwa Abapalestina omuri West Bank, n'ekicweka kya kiromita 27,799 (10,733 sq mi).
N'obu haraabe hariho obuhango bukye, Israel n'eka y'ebintu bingi, kuruga omu eihamba rya Negev omu mashuuma, kuhisya omu kicweka kya Yezereeli, n'enshozi za Galilaaya, Karumeeli hamwe na Golan omu matemba. Eitaka rya Israeli aha rubaju rw'enyanja ya Mediterranean niryo ririkutuurwamu abantu baingi. Oburugwa izooba bw'emyanya y'ahaiguru eri Jordan Rift Valley, ekicweka kikye ky'ekicweka kya kiromita 6,500 (4,039 mi) ekya Great Rift Valley. Omugyera gwa Yorudani nigugyenda omu kicweka kya Jordan Rift Valley, kuruga aha rushozi rwa Hermon kurabira omu kicweka kya Hulah hamwe n'enyanja ya Galilaaya kuhisya aha Nyanja ya Dead Sea, omwanya oguri ahansi munonga omu nsi yoona. Okweyongyera omu mashuuma n'omugyera Arabah, ogurikuhererukayo n'omugyera gwa Eilat, ekicweka ky'enyanja erikutukura. Makhthesh, nainga "ebibiina by'okutsinduka kw'eitaka" n'eby'omutaano omu kicweka kya Negev hamwe na Sinai Peninsula, ekirikusingayo obuhango n'ekya Makhthesh Ramon ahari kiromita 38 z'oburaingwa. Israel eine omuhendo gw'emiringo y'ebimera erikukirayo oburungi ahari buri mita y'ekicweeka omu mahanga agari omu Mediterranean Basin kandi erimu ebicweka bina eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi: Ekicweka ky'oburugwa eizooba ekya Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests, Southern Anatolian mountain conifer n'ebi Ebibira bikaba biri munaana. ebicweka ataano ahari igana by'omwanya omuri 2016, kuruga aha bicweka bibiri ahari igana omuri 1948, ahabw'enteekateeka y'okubyara amahamba kuruga omu kitongore kya Jewish National Fund.
Tectonics and Seismicity
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka kya Jordan Rift nikireetwa entambura za tectonic omuri Dead Sea Transformation (DST). DST niyo erikuhindura ensharo ahagati ya African Plate omuri burengyerwizooba hamwe na Arabian Plate omuri burugwa izooba. Golan Heights hamwe na Jordan yoona n'ekicweka kya Arabian Plate, kandi Galilaaya, West Bank, Coastal Plain, hamwe na Negev hamwe n'ekicweka kya Sinai Peninsula biri aha African Plate. Enkora egi erikureetaho okusisikara kw'amaani. Ekicweka kyona ekya Jordan Valley nikiteekateekwaho kuba kyacwekyereize emirundi mingi, nk'okureeberaho omu kutsinduka kw'eitaka okwasembireyo omu mwaka gwa 749 na 1033. Oburemeezi bw'okugwa kw'eitaka okwatandikire omuri 1033 nikumara kureetaho omutsitsa gwa Mw ~7. 4.
Emitunga y'eitaka erikukirayo kuba ey'akabi, ekabaho omuri 31 BCE, 363, 749, na 1033 CE, ekyo nikimanyisa buri ca. emyaka 400 erikugyeragyeranisa. Emitunga y'amaani neekwata buri myaka nka 80, ekirikureetaho okufeerwa kw'amagara. N'obu ebiragiro by'okwombeka bigumire kandi ebyombeko ebyaherize kwombekwa nibibaasa kurwanisa omutsitsa, kuruga omwaka 2007 ebyombeko by'abantu boona hamwe n'ebyombeko by'obutuuro 50,000 bikaba bitarikuhikaana n'omutindo gw'ebyombeko ebitsya kandi bikaba nibiteekateekwaho kugwa omutsitsa gw'amaani.
Embeera y'obwire
[edit | edit source]Obutagatsi nibushushana munonga, namunonga omu bwire bw'obutiti. Emyanya y'aha rubaju rw'enyanja, nk'eya Tel Aviv na Haifa, eine embeera y'obwire erikushushana n'eya Mediterranean, erimu obwire bw'obufuki, enjura hamwe n'obwire buraingwa, obw'obutagasi. Ekicweka kya Beerisheba hamwe n'amatemba ga Negev biine embeera y'obwire y'ekyanda erimu obwire bw'omuriro, obwire bw'obufuki, hamwe n'ebiro by'enjura bikye. Ekicweka kya Negev eky'amashuuma hamwe n'ekya Arabah, biine embeera y'obwire y'ekyanda erimu omuriro gw'amaani, omushana gw'omushana, hamwe n'obwire bw'obwire bukye bw'enjura. Obutagasi oburikukirayo obwa 54°C (129°F) bukahandiikwa omuri 1942 omu kibbutz ya Tirat Zivi. Emyanya y'enshozi neebaasa kuba erimu omuyaga n'obufuki, kandi emyanya eri ahaiguru ya mita 750 (2,460 ft) nainga n'okukiraho (ahaiguru erikushushana na Yerusaalemu) buri mwaka neetunga omuzira gumwe. Okuruga Okwakataano kuhisya Okwaikumi na mwenda, enjura terikukira kugwa.
Hariho ebicweka bina ebitarikushushana, ahabw'okushangwa ahagati y'ebicweka ebirikwetengwa hamwe n'ebirikwetengwa. Ahabw'enshonga egi, ebimera n'enyamaishwa tibirikushushana munonga. Hariho emiringo y'ebimera 2,867 erikumanywa omuri Israeli. Okuruga ahari ebi, ebika ebirikuhika haihi 253 nibitandikirweho kandi tibirikuruga omwihanga. Harimu amarindiro g'obuhangwa 380 omuri Israel.
Ahabw'oburemeezi bw'amaizi, Israel etandikireho tekinorogye y'okukyendeeza amaizi, otwariiremu n'okwitirira amaizi kurabira omu matondo. Amashanyarazi g'eizooba maingi, nigareetera eihanga rya Israel kwebembera omu kukoresa amashanyarazi g'eizooba buri muntu, kandi buri nju neekoresa amashanyarazi g'eizooba okutagisa amaizi. Minisiture y'okwerinda eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi egambire ngu empindahinduka y'obwire neija kukora kihango aha bintu byona ebirikukwata aha magara g'abantu, namunonga abantu abatarikwebaasa.
Gavumenti hamwe n'eby'obutegyeki
[edit | edit source]Israel eine engyenderwaho y'eishengyero, abajwekyerwa abarikwingana, hamwe n'obugabe bw'okuteera akaruuru. Omukiiki omwishengyero orikushagikwa abaingi omu ishengyero, niwe arikuhinduka enganzi y'eihanga, buriijo niwe arikukurira ekibiina ekirikukirayo obuhango. Enganzi y'eihanga, niwe mukuru wa gavumenti hamwe na ba minisita. Purezidenti niwe mukuru w'eihanga, aine emirimo y'emikoro.
Eihanga rya Israel niritegyekwa eishengyero ry'abantu 120, eririkumanywa nka Knesset. Omukibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki, abantu 3 nibo barikujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. obuchweka 25 ahari igana bw'oburuuru, ekirikureetaho gavumenti z'okweteerana. Abatuuragye b'omubyaro bya Israel omuri West Bank, baine obugabe bw'okuteera akaruuru, kandi bwanyima y'akaruuru ka 2015, abakiiki ikumi ahari 120 omu ishengyero (8%) bakaba bari abatuuragye. Oburuuru bw'abajwekyerwa omu ishengyero nibubaho bwanyima y'emyaka ena, kwonka enkwatagana etarikwetegyerezibwa nainga akaruuru k'obutaikiriza, nikabaasa kusharaho gavumenti bukiri kare. Ekibiina ky'obutegyeki eky'okubanza eky'abaharabu kikatebwaho omuri 1988, kandi kuruga omuri 2022, ebibiina by'obutegyeki eby'abaharabu biine ebicweka ikumi ahari igana by'entebe. Ekibiina ky'obutegyeki tikirikubaasa kwesimba aha ntebe y'obukiiko bw'eby'obutegyeki, ebigyendererwa byakyo n'ebikorwa byakyo byaaba birimu "okuhakanisa obubaho bw'eihanga rya Israeli nk'eihanga ry'Abayudaaya.".
Ebiragiro bya Israeli ebikuru nibikora nk'engyenderwaho y'eihanga. Ebi nibishoboorora Israel nk'eihanga ry'Abayudaaya n'obugabe bw'okusharamu kandi eihanga-eihanga ry'Abayudaaya bonka. Omuri 2003,eishengyero rikatandika kukora engyenderwaho y'eihanga kurugirira aha mateeka aga.
Israel teyine diini y'obutegyeki, kwonka okushoboorora eihanga nk'ery'Abayudaaya n'oburingaaniza, nikireetaho akakwate k'amaani n'Ekiyudaaya. Eizooba 19 okwamushanju 2018,eishengyero rikahinguza ekiragiro ekirikworeka Israel nk'eihanga ry'Abayudaaya hamwe n'orurimi rw'Oruheburaayo nk'orurimi rwayo oruhikire. Eiteeka niriheereza orurimi rw'Oruwarabu omwanya gw'omutaano ogutarikwetegyerezibwa. Ekihandiiko nikyo kimwe nikiha Abayudaaya obugabe bw'okwecweramu, kandi nikireeba entunguuka y'obutuura bw'Abayudaaya omu ihanga nk'ekintu ky'omugasho omu ihanga ryona, ekirikuha gavumenti obushoborozi bw'okukora emiringo y'okugaruramu amaani, okutunguura n'okuta omu nkora ekigyendererwa eki.
Ebitongore by'obwebembezi
[edit | edit source]Eihanga rya Israel rikagabirwamu disiturikiti mukaaga, ezirikumanywa nka mehozot (Hebrew: מחוזות; sg. : mahoz)Ahagati, Haifa, Yerusaalemu, amatemba, amashuuma, na Tel Aviv, hamwe n'omwanya gwa Buyudaaya na Samaria omuri West Bank. Ekicweka kya Buyudaaya na Samaria hamwe n'ebicweka bya Yerusaalemu hamwe na disiturikiti z'omumatemba, tibirikwikirizibwa nk'ekicweka kya Israel. Disiturikiti zikagabirwamu disiturikiti nkye 15 ezirikumanywa nka nafots (Hebrew: נפות; sg. : nafa), ezigabaniisibwemu ebicweka makumi ataano eby'obuhangwa.
Ebiragiro by'obutuuze bwa Israel
[edit | edit source]Ebiragiro by'okugaruka omuri 1950 nibiheereza Abayudaaya obugabe bw'okufuruka kuza omuri Israel batungye obutuuze bwa Israel. Abantu abarikuzaarwa omu ihanga, nibatunga obugabe bw'okuba abatuuze, haakiri omwe ahabazaire baabo yaaba ari omutuuragye. Ebiragiro bya Israel nibishoboorora eihanga ry'Abayudaaya nk'eritarikushushana n'ery'Abaisraeli, kandi kooti enkuru eya Israel eshaziremu ngu eihanga rya Israeli tiriho. Eihanga ry'Abayudaaya nirishobororwa nk'omuntu weena orikukuratira ediini y'Abayudaaya hamwe n'abaijukuru baabo.
Emyaanya erikutegyekwa Israel
[edit | edit source]Omuri 1967, ahabw'orutaro rw'ebiro mukaaga,Isreal ekakwata kandi yaataahirira West Bank (otwariiremu n'oburugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu), Gaza Strip hamwe na Golan Heights. Israel nayo ekakwata ekicweka kya Sinai Peninsula kwonka yaakigarurayo omuri Egypt nk'ekicweka ky'endagaano y'obusingye eya Egypt na Israel eya 1979. Ahagati ya 1982 na 2000, Israel ekakwata ekicweka ky'amashuuma ga Lebanon, omu mwanya ogwabaire nigwetwa Security Belt. Kuruga obu batwaire ebicweka ebi, obutaaho n'emyanya y'amahe ya Israel, byombekirwe omuri byoona, okwihaho Lebanon.
Golan Heights hamwe n'oburugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu bikwasirwe omu mateeka ga Israel, kwonka tihaine ekirikwikirizibwa omu mateeka g'ensi yoona. Israel ekoreise ebiragiro by'abantu buntu omu myanya egi yoona, yaheereza abatuuragye baayo obugabe bw'okutuuraho ebiro byona, hamwe n'obushoboorozi bw'okushaba obutuura gye. Orukiiko rw'amahanga geeteeraine orw'eby'okwerinda rugambire ngu okwegaita kwa Golan Heights hamwe n'oburugwa eizooba bwa Yerusaalemu tikuriho kandi nikugumizamu kureeba ebicweka nk'ebirikutwarwa. Embeera y'oburugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu omu nteekateeka y'obusingye omu biro by'omumaisho, obumwe n'obumwe ebaire egumire omu kuteesa ahagati ya Israeli n'abajwekyerwa b'Abapalestina.
West Bank etarimu ekicweka ky'oburugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu, neemanywa nka ekicweka kya Buyudaaya na Samaria. Abashubuuzi ba Israel 400,000 abarikutuura omu kicweka ekyo, nibatwarwa nk'abantu ba Israel, nibajwekyerwa omu ishengyero, nibagyendera aha mateeka ga Israel agarikukwata aha bantu n'ebihagaro, kandi ebirikuruga omuri bo nibitwarwa nk'ekicweka ky'entatsya ya Israel. Eitaka tiririkutwarwa nk'ekicweka kya Israel omu biragiro bya Israel, nk'oku Israel erikwetantara okwegaita aha eitaka eryo, etarikurekaho obugabe bwayo ahaitaka nainga okushoborora ensharo. Okuhakanisa kwa Israeli omu by'obutegyeki okw'okwegaita ahari Israeli, nikuruga aha kutiinisa kw'abantu kw'Abapalestina ab'omuri West Bank kwegaita ahari Israeli. Aheeru y'obutuuro bwa Israel, West Bank ekaguma eri ahansi y'obutegyeki bw'amahe ga Israel, kandi Abapalestina omu mwanya tibarikubaasa kuhinduka abatuuze ba Israel.
Abantu b'ensi yoona nibagira ngu eihanga rya Israel tiriine bugabe omuri West Bank, kandi nibareeba obutegyeki bwa Israel omu mwanya ogwo nk'oburemeezi bw'amahe oburikukirayo obwire buraingwa omu byafaayo by'ensi egi. West Bank ekatwarwa Jordan omuri 1950 bwanyima y'endagaano y'okurekyeraho kurwana omuri 1949. Bungyereza yonka niyo yaikiriize okukwatanisa oku, kandi Jordan kuruga obwo ekataho obugabe bwayo aha eitaka eri PLO. Abantu abarikukira obwingi n'Abapalestina, otwariiremu n'empungi z'orutaro rw'Abaarabu na Israeli omuri 1948. Kuruga omu 1967 kuhisya 1993, Abapalestina abaabaire nibatuura omu myanya egi bakaba bari ahansi y'obwebembezi bw'amahe ga Israel. Kuruga aha baruha za Israel/PLO ez'okwikiriza, abantu ba Palestine abaingi hamwe n'endembo zitwire ziri ahansi y'obushoborozi bw'ekitongore kya Palestine, hamwe n'obutegyeki bw'amahe ga Israel, n'obu Israel yaabaire egarukiremu amahe gaayo n'okugaruraho obwebembezi bw'amahe omu bwire bw'obutabanguko. Okugamba kwa Israel aha bugabe bw'okuteera akaruuru omu bantu boona, kubuuziibwe ahabw'ensharo zaayo ezitarikwetegyerezibwa, okwongyera obugabe bw'okuteera akaruuru aha batuuzi ba Israel omu byanga ebi batwaire, n'okwihaho obugabe bw'okuteera akaruuru aha bataahi baabo Abapalestina,
Hamwe n' Ekicweeka kya Gaza nikitwarwa nk'eitaka ry'aheeru omu biragiro bya Israel. Israel na Egypt, nibazibira eitaka, enyonyi hamwe n'enyanja kuruga omuri Gaza Strip. Ekicweeka kya Gaza kikakwatwa Israel bwanyima ya 1967. Omuri 2005, nk'emwe aha nteekateeka y'okwihaho amahe gaayo, Israel ekaihaho abashubuzi n'amahe gaayo kuruga omu kicweka ekyo kwonka ekagumizamu kutwara omwanya gw'omumwanya hamwe n'amaizi gaayo. Abantu b'ensi yoona, otwariiremu n'ebitongore by'amahanga goona ebirikuhwera abantu hamwe n'ebitongore by'amahanga agetereine, nibitwara Gaza nk'erikukwatwa. Bwanyima y'orutaro rwa Gaza orwa 2007, obu Hamas yatwara obushoborozi omuri Gaza Strip, Israel ekataho obutegyeki aha nsharo za Gaza, hamwe n'aha nyanja n'omu mwanya, kandi yazibira abantu okutaaha n'okurugayo okwihaho emishango etari emwe n'emwe ei yaareebire nk'ey'obuhwezi. Gaza eine ensharo na Egypt, hamwe n'endagaano ahagati ya Israel,EU, hamwe na PA erikukuratira oku abantu barikuhika aha nsharo. Okukoresa obutegyeki bwa demokurasiya aha bantu ba Palestine hamwe n'okukoresa obutegyeki bwa demokurasiya bwa Israel omu byanga bya Palestine ebirikutegyekwa Israel, bijumiriirwe.
Ebiteekateeko by'amahanga goona
[edit | edit source]Kooti y'ensi yoona ekagira, omu kiteekateeko kyayo ekya 2004 eky'okuhaburwa aha bikwatireine n'oburingaaniza bw'okwombeka orugo rwa West Bank, ngu eitaka eryakwatwa Israel omu rutaro rw'ebiro mukaaga, otwariiremu n'oburugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu, n'eitaka eririkut Enteeseganisa ezirikukira obwingi ezirikukwata aha nshonga z'ebyanga zitungirwe kurugirira aha kiteiso 242 eky'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine eky'eby'okwerinda, ekirikworeka "obutaikirizibwa bw'okutunga eitaka kurabira omu rutaro," ekirikworeka ngu eihanga rya Israel rishemereire kuruga omu myanya ei yatwaire, kugira ngu bagarureho enkoragana n'amahanga g'abaharabu ("Eitaka ry'obusingye"). Israel ejumiriirwe ahabw'okwejumba omu kutyoboora obugabe bw'abantu omu myanya erikutwairwe, otwariiremu okubuzaho n'ebihagaro by'orutaro aha bantu ba buriijo. Ebiteekateeko birimu okuhenda ebiragiro by'ensi yoona ebirikukwata aha bugabe bw'abantu kuruga omu kakiiko k'amahanga geeteeraine akarikurwanirira obugabe bw'abantu. Eihanga rya Amerika. S. Ekitongore ky'eihanga kigambire ngu ripoota ezirikukwata aha kutuntuzibwa kw'obugabe bw'abantu omuri Israeli hamwe n'omu byanga ebirikutegyekwa Abapalestina, n'ez'amazima. Ekitongore kya Amnesty International hamwe n'ebindi bitongore by'obwannakyewa bihandiikire okukwatwa kw'abantu baingi, okubonabonesibwa, okwita abantu omu buryo butahikire, okubonabonesibwa hamwe n'okuzibirwa kw'Abapalestina kwecweramu. Enganzi y'eihanga Netanyahu, akahakanisa ab'eby'okwerinda ahabw'okurinda abataine rubanja kuruga omu batugi, kandi yaayoreka okwetomboita ahabw'obutafayo aha kutyoboora obugabe bw'abantu okwakozirwe abakozi b'ebihagaro.
Abantu b'ensi yoona nibareeba obutaaho bwa Israel omu byanga ebirikutwarwa nk'obutahikire kurugirira aha biragiro by'ensi yoona. Ekiteiso kya United Nations Security Council 2334 (ekyahinguziibwe omuri 2016) nikigira ngu omurimo gwa Israel gw'okutuura n'okuhenda ebiragiro by'amahanga goona kandi nikishaba ngu Israel eyemereze emirimo nk'egyo, kandi ehikiirize obujunanizibwa bwayo nk'eihanga eririkutegyeka okurugiirira aha ndagaano ya Geneva ey'omurundi gwa kana Omushaki w'amakuru ow'omutaano ow'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine akahendera yaagira ngu enteekateeka y'okutuuraho abantu ekaba eri emishango y'orutaro omu biragiro bya Rooma, kandi ekibiina ky'amahanga goona ekya Amnesty International kikashanga ngu enteekateeka y'okuturaho abantu ekaba eri emishango y'okutwara abantu ba buriijo omu myanya etarikwikirizibwa.
Omu kiteiso kye ekya 2024, kooti y'ensi yoona ekagira ngu okutaahirira amahanga ga Palestina, kikashiisha ebiragiro by'ensi yoona; Israel eshemereire kurekyeraho okutaahirira kwayo ahonaaho kandi eshemereire kushashura. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, kooti ekashanga ngu Israel ekahenda ekicweka kya 3 eky'endagaano y'ensi yoona ey'okumaraho okushoroora omu nganda, ekirikwetengyesa amahanga kuzibira, okuzibira n'okumaraho ebikorwa byona eby'okushoroora omu nganda hamwe n'okushoroora omu nganda.
Okujunaana okushoroora omu nganda
[edit | edit source]Okubonabonesibwa kw'Abapalestina omu myanya ei batwaire, hamwe n'omu muringo mukye, omuri Israel, kireesireho okujunaana kwingi ngu Israel neekora okushoroora omu nganda, ekikorwa ky'obwinazi omu biragiro by'ensi yoona. Okucondooza okwakozirwe ekitongore kya Washington Post omu mwaka gwa 2021 kukashanga ngu ebicweka ataano ahari igana by'abacondooza b'amahanga g'oburugwa izooba bwa Middle East, bakashoborora ahari Israel nk'eihanga rimwe eririkwetengwa munonga. "Ebitongore ebirikurwanirira obugabe bw'abantu bingi, otwariiremu n'ebibiina bya Israel nka B'Tselem na Yesh Din, hamwe n'ebitongore by'amahanga goona nka Amnesty International na Human Rights Watch, bikakasize eki. Omu kugarukamu, Israel hamwe n'abanywani baayo, otwariiremu Amerika, Bungyereza na Bugirimaani, bakahakanisa ebyabaire nibigambwa. Kwonka, Abapalestina hamwe n'amahanga g'abaharabu, bakabakiira. Omukugu omu kitongore ky'amahanga geeteeraine eky'obugabe bw'abantu, Michael Lynk, akagira omuri 2022 ngu embeera egi neehikaana n'enshonga y'okushoroora omu nganda. Ripoota ezakuratsireho ez'abakungu b'ekibiina ky'amahanga agetereine zikagarukamu enteekateeka egi.
Omuri 2024, kooti y'ensi yoona ey'ebiragiro (ICJ) ekakora okuhurira omu bantu boona ebikwatiraine n'ebiragiro bya Israel. Omu kuhurira enshonga ezi, amahanga 24 hamwe n'ebitongore bishatu eby'amahanga goona bikagamba ngu enkora ya Israel neehikaana n'okuhenda ebiragiro by'okwetantara okushoroora omu nganda. Ekitongore kya ICJ ekya 2024 kikashanga ngu okutaahirira kwa Israeli nikureetaho okushoroora kandi nikuhenda ekicweka kya 3 eky'endagaano y'ensi yoona ey'okumaraho okushoroora omu nganda, ekirikuzibira okushoroora omu nganda hamwe n'okushoroora omu nganda. N'obu ekiteiso kya kooti kitarakoresize kigambo "okushoroora omu nganda," abaramuzi bakaba batarikukwatanisa aha nshonga egyo.
Enkoragana y'aheeru y'eihanga
[edit | edit source]Israel eine enkoragana n'amahanga 165 aga UN, Holy See, Kosovo, Cook Islands, hamwe na Niue, kandi neegumizamu n'emirimo yaayo n'amahanga 107. Okwihaho amahanga g'abasiraamu agarikukira obwingi, n'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, amahanga mukaaga ahari 22 agari omu kibiina ky'amahanga g'abaharabu gatungire enkoragana nungi na Israel.
N'obu haraabe hariho endagaano y'obusingye ahagati ya Israel na Egypt, Israel neetwarwa nk'eihanga ry'abazigu omuri Egypt. Iran ekarugayo yaikiriza Israel omu bwire bw'empinduka y'obusiraamu. Abatuuragye ba Israel tibarikubaasa kutaayaayira Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia na Yemen bateine rusa kuruga omu minisiture y'omunda. Ahabw'orutaro rwa Gaza orwa 2008-09, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, hamwe na Venezuela zikemereza enkoragana y'eby'obutegyeki hamwe n'eby'entaasya na Israel, n'obu Bolivia yaagarura busya enkoragana omu 2019.
Eihanga rya Amerika hamwe n'eihanga rya Soviet Union, niryo ryabandize kumanya eihanga rya Israel. Enkoragana n'amahanga ga Soviet Union ekacwekyerezibwa omuri 1967 bwanyima y'orutaro rw'ebiro mukaaga, reero yaagarukaho omuri 1991. Amerika neetwara Israel nk'omukago gwayo ogurikwesigwa omu mahanga g'oburugwa-izooba bwa Middle East, ogurikworekyera aha migasho ya demokurasiya, ediini hamwe n'eby'okwerinda. "America ehereize obuhwezi bwa doora obuhumbi 68 omu by'okurwanisa hamwe n'obuhwezi bwa doora 32 kuruga omuri 1967, okukira amahanga agandi goona omu bwire obwo kuhisya 2003. Bungyereza nereebwa nk'eyine enkoragana nungi na Israel ahabw'obwebembezi bwa Palestine. Omwaka 2007 gutakahikire, Bugirimaani ekaba eshashwire obuhumbi makumi abiri na butaano bwa Yuro omushango gw'okurihirira Israel hamwe n'Abaisraeli abarikubaasa kuhonokaho. Israel eri omu nteekateeka y'ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Buraaya ey'okureeberera amahanga ga buraaya.
N'obu Turkey na Israel zitaratandikireho enkoragana y'amaani kuhisya omuri 1991, Turkey ekwataniise n'eihanga ry'Abayudaaya kuruga erikwikiriza Israel omuri 1949. Enkoragana ekagwa ahansi bwanyima y'orutaro rwa Gaza omuri 2008-2009 hamwe n'okutahirira kw'amahe ga Gaza. Enkoragana ahagati ya Greece na Israel eyeyongyeire kuruga 1995 bwanyima y'okukyendeera kw'enkoragana ya Israel na Turkey. Amahanga abiri gaine endagaano y'okukwatanisa omu by'okwerinda, kandi omuri 2010, amahe ga Israel gakakiira amahe ga Greece. Okucondooza kw'amajuta na gaasi okwa Cyprus na Israel, nikikwatiraine na Leviathan, n'eky'omugasho munonga omuri Greece, kurugiirira aha nkwatanisa yaayo nungi na Cyprus. Okukwatanisa omu kukora waya y'amashanyarazi erikukirayo obwire buraingwa omunsi yoona erikwetwa Eurasia Interconnector, kigumire enkoragana ya Israel na Cyprus.
Azerbaijan n'emwe aha mahanga makye agarikukirayo obwingi g'abasiraamu agateireho enkoragana nungi n'eihanga rya Israel. Kazakhstan nayo eine enkoragana nungi n'eihanga rya Israel. Buhindi ekataho enkoragana nungi na Israel omu mwaka gwa 1992 kandi okuruga obwo etungire enkoragana y'amaani omu by'amahe, tekinorogye hamwe n'eby'obuhangwa n'eihanga eryo. Buyindi niyo erikukizayo kugura ebyoma by'amahe ga Israel, kandi Israeli niyo erikukizayo obuhango omu by'amahe ga Buyindi ahanyima ya Russia. Ethiopia n'omukago gwa Israeli omuri Afirika ahabw'eby'obutegyeki, ediini hamwe n'eby'okwerinda.
Obuhwezi kuruga aheeru
[edit | edit source]Israel eine ebyafaayo by'okuheereza obuhwezi bw'ahonaaho kuruga aheeru hamwe n'obuhwezi bw'abantu omu bwire bw'ebihikiirizi okwetoroora ensi yoona. Omuri 1955 Israel ekatandika enteekateeka yaayo y'obuhwezi kuruga aheeru y'eihanga omuri Burma reero yaagyenda omuri Afirika. Amaani ga Israel g'okuhwera abantu gatandikire omu butongore omuri 1957 n'okutandikaho kwa Mashav, ekitongore kya Israel ekya International Development Cooperation. Omu bwire obu obw'okubanza, obuhwezi bwa Israel bukakora ekicweka kikye ky'obuhwezi bwa Afirika, puroguraamu yaayo ekaba neekora kurungi omu kureetaho omukago murungi, kwonka, ahanyima y'orutaro rwa 1967 enkoragana ekahwaho. Enteekateeka ya Israel ey'obuhwezi kuruga aheeru y'eihanga ekahindura amaani gaayo okugyendera aha Latin America.
Kuruga aha muheru gw'emyaka ya 1970, obuhwezi bwa Israel kuruga aheeru y'eihanga bukyendeire, nobu baraabe batwire nibagyezaho kugaruraho obuhwezi bwabo omuri Afirika. Hariho ebindi bibiina bya Israel ebirikuhwera abantu n'ebindi ebirikukorera hamwe na gavumenti, otwariiremu Isra Aid, ZAKA, The Fast Israeli Rescue and Search Team, Israeli Flying Aid, Save a Child's Heart na Latet. Ahagati ya 1985 na 2015, Israel ekasindika abantu 24 kuruga omu kitongore kyayo ekya Home Front Command omu mahanga abiri na abiri. Obwahati obuhwezi bwa Israel kuruga aheeru y'eihanga buri ahansi omu mahanga ga OCDE, nibushohoza ahansi ya 0. ebicweka ikumi ahari igana by'entaasya yaayo aha buhwezi bw'entunguuka. Eihanga rikatunga omwanya gwa makumi ashatu na munaana omu kitongore ky'ensi yoona eky'okugaba.
Ebyokwerinda
[edit | edit source]Amahe ga Israel Defence Forces (IDF) nigwo kicweka kyonka eky'amahe ga Israel ag'eby'okwerinda. Eihe rya IDF ririmu amahe, amahe g'omu mwanya hamwe n'amahe g'omu nyanja. Kikatandikwaho omu rutaro rw'Abaarabu na Israeli omuri 1948. Eihe rya IDF niryejunisa eby'obugaiga kuruga omu kitongore ky'amahe ekya Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman). Aba IDF bejumbire omu ntaro z'amaani n'obutabanguko aha nsharo, ekirikubareetera kuba rimwe aha mahe agarikukirayo kuba gatendekirwe kurwana omu nsi yoona.
Abaisraeli abaingi nibatwarwa omu mahe aha myaka ikumi na munaana y'obukuru. Abashaija nibaheereza emyaka ebiri n'emyezi munaana, kandi abakazi nibaheereza emyaka ebiri. Ahanyima y'obujunaanizibwa, abashaija ba Israel nibejumba omu mahe g'okurinda kandi buri mwaka nibamara esande nyingi aha murimo gw'okurinda kuhisya aha myaka yaabo makumi ana. Abakazi abaingi tibarikuheebwa mirimo y'okurinda. Abaarabu abatuuragye ba Israel (okwihaho aba druze) hamwe n'abo abarikwejumba omu mishomo y'ediini ey'obutwire, tibarikwikirizibwa, n'obu okurekyerwa kw'abeegi ba yeshiva kubaire nikireetaho obutaikirizana. Abaarabu bakye omuri Israeli nabo nibejumba omu mahe. Ahabw'enteekateeka yaayo y'okuheereza amahe, IDF eine abaserukare 176,500 abarikukora kandi 465,000 abarikugumizamu, ekirikureetera Israel kuba emwe aha bantu abarikukirayo obwingi omu nsi yoona abatendekirwe omu by'amahe.
Amahe nigagyendera munonga aha by'okurwanisa eby'omurembe ebikozirwe omuri Israel hamwe n'ebimwe ebirikuruga aheeru y'eihanga. Mizayiro ya Arrow ni emwe aha mizayiro nkye ezirikukora omunsi yoona. Enkora ya mizayiro eya python ey'omumwanya kuza omumwanya, nizitwarwa nk'ez'omugasho munonga omu byafaayo by'amahe gaayo. Za mizayiro za Israeli eza Spike ni zimwe aha mizayiro ezirikukirayo kugura aheeru y'eihanga. Enkora ya Israel ey'okurwanisa za mizayiro eya Iron Dome ekasiimwa omunsi yoona ahanyima y'okuzibira ebikumi n'ebikumi bya za mizayiro ezaateirwe aba Palestine kuruga omuri Gaza Strip. Kuruga omu rutaro rwa Yom Kippur, Israel ekozire obuheereza bw'eby'okwerinda. Enteekateeka ya Ofeq ehindwire Israel rimwe aha mahanga mushanju agarikubaasa kutwara ebyoma nk'ebyo.
Nikiteekateekwaho ngu Israel eine ebikwato bya nukiriya kandi kurugirira aha ripoota ya 1993, eby'okurwanisa eby'obuhangwa n'eby'obuhangwa. Israel tekataire mukono aha ndagaano y'obutajanjaza ebikwato bya nukiriya kandi neegumizamu n'okukuratira engyenderwaho y'okubuzabuza eby'okurwanisa byaayo ebya nukiriya. Amaato g'amahe ga Israel aga Dolphin nigateekateekwaho kuba gaine za mizayiro za nukiriya ezirikubaasa kuteera omurundi gwa kabiri. Kuruga omu rutaro rwa Gulf omuri 1991, amaka goona omuri Israel nigetengwa kugira ekishengye ky'eby'okwerinda, Merkhav Mugan, ekitarikurabwamu obukooko n'obutwa.
Kuruga obu eihanga rya Israel rikatandikwaho, enshohoza y'amahe ekaba neekora ekicweka kihango ky'ebintu by'omunda omu ihanga eryo, erikuhika aharurengo rwa 30. ebicweka bishatu ahari igana ebya GDP omuri 1975. Omuri 2021,eihanga rya Israel rikaza omumwanya gwa 15 omunsi yoona kurugirira aha nshohoza y'amahe, n'obuhwezi bwa doora 24. obuhumbi bushatu, n'omurundi gwa mukaaga kurugirira aha nshohoza y'eby'okwerinda nk'obucweeka bwa GDP, n'obucweeka 5. ebicweka bibiri ahari igana. Kuruga omuri 1974, Amerika etwire neehayo obuhwezi bw'amahe. Ahansi y'endagaano y'okwetegyerezana eyateirweho omukono omuri 2016, Amerika. S. nikiteekateekwaho kuheereza eihanga doora ishatu. obuhumbi 8 buri mwaka, nainga ebicweka 20 ahari igana by'embaririra ya Israel y'eby'okwerinda, kuruga 2018 kuhisya 2028. Israel ekaba ey'omurundi gwa mwenda omunsi yoona omu kuguza ebikwato omuri 2022. Eby'okurwanisa ebirikukira obwingi ebi Israel erikuguza aheeru y'eihanga tibirikugambwa ahabw'eshonga z'eby'okwerinda. Israel neeguma eri ahansi omu kitongore ky'ensi yoona eky'obusingye, erikuza omu mwanya gwa 133, kuruga omu mahanga 163 omuri 2022.
Enkora y'ebiragiro
[edit | edit source]Israel eine enkora ya kooti ey'emiringo eshatu. Aha rurengo rw'ahansi harimu kooti z'abaramuzi. Ahaiguru yaabo harimu za kooti za disiturikiti, ezirikukora nka kooti z'okujurira hamwe na kooti z'okubanza. Orurengo rw'ahaiguru ni kooti enkuru, eshangwa omuri Yerusaalemu; neekora emirimo ebiri nka kooti enkuru y'okujurira hamwe na kooti enkuru y'ebiragiro.
Enkora y'ebiragiro neegaita engyenderwaho z'ebiragiro ishatu: Engyereza common law, ebiragiro by'abantu buntu hamwe n'ebiragiro by'Abayudaaya. Nikyegamira aha musingye gw'okusharaho oburingaaniza (precedent) kandi n'enkora y'oburingaaniza. Obushwere n'okutaana biri ahansi y'obushoborozi bwa kooti z'ediini: Abayudaaya, Abasiraamu, Abadrusi hamwe n'Abakristaayo. Ebiragiro bya Israel ebikuru: Ekitiinisa ky'abantu n'obugabe, nibirwanirira obugabe n'obugabe bw'abantu omuri Israel.
Eby'entatsya
[edit | edit source]Israel neetwarwa nk'eihanga eririkusingayo entunguuka omuri burengye bw'eizooba bwa Asia hamwe n'oburugwa izooba bwa Middle East omuby'entatsya hamwe n'entunguuka y'amakorero. Okwaikumi 2023, IMF ekateebereza ngu GDP yaayo ekaba eri doora 521. obuhumbi mushanju kandi GDP ya buri muntu eri aha doora 53. enkumi ibiri (omu mwanya gwa ikumi na ishatu omunsi yoona). N'eihanga rya kashatu omu by'obugaiga omuri Asia kurugirira aha ntatsya ya buri muntu kandi niryo riine obugaiga oburikukirayo omu mahanga ga Middle East. Orupapura rwa Economist rukataho eihanga rya Israel nk'erya kana omu by'entaasya omu mahanga agatunguukire omuri 2022. Eihanga eryo niryo riine obuhumbi bwingi omu mahanga ga Middle East kandi niryo riine obuhumbi ikumi na munaana omunsi yoona. Omu myaka etakahwireho,eihanga rya Israel niryo ryabaire n'entunguuka y'amaani omu mahanga agatunguukire. Omuri 2010, ekegaita aha kibiina kya OCDE. Eihanga riri omu mwanya gwa makumi ashatu n'etaano omu kitongore kya banka y'ensi yoona eky'okworobya omu by'obushubuzi. Ebihandiiko ebirikukwata ahaby'entatsya nibikwata aha by'entatsya ya Israel otwariiremu Golan Heights, Jerusalem y'oburugwa izooba hamwe n'obutuuro bwa Israel omuri West Bank.
N'obu eby'obuhangwa birikuba biri bikye, entunguuka y'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa hamwe n'eby'amakorero, ebihereize Israel okwekorera eby'okurya, oihireho eby'okurya n'enyama. Ebintu ebirikuruga aheeru y'eihanga, omuhendo gwa doora 96. obuhumbi butaano omuri 2020, harimu eby'okukoresa, ebyoma by'amahe hamwe n'ebintu ebirikukoresibwa buri kaire. Eby'okuguza aheeru y'eihanga birimu ebyoma, ebikwato,sofutiweya, ebyoma bya dayimanda n'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa; omuri 2020, eby'okuguza aheeru y'eihanga bikahika obuhumbi bwa doora 14. Bank of Israel eine obuhumbi bwa doora 201 omu sente z'aheeru, n'ey'omurundi gwa 17 omunsi yoona. Israel eine eibanja rikye munonga omu mahanga agatunguukire, kandi n'eibanja ry'aheeru omuri 2015 rikaba riri obuhumbi bwa doora 69.
Israel niyo erikukurataho omubare gw'ebitongore ebirikugyenda omu maisho ahanyima ya United States hamwe n'ey'akashatu omubare gw'ebitongore ebirikugyenda omu maisho ahari Nasdaq. N'eihanga eririkwebembera omu nsi yoona omubwingi bw'abantu abatandikireho emirimo yaabo kandi nirikwetwa "Eihanga ry'okutandikaho emirimo.". "Intel na Microsoft bakombeka ebyombeko byabo eby'okubanza eby'okucondooza n'okutunguura omu mahanga g'aheeru omuri Israel.
Wiiki y'okukoreramu n'eya sande kuhisya orwakana (kumara ebiro bitaano) nainga orwakataano (kumara ebiro mukaaga). Omu kukuza Sabbati, orwakataano n'eizooba rikye ahu abantu baingi bari Abayudaaya.
Saayansi na tekinorogiya
[edit | edit source]Okutunguuka kwa tekinorogye omuri Israeli, kireesireho okugyeragyeranisa na Silicon Valley. Israel niyo erikwebembera omunsi yoona omu kushashurira eby'okucondooza n'entunguuka nk'ekicweka kya GDP. N'ey'omurundi gwa ikumi n'etaano omubikwatireine n'okujumbura omunsi yoona omuri 2024. Israel eine abanyasayansi 140, abakugu hamwe na ba ingyiniya ahari buri bakozi 10,000, omuhendo ogurikukirayo omu nsi yoona. Ekitongore kya Israel eky'eby'omumwanya nikyo kirikukwatanisa enteekateeka y'okucondooza ahaby'omumwanya. Shavit n'emotoka erikutwara ebintu omu mwanya ekozirwe eihanga rya Israel, ekirikurugwamu eihanga rya munaana okuba n'obushoboorozi bw'okutwara ebintu omu mwanya. Omuri 2003, Ilan Ramon akahinduka omutambuzi w'omumwanya ow'okubanza kuruga Israel.
Eibura ry'amaizi erikugyenda omu maisho, nirireetaho okujumbura omu by'okurinda amaizi. Enkora y'okwitirira aha maizi, ekatandikwaho omuri Israeli. Ekyoma kya Sorek eky'okwihamu omwonyo, nikyo kyoma ekirikusingayo obuhango omunsi yoona eky'okwihamu omwonyo. Omwaka 2014, enteekateeka y'okwihaho omwonyo ekaba neehereza ebicweka 35 ahari igana by'amaizi g'okunywa, kandi nikiteekateekwaho kuheereza ebicweka 70 ahari igana omwaka 2050. Okuruga omu mwaka gwa 2015, amaizi agarikuhingura obucweka ataano ahari igana agarikukoresibwa omu maka, eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa hamwe n'amakorero, gakozirwe omu buryo bw'obuhangwa.
Israel etandikire kukoresa amashanyarazi ga soora, kandi ba ingyiniya baayo bari aha rurengo rw'ahaiguru omu by'amashanyarazi ga soora. Amaka agarikuhingura 90 ahari igana, nigakoresa amashanyarazi ga soora okutagata amaizi. Kurugirira aha bibaro bya gavumenti,eihanga niribiika ebicweka 8 ahari igana by'amashanyarazi agarikukoresibwa buri mwaka ahabw'okukoresa amashanyarazi ga soora.
Amashanyarazi
[edit | edit source]Ekitongore ky'eby'amashanyarazi ekya Israel kikatandika kukora omwika gw'obuhangwa kuruga omu bibanda byakyo eby'aha rubaju rw'enyanja omu 2004. Okujumburwa kw'eitaka rya Tamari na Leviathan, nikibaasa kureetera Israel obugabe bw'eby'amashanyarazi kumara emyaka nka makumi ataano. Okushohoza eby'obushubuzi kuruga omu musiri gwa Tamara kukatandika omu 2013, n'abantu abarikuhingura 7. obuhumbi butaano bwa mita ezirikukorwa buri mwaka.
Eizooba rya Ketura niryo eizooba rya Israeli ery'okubanza. Ekishaayi kikombekwa omuri 2011, nikiija kukora amashanyarazi agarikwingana gigawatt-hours mwenda buri mwaka, ekireije kukyendeeza amashanyarazi garikwingana meturiki taani 125,000 eza karboni dayokisayidi omu myaka 20.
Eby'engyenda
[edit | edit source]Israel eine oruguuto rwa kiromita 19,224 hamwe n'emotoka obukaikuru bushatu. Omuhendo gw'emotoka ahari buri bantu rukumi n'eshatu na mukaaga, oguri ahansi omu mahanga agatunguukire. Eihanga nirigyenderera kugira ebicweka makumi ashatu by'ebiiruka ebirikukoresa amashanyarazi omwaka 2030 gutakahikire.
Israel eine za baasi 5,715 ezirikukoresa enguuto zaayo. Oruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika niruhika kiromita 1,277 kandi nirukoresibwa ekitongore ky'egaari y'omwika ekya Israel ekya gavumenti. Omuhendo gw'abagyenzi b'egaari y'omwika gweyongyeire kuruga ahari 2. obukaikuru butaano omu 1990 kuhisya obukaikuru 53 omu 2015.
Israel neheebwa ebishaayi by'endegye bishatu eby'ensi yoona: Ben Gurion, ekyabaire nikikora ahari 21. abagyenzi miriyoni emwe omuri 2023, ekishaayi ky'enyonyi ekya Ramon, hamwe n'ekishaayi ky'enyonyi ekya Haifa. Hariho ebishaayi bishatu ebikuru: ekishaayi kya Haifa, ekikuru kandi ekikuru munonga; ekishaayi kya Ashdod; hamwe n'ekishaayi kya Eilat.
Eby'oburambuzi
[edit | edit source]Okukira munonga eby'ediini, n'eby'omugasho. Omuri 2017, rikodi ya 3. abarambuzi miriyoni 6 bakataayaayira eihanga rya Israel, ekyaretsireho obuhumbi 20 omu by'entaasya y'eihanga.
Ebyokwombeka
[edit | edit source]Emihendo y'amaju eri omu kicweka kya kashatu eky'amaani omu mahanga goona, n'emishaara 150 erikwetengwa kugura enju. Okuruga omwaka gwa 2022, hariho nka 2. ebintu miriyoni mushanju omuri Israel. Okuruga omwaka 2021, hakaba hariho eibura ry'amaju agarikuhika nka 200,000, kandi emihendo y'amaju ekaruga aha 5. 6% omuri 2021. Omuri 2021, Abaisraeli bakakora rikodi ya siringi 116. akahumbi kamwe k'amabanja g'amaju, n'okweyongyera kw'obucweka ataano ahari igana kuruga omuri 2020.
Emibare y'abantu
[edit | edit source]Emibare y'abantu Israel niyo erikukirayo obwingi bw'Abayudaaya omunsi yoona kandi niyo eihanga ryonka ahu Abayudaaya barikukira obwingi. Aha muheru gwa 2024, omuhendo gw'abantu gukaba nigubarirwa nka 10.027 obukaikuru. Omuri 2022,gavumenti ekahandiika 73.6% y'abantu ni Abayudaaya, 21.1% nka Abawarabu, na 5.3% nka "Abandi" (Abakristaayo abatari Baarabu hamwe n'abantu abataine diini eri aha rukarara). Omu myaka ikumi ehwaire, abakozi baingi kuruga omuri Romania, Thailand, China, Afirika na Amerika y'amashuuma, batwire omuri Israel. Okuteebereza nikuruga ahari 166,000 kuhisya ahari 203,000, kandi nka 60,000 abafurika abafuruki bakaba bahikire omuri Juuni 2012.
Ebicweka 93 ahari igana by'Abaisraeli nibatuura omu ndembo. 90% z'Abapalestina aba Israel nibatuura omu 139 endembo n'ebyaro ebirimu abantu baingi omu byanga bya Galilaaya, Triangle, hamwe na Negev, kandi ebicweka 10% ebisigaire nibituura omu ndembo n'emyanya y'okutuuramu. Ekitongore kya OCDE omu 2016 kikateebereza ngu amagara g'abantu gakaba gari 82.5 emyaka, niyo 6th-highest omunsi yoona. Abaarabu omuri Israel nibagumaho emyaka 3 na 4 kwonka n'okukira amahanga g'Abaarabu n'abasiraamu. Eihanga niryo riine okuzaara okurikukirayo omu mahanga ga OCDE kandi niryo ryonka eri ahaiguru ya 2.1. Okufuruka kw'Abayudaaya kuruga omuri Israel (yerida), okukira munonga omuri United States na Canada, nikushoboororwaho abakugu omu by'obuhangwa nk'okukye kwonka minisiture za gavumenti ya Israel nizikira kugamba ahari ekyo nk'ekintu kikuru ekirikutiinisa nyensya ya Israel.
Haihi 80% y'Abayudaaya omuri Israel nibazaarwa omuri Israel, 14% n'abafuruki kuruga Europe na America, kandi 6% n'abafuruki kuruga Asia na Africa. Abayudaaya kuruga Buraaya hamwe n'ekyabaireho omukago gwa Soviet Union hamwe n'abaijukuru baabo abazarirwe omuri Israel, otwariiremu n'Abayudaaya aba Ashkenazi, nibakora nka 44% y'Abayudaaya aba Israel. Abayudaaya kuruga omu mahanga g'abaharabu n'abasiraamu hamwe n'abaijukuru baabo, otwariiremu aba Mizrahi hamwe n'aba Sephardi, nibo barikukirayo obwingi omu bantu b'Abayudaaya abasigaire. Omuhendo gw'Abayudaaya abarikushwerana guri ahaiguru ya 35%, kandi okucondooza okuhweireho nikworeka ngu obucweeka bw'Abayudaaya abarikuruga omuri Sephardi na Ashkenazi nibweyongyera na 0.5% buri mwaka, n'abaana abarikuhingura 25% ab'amashomero obwahati nibaruga omu mahanga gombi. Haihi ebicweka bina ahari igana by'Abaisraeli (300,000), omu nganda nibashoboororwa nka "abandi," n'abaijukuru ba Russia kuruga omu maka g'Abayudaaya abatarikuba Abayudaaya kurugirira aha mateeka g'abarabbi, kwonka bakaba baine ebirikwetengyesa kuba abatuuze kurugirira aha mateeka g'okugaruka.
Abaisraeli abarikutuura aheeru y'orunyiriri rwa Green nibarenga 600,000 (~10% ahabwingi bw'Abayudaaya omuri Israel). Omuri 2016, 399,300 Abaisraeli bakaba nibatuura omu myanya y'obutuura omuri West Bank. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, hakaba hariho Abayudaaya abarikuhingura 200,000 abaabaire nibatuura omuri burugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu hamwe na 22,000 omuri Golan Heights. Abaisraeli abarikuhika nka 7,800 bakatuura omu myanya y'okutuuramu omuri Gaza Strip kuhisya obu bafurwirwe nk'emwe aha nteekateeka y'okuruga omuri 2005.
Abaarabu ba Israel (otwariiremu n'Abaarabu abarikutuura omuri burugwa izooba bwa Yerusaalemu hamwe n'omuri Golan Heights) baine abantu 21.1% y'abantu nainga 1,995,000 abantu. Omu kucondooza okwakozirwe omuri 2017, 40% y'Abawarabu abatuuragye ba Israel, baketa "Abaarabu omuri Israel" nainga "Abaarabu abatuuragye ba Israel," 15% baketa "Abapalestina," 8.9% nka "Abapalestina omuri Israeli" nainga "Abapalestina abatuuragye ba Israel," na 8.7% nka "Abaarabu.". Okucondooza okundi kukashanga ngu ebitundu 60% by'Abaarabu omuri Israel biine enteekateeka nungi aha eihanga.
Endembo empango
[edit | edit source]Israel eine ebicweka bina ebikuru: Gush Dan (Ekicweka kikuru ekya Tel Aviv; omuhendo gw'abantu 3,854,000), Yerusaalemu (omuhendo gw'abantu 1,253,900), Haifa (924,400), na Beesheba (377,100). Munisipaliti erikukirayo obuhango, omu bantu hamwe n'omwanya, ni Yerusaalemu, erimu abatuuragye 1,028,366 omu mwanya gwa 125 square kilometers (48 square mi). Ebibaro ebirikukwata ahari Yerusaalemu birimu omuhendo gw'abantu hamwe n'omwanya gw'omuri Yerusaalemu y'oburugwa izooba, omurembe gwayo gurimu entongane z'amahanga goona. Tel Aviv na Haifa n'endembo za Israel ezirikukurataho, ziine abantu 495,230 na 298,312. Orurembo rwa Bnei Brak nirwo rurembo orurikukirayo kubamu abantu baingi omuri Israeli kandi nirumwe aha 10 orurembo orurikukirayo kubamu abantu baingi omunsi yoona.
Israel eine endembo 16 ezirimu abantu abarikuhingura 100,000. Okuruga omwaka 2018 hariho ebicweka 77 ebyahairwe orurengo rwa "munisipaliti" (oba "orurembo") kuruga omu minisiture y'omunda, bina ahari byo biri omu West Bank.
Orurimi
[edit | edit source]Orurimi rukuru n'orurimi rw'Oruheburaayo, kandi nirwo rurimi rukuru orurikugambwa abantu baingi buriizooba. Omwaka gwa 1948 gutakahikire, okuhakanisa orurimi rwa Yiddish kukaba kuri kwingi omu ba Zionist abaabaire nibenda kutunguura orurimi rw'Oruheburaayo nk'orurimi rw'eihanga. Eki kikareetaho ebiragiro bya gavumenti eby'okubanza ebyabaire nibizibira eby'emizaano n'ebitabo by'orurimi rwa Yiddish. Okuhisya omwaka 2018, Oruwarabu nabwo rukaba ruri orurimi rw'obutegyeki, kwonka bwanyima rukagarurwa ahansi nka "orurimi rw'omutaano omu ihanga.". Oruwarabu nirugambwa abaharabu bakye kandi nirwegyesibwa omu mashomero g'abaharabu. Nikyegyesibwa omu mashomero g'Abayudaaya agarikukira obwingi kandi nikikoresibwa aha bubonero n'ebirango by'engyenda.
Ahabw'okufuruka kw'abantu baingi kuruga omuri Soviet Union eya ira hamwe na Ethiopia, Russian na Amharic nizigambwa munonga. Abantu abarikuhingura akakaikuru kamwe abarikugamba orurasha, bakaija ahagati ya 1990 na 2004. Orufaransa nirugambwa abantu nka 700,000 Abaisraeli, abarikukira obwingi kuruga Bufaransa na Africa y'amatemba. Orungyereza rukaba ruri orurimi rw'obutegyeki omu bwire bw'obwebembezi bw'eihanga kandi n'obu rwabaire rutakibaho, rukiriho omurimo ogurikwetegyerezibwa. Abaisraeli abaingi nibagamba gye orungyereza ahabw'empurizagana za terevijoni hamwe n'okwegyesibwa kw'orungyereza omu mashomero ga puraimare.
Ediini
[edit | edit source]Abantu abarikuteekwateekwaho kuba baine ediini kuruga omwaka 2022 bakaba bari 73.5% Abayudaaya, 18.1% Abasiraamu, 1.9% Abakristaayo, 1.6% aba druze, na 4.9% abandi. Enyikiriza y'ediini y'Abayudaaya omuri Israel neetaana munonga: okucondooza okwakozirwe aba Pew Research okwa 2016 nikworeka ngu 49% nibeetwara nka Hiloni (ab'ensi), 29% nka Masorti (ab'eby'obuhangwa), 13% nka Dati (ab'ediini), kandi 9% nka Haredi. Abayudaaya aba Haredi nibateekateekwaho kuba nibajwekyera ebicweka makumi abiri ahari igana by'Abayudaaya omwaka 2028 gurikuza kuhika. Abasiraamu nibo bantu b'ediini bakye abarikukirayo obuhango, barikwingana nk'abantu 18.1% y'abantu boona. Haihi ebicweka 1.9% by'abantu n'abakurisitaayo, kandi 1.6% n'aba druze. Abakurisitaayo abarikukira obwingi n'abaharabu, kwonka harimu n'abafuruki, abakozi abarikuruga aheeru y'eihanga, abakurisitaayo aba Armenia, hamwe n'abakuratsi b'obuhedeni. Ba memba b'amadiini agandi, otwariiremu ababuda n'abahindu, bariyo omu bantu bakye. Omu bantu abarikurenga akakaikuru kamwe abafuruki kuruga omuri Soviet Union eya ira, abarikurenga 300,000 tibarikutwarwa nk'Abayudaaya kuruga omu guruupu y'abeebembezi b'eihanga rya Israel.
Israel n'ekicweka kikuru munonga ekya Eitaka eririkwera, ekyanga ky'omugasho munonga omu madiini ga Ibrahim. Yerusaalemu n'eyomugasho munonga ahabw'Abayudaaya, Abasiraamu, hamwe n'Abakristaayo, ahabw'okuba n'omuka gw'emyanya y'ediini ey'omugasho nka ekisiika ky'oburengyerwa-izooba, orushozi rwa Hekalu (ekishaayi ky'omuzigiti gwa Al-Aqsa), hamwe n'ekanisa y'ekituuro ek Emyanya endiijo y'ediini harimu Nazareesi, Tiberiasi na Safed. Omwanya gw'obwebembezi bw'enyikiriza ya Bahá'í hamwe n'ekigombe kya Báb, nibishangwa aha mwanya gw'ensi yoona ogwa Bahá'í omuri Haifa. Omuzigiti gwa Mahmood nigukwatanisa n'ekibiina kya Ahmadiyya.
Eby'obwegyese
[edit | edit source]Omuri 2015, Israel ekatwara omwanya gwa kashatu omu bammemba ba OCDE ahabw'obucweeka bw'abantu abaine emyaka 25-64 abaabaire batungire obwegyese bw'ahaiguru, n'obucweeka bwa 49% wagyeragyeranisa n'obucweeka bwa OCDE obwa 35%. Omuri 2012, eihanga rikaza omu mwanya gwa kashatu omubwingi bwa diguri z'eby'obwegyese buri muntu.
Israel eine emyaka 16 y'okutuura omu mashomero hamwe n'omuhendo gw'okumanya n'okuhandiika ogwa 97.8%. Abaana abari ahagati y'emyaka eshatu na ikumi na munaana bashemereire kwega. Eby'obwegyese biine emitendera eshatu eya puraimare, eyahaiguru hamwe na siniya. Abeegi bashemereire kukora ebigyezo bya Bagrut kugira ngu batungye ebaruha.
Abantu b'Abayudaaya baine obwegyese bw'ahaiguru, kandi abari ahansi y'ekicweka (46%) baine diguri za sekendure. Abayudaaya omuri Israel abaine emyaka 25 n'okukiraho baine omuhendo gwa 11.6 emyaka y'obwegyese, ekirikubareetera kuba rimwe aha guruupu z'ediini ezirikukirayo obwegyese omu nsi yoona. Omuri 2020, 68.7 ebicweka ikumi na mushanju by'abeegi ba giredi ya ikumi na ibiri, bakatunga satifikeeti y'okuhikiiriza eishomero ryabo erya maturiki.
Obwegyese bwa yunivaasite omuri Israel, nibwo buretsireho entunguuka omu by'entaasya. Israel eine amatendekyero ga gavumenti 9 agarikushashurirwa gavumenti hamwe n'amatendekyero g'abantu buntu 49. Yunivasite y'Abaheburaayo ey'omuri Yerusaalemu, eine eibikiro ry'ebitabo eririkusingayo obuhango omunsi yoona eririkworeka ebirikukwata ahari Abayudaaya n'Abaheburaayo.
Eby'obuhangwa
[edit | edit source]Eby'obuhangwa bwa Israel ebitarikushushana nibiruga omu bantu baayo abatarikushushana, nk'oku abantu b'Abayudaaya kuruga omu byanga ebitarikushushana baizire n'emigyenzo yaabo. Eby'obuhangwa bw'abaharabu nibireebeka omu bintu bingi, otwariiremu eby'okwombeka, eby'okweshongora hamwe n'eby'okurya. Israel niryo eihanga ryonka ahu amagara garikwetoororera aha kalenda y'Abaheburaayo, eririmu ebiro by'okuhuumura hamwe n'eizooba ry'okuhuumura, orwamukaaga, Sabato y'Abayudaaya.
Ebihandiiko
[edit | edit source]Ebihandiiko bya Israeli n'ebitebyo hamwe n'ebihandiiko ebirikuhandiikwa omururimi rw'Oruheburaayo. Omuri 1966, Shmuel Joseph Agnon akasingura ekirabo kya Nobel omu by'obuhandiko. Abahandiiki b'ebitabo abarikumanywa munonga omunsi yoona, harimu Amos Oz, Etgar Keret na David Grossman.
Ebyeshongoro n'amazina
[edit | edit source]Ebyeshongoro bya Israel birimu Mizrahi, Sephardic, Hasidic, Greek, jazz, hamwe na pop rock. Ekibiina ky'okweshongora ekya Israel Philharmonic Orchestra kitwire nikikora kumara emyaka nka 70. Ith Isaac Perlman na Ofra Haza ni bamwe ahabeeshongozi abarikumanywa omunsi yoona abazairwe omuri Israel. Israel eyejumbire omu mpaka za #Eurovision Song Contest haihi buri mwaka kuruga omuri 1973, yaazisinga emirundi ena.
Ebya sineema hamwe n'eby'emizaano
[edit | edit source]Firimu ikumi za Israeli zitoriinwe nka firimu erikukirayo oburungi omu ndimi z'aheeru omu mpaka za Academy Awards. Abarikukora za firimu omuri Israeli n'Abapalestina nabo bakozire za firimu ezirikukwata aha rutaro rw'Abaarabu na Israeli. Israel eine eby'emizaano ebirikugyenda omu maisho, ebirikugumizamu n'emigyenzo y'amaani y'eby'emizaano ya Yiddish omuri buraya y'oburugwa izooba. Habima Theatre ekatandikwaho omuri 1918 omuri Tel Aviv, niyo teyatare y'eihanga erikukirayo obukuru omuri Israel. Teature ezindi ez'omutaano harimu Ohel, Cameri, hamwe na Gusher.
Eby'emikono
[edit | edit source]Eby'emikono by'Abayudaaya omuri Israel, bikwatiriine n'ebya Kabbalah, Talmud, hamwe na Zohar. Ekibiina ekindi ekirikumanywa munonga n'eishomero rya Paris. Aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19 n'okutandika kw'ekyasha kya 20, ebishushani omuri Yishuvu bikaba nibirugirira ahari Bezalel. Bwanyima,abateezi b'ebishushani b'omubyaro bakegyesibwa munonga ebishushani by'Abafaransa eby'omurembe. Enshonga eza buriijo omu by'emikono omuri Israel harimu endembo ezitarikwetegyerezibwa, eby'obuhangwa bwa bohemia, emboozi za baiburi hamwe n'entaro. Eriizooba, ebishushani bya Israeli birimu ebishushani by'amaisho, eby'obuhangwa, eby'emikutu hamwe n'okukoresa omwonyo omu bishushani.
Eby'okwombeka
[edit | edit source]Ahabw'okufuruka kw'Abayudaaya, eby'okwombeka omuri Israeli nibyoreka emiringo etari emwe. Omu kutandika kw'ekyasha kya 20,Abayudaaya bakagyezaho okugaita emiringo y'ebyombeko y'amahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba hamwe n'ey'oburugwa-izooba, barikutandikaho ebyombeko ebirikworeka okutabagana kw'emitwarize. Omuringo gw'eby'obuhangwa gukahwaho nigureetwa omuringo gw'eby'omurembe ogwa Bauhaus, ogwaretsirwe abahangu b'Abayudaaya omuri Bugirimaani nka Erich Mendelsohn abairukire okuhiiganisibwa kw'Abanazi. Orurembo rwa Tel Aviv orurikwera n'orurembo rw'eby'obuhangwa kuruga omu kitongore ky'eby'obuhangwa ekya UNESCO. Bwanyima y'okwetegyeka kwa Israel, purogyekiti za gavumenti enyingi zikombekwa omu muringo gw'obushaarizi, n'ekigyendererwa ky'okukoresa simenti n'okumanya embeera y'obwire y'omu ihamba.
Ebiteekateeko ebisya bingi, nk'ekiteekateeko kya Garden City, bikateebwa omu nkora omu ndembo za Israel. Enteekateeka ya Geddes eya Tel Aviv ekamanyibwa munonga omu nsi yoona ahabw'obuhangwa bwayo n'oburungi bwayo aha mbeera y'obwire. Enkora ya kibbutzim nayo ekoreka enteekateeka, nk'enteekateeka ya Nahalal kibbutz eya Richard Kauffmann.
Amahurire
[edit | edit source]Amahurire omuri Israel gatarikushushana kandi nigooreka abantu b'eihanga eryo abatarikushushana. Orupapura rw'amakuru orurikumanywa munonga harimu orwa bumosho orwa Haretz, orwahagati orwa Yedioth Ahronoth, hamwe n'orwahagati orwa buryo orwa Israel Hayom. Hariho n'emikutu ya terevijoni mikuru mingi erikuheereza abantu b'emiringo etari emwe, kuruga aha rurimi rwa Russia Channel 9 kuhisya aha rurimi rw'Oruwarabu Kan 33. Ripoota y'ekitongore kya Freedom House eya 2024 ekashanga ngu abanyamahurire omuri Israel "b'amaani kandi baine obugabe kuhakanisa ebiragiro bya gavumenti. "Kwonka, omu kitongore ky'obugabe bw'amahurire ekya 2024 ekya Reporters Without Borders, Israel ekaba ey'omurundi gwa 101 kuruga omu mahanga 180, eya kabiri omuri Middle East na North Africa. Ekitongore ky'abanyamakuru ekya Reporters Without Borders kikagira ngu amahe ga Israel gakaita abanyamakuru abarikurenga igana omuri Gaza. Ripoota ekagira ngu kuruga orutaro rwa Gaza, Israel etwire negyezaho kuremesa amahurire kuruga omu kicweka ekirikuzingiza, kandi amakuru agatahikire gatuura omu mikutu yaayo. " Omu kwakataano kwa 2024, Israel ekakingiraho ofiisi za Al Jazeera. Kurugirira aha kakiiko akarikurinda abanyamahurire, Israel ekaba eri eihanga rya kabiri omu nsi yoona omu kukwata abanyamakuru omuri 2024 kandi ekaba neejunanizibwa aha bantu baingi abaisirwe omunsi yoona.
Eby'okureeberaho eby'obuhangwa
[edit | edit source]Israel niyo eine omuhendo gw'eby'okureeberaho eby'obuhangwa oguri ahaiguru munonga omu nsi yoona. Israel Museum omuri Yerusaalemu n'emwe aha myanya y'eby'obuhangwa ey'omugasho omu ihanga. Nikirimu emizingo ya Dead Sea hamwe n'ebishushani by'Abayudaaya n'abazungu. Yad Vashem n'ekitebe kikuru ky'ensi yoona eky'amakuru agarikukwata aha butemu. ANU - Museum of the Jewish People n'eky'okureeberaho ekirikukwata aha byafaayo by'amahanga g'Abayudaaya okwetoroora ensi yoona.
Eby'okureeberaho eby'obuhangwa bingi omuri Israeli bihaireyo aha buhangwa bw'obusiraamu, otwariiremu eby'okureeberaho eby'obuhangwa ebya Rockefeller hamwe n'eby'okureeberaho eby'obuhangwa bwa L. A. Eitendekyero ry'eby'emikono erya Mayer omuri Yerusaalemu. Ekitebe kya Rockefeller Museum nikyega munonga ebisigaire kuruga omu byafaayo by'oburugwa-izooba bwa Middle East kandi n'omuka gw'ekifuba ky'omuntu eky'okubanza ekyasangirwe omuri Asia y'oburengyerwa-izooba, ekirikumanywa nka Galilee Man.
Eby'okurya
[edit | edit source]Eby'okurya bya Israel birimu eby'okurya by'omubyaro hamwe n'eby'okurya by'Abayudaaya ebirikureetwa abafuruki. Ebyokurya ebirikukwatanisa bitandikire, okukira munonga kuruga omu myaka ya 1970, ebirikukoresa emiringo y'okuteeka eya Mizrahi, Sephardi, na Ashkenazi. Nikitwariramu n'ebyokurya ebirikuriibwa omu buhangwa omuri Levantine, Abaarabu, Middle Eastern, hamwe na Mediterranean, nka falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, hamwe na za'tar. Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, omuceeri, hamwe na saladi nazo nizikira kubaho. Ekicweka kimwe kya kabiri ky'Abayudaaya nibarya kosher omuka.
Eby'okurya ebya kosher nibikora nka kimwe kya kana ky'eby'okurya byona kuruga 2015. N'obu enyama y'empunu yaaba etarikwikirizibwa omu buyudaaya n'obusiraamu, nekorwa kandi ekariibwa omuri Israel, okukira munonga omu myanya y'abakristaayo omu matemba. Ebyokurya ebindi ebitari bya kosher ebirikukorerwa n'okuriibwa omuri Israeli harimu obumyu, obusheru, hamwe n'ebyenyanja ebitari bya kosher.
Emizaano
[edit | edit source]Emizaano erikukirayo kukundwa abareebi omuri Israel n'omupiira gw'ebigyere hamwe n'omupiira gw'enseru. Riigi y'omupiira gw'ebigyere eya Israeli niyo erikukirayo oburungi omu ihanga, hamwe n'ey'omupiira gw'enseru eya Israeli niyo erikukirayo oburungi. Maccabi Haifa, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Hapoel Tel Aviv na Beitar Jerusalem nizo kiraabu z'omupiira ezirikukirayo obuhango. Maccabi Tel Aviv, Maccabi Haifa na Hapoel Tel Aviv zihababire omu mpaka za UEFA Champions League kandi Hapoel Tel Aviv yahika aha 'quarter' za UEFA Cup. Israel ekataayayisa kandi yahangura ekikopo kya AFC ekya Asia ekya 1964; omuri 1970 tiimu y'eihanga ey'omupiira ey'eihanga ey'eihanga rya Israel ekahika aha kikopo ky'ensi yoona ekya FIFA, omurundi gwonka ogwabaire neetabamu. Emizaano ya Asia eya 1974 eyabaire omuri Tehran, niyo mizaano y'ahamuheru omuri Asia ei Israel yaabaire neetabamu, erikuteganisibwa amahanga g'abaharabu agaayanga kuhakahakana na Israel. Israel ekabingwa omu mizaano ya Asia omuri 1978 kandi kuruga obwo terikuza kwejumba omu mizaano ya Asia. Omuri 1994, UEFA ekaikiriza kwikiriza Israel, kandi tiimu zaayo z'omupiira gw'ebigyere obwahati nizivuganya omuri Buraaya. Maccabi Tel Aviv B. C. asingire empaka z'omupiira gw'enseru eza buraaya emirundi mukaaga.
Israel esingire emidaari 20 kuruga obu yaasingura omuri 1992, otwariiremu n'omudaari gwa zaabu omukuvuga aha muyaga omu mizaano ya orimpikisi eya 2004 hamwe n'emidaari mushanju omu mizaano ya orimpikisi eya 2024 omuri Paris yonka. Israel esingire emidaari y'ezaabu erikurenga igana omu mizaano ya Paralympic kandi eri omumwanya gwa makumi abiri omubare gw'emidaari y'ebiro byona. Empaka za Paralympics eza 1968 zikakorwa Israel. Emizaano ya Maccabiah, omuzaano ogurikushushana n'ogwa orimpiki ahabw'abairuki b'Abayudaaya n'Abaisraeli, gukatongozibwa omu myaka ya 1930, kandi gutwire nigukorwa buri myaka ena kuruga obwo. Krav Maga, omuringo gw'okurwanisa ogwakozirwe ab'enganda z'Abayudaaya, nigukoresibwa ab'eby'okwerinda hamwe na poriisi ya Israel.
Chess n'omuzaano ogurikukirayo oburungi. Hariho abazaani b'omupiira baingi omu ihanga rya Israel, kandi abazaani b'omupiira gw'ebikonde omu ihanga rya Israel, basingire empaka z'ensi yoona ez'eminyeeto. Israel neekora empaka z'ensi yoona eza chess eza buri mwaka kandi ekakora empaka z'ensi yoona eza chess eza tiimu omuri 2005.