Wp/nyn/Iraq
Iraq,[b] omu butongore Republic of Iraq,[c] n'eihanga omuri West Asia. Eriine ensharo na Saudi Arabia omu mashuma, Turkey omu matemba, Iran omu burugwa izooba, Persian Gulf na Kuwait omu burugwa izooba bw'amashuma, Jordan omu burugwa izooba bw'amashuma, na Syria omu burengyerwa izooba. Eihanga ririkwingana square kilometres 438,317 (169,235 sq mi) kandi riine abantu abarikurenga obukaikuru 46, ekirikurihindura erya 58 omu ihanga eririkusingayo obuhango kandi erya 31 omu ihanga eririkusingayo abantu omu nsi yoona. Baghdad, orikutuurwamu abantu abarikurenga obukaikuru 8, niryo rurembo orukuru kandi orurikusingayo obuhango omu ihanga.
Okutandika omu kyasha kya 6 BC, ebisharara by'orwezo ahagati y'omugyera Tigris na Euphrates omuri Iraq, ebirikwetwa Mesopotamia, bikareetaho okutandika kw'endembo z'okubanza, eby'obuhangwa, hamwe n'obutegyeki oburikwetwa Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, hamwe na Assyria. Mesopotamia ekamanywa nk'omwanya ogurikurugwamu eby'obuhangwa, ekareetaho okujumbura kw'empandiika, okubara, okutamburira aha maizi, okurinda obwire, kalenda, okuraguza enyonyoozi, ekigaari, obwato, hamwe n'ebiragiro. Bwanyima y'okutahirirwa kw'Abasiraamu omuri Mesopotamia, Baghdad rukahinduka orurembo orukuru orwa Abbasid Caliphate kandi orurembo rw'ensi yoona orw'eby'obuhangwa n'obwengye omu bwire bw'obugabe bw'Abasiraamu, orurembo orwabaire rurimu ebitongore nka House of Wisdom. Bwanyima ya Baghdad kucwekyerezibwa Abamongoli omuri 1258, Iraq ekatandika kutegyekwa obutegyeki oburikukurataho, kandi kuruga omu kyasha kya 16 kuhisya omu kyasha kya 20, ekaba neetegyekwa omu nkora ya Ottoman nk'ekicweka ekirikwetwa ‘Ekicweka kya Iraq’. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, Iraq eine omugasho gw'ediini omu Bukristaayo, Obuyudaaya, Yazidism, hamwe na Mandaeism.
Kuruga aha kwetegyeka omuri 1932, Iraq etungire obuhangwa bw'amaani omu by'entaasya hamwe n'amahe hamwe n'obwire bw'obutabanguko hamwe n'obutabanguko. Ekaba eri ekicweka ky'obutegyeki bwa Ottoman kuhisya aha muheru gw'orutaro rw'ensi yoona orw'okubanza. Iraq eyabaire eri omu butegyeki bw'Abangyereza ekatandikwaho omuri 1921. Ekahinduka obugabe bw'okwetegyeka omuri 1932. Bwanyima y'okurwanisa obutegyeki omuri 1958, Iraq ekahinduka eihanga, erikubanza kwebemberwa Abdul Karim Qasim, akakurataho Abdul Salam Arif na Abdul Rahman Arif. Ekibiina kya Ba'ath kikatwara obutegyeki omuri 1968, kyatandikaho eihanga ry'ekibiina kimwe ahansi ya Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr kandi bwanyima ya Saddam Hussein, owabaire naayebembera orutaro rw'okurwanisa Iran kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1988 kandi bwanyima yaatahirira Kuwait omuri 1990. Omuri 2003, amahe ga Amerika gakatahirira kandi gaataaha omuri Iraq, gaahamba Saddam kandi gaareetaho obutabanguko hamwe n'obutabanguko bw'enganda. Orutaro oru, orurikumanywa nka Orutaro rwa Iraq, rukahwa omuri 2011. Kuruga 2013 kuhisya 2017, Iraq ekatunga orutaro orundi n'okweyongyera kw'ekibiina kya Islamic State. Eriizooba, obutabanguko bw'orutaro bwahwaire aha rurengo rukye, burikuremesa obutebekana hamwe n'okweyongyera kw'amaani ga Iran.
Eihanga rya Iraq, eririkwetwa federal parliamentary republic, niriteekateekwaho nk'eryabaire riri omu maani g'ahagati. N'obutuuro bw'abantu batarikushushana, eby'obuhangwa hamwe n'enyamaishwa. Aba Iraq abarikukira obwingi n'Abasiraamu, kandi abantu bakye abarikukira obwingi harimu Abakristaayo, Abamanda, Abayazidi, Abayarsani hamwe n'Abayudaaya. Aba Iraq baine enganda nyingi; abarikukira obwingi n'Abaharabu, hamwe n'Abakurdi, Abaturkmen, Abayazidi, Abasiria, Aba Armaniya, Abadomu, hamwe n'Abashabaki. Oruharabu hamwe n'Orukurdi n'endimi z'obutongore omuri Iraq, kandi Suret, Oruturuki hamwe n'Orumanda nizigambwa omu byanga. Iraq, erimu kimwe aha by'obugaiga bw'amajuta omu nsi yoona, eine eby'amajuta n'omwika gw'amajuta. Kandi n'eky'okureeberaho omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa hamwe n'oburambuzi. Obwahati, Iraq eriyo neeyombeka n'obuhwezi bw'aheeru.
Eiziina
[edit | edit source]Eiziina riragambwaho kuba riraruga omu rurembo rwa Sumerian orwa Uruk, ekirikumanyisa ngu riraruga omu rurimi rwa Sumerian.
Eiziina al-ʿIrāq rikaba riri eiziina ry'omwanya omu by'obutegyeki omu by'obutungi bwa Arabu ebya ira. Omuhandiiki w'ebitabo by'obutegyeki omu kyasha kya mukaaga Adi ibn Zayd, kuruga omu kikaari kya Lakhmid[[1] omuri al-ḥirah, akakoresa eiziina omu by'obutegyeki, arikugamba aha "abantu ba Iraq" (ahl al-ʿIrāq),[2] kandi omu by'obutegyeki, arikugamba aha "omwanya gwa Iraq" (ṣaḥn al-ʿIrāq).[3][4] Owaabaire ariho omu bwire bwe, Imrù al-Qais, akakoresa eiziina omu by'obutegyeki, arikugamba aha "by'okurya bingi bya Iraq" (ṭaʿām al-ʿIrā[5] al-mustafīḍ) hamwe n'aha "kiteteyi kya Iraq" (ḥawkk al-ʿIrā[6] al-munammaq), kandi omu by'obutegyeki, arikugamba ngu "obugabe bwe nibuhika kuruga Iraq kuhika Oman" (lahu mulk al-ʿIrā[7] ilā ʿUmān).[8] Okukoresa oku kukagumizamu omu bwire bw'obukristaayo. Omuhandiiki w'ebitabo by'obutegyeki ow'omu kyasha kya ikumi al-Maqdisi, arikurwanirira okukoresa kwe kwa "Iraq" omu mwanya gwa Babuloni eya ira, akagira ngu niryo iziina ryonka eryabaire nirikoresibwa omu bwire bwe. Akagamba aha ky'okuree[9] eky'okureeberaho kya Abu Bakr, owaagambirweho kugira ngu, "Ahabwa Ruhanga kuhikiiriza obusinguzi, nobu bwakuba obuhango bw'engaro, omu kicweka ky'Oburungi aha mukono gwangye, nikinkunda munonga kukira disiturikiti kuruga omu disiturikiti za Iraq" (rustāq min rasātīq al-ʿIrā[10] al-mustafīḍ).
Omu bwire bw'obutegyeki bw'obuhangwa, hakaba hariho ekicweka ekyabaire nikyetwa ʿIrāq ʿArabī ("Iraq y'Abaarabu") omuri Mesopotamia hamwe na ʿIrāq ʿAjamī ("Iraq y'Abaperesi"),[25] omu kicweka ekiriho hati omuri Iraq eya rwagati na ey'oburengyerwa-izooba.[25] Kurugirira aha bahandiiki b'ebyafaayo abamwe, eiziina eryo rikaba ririmu ekisharara ekiri ahansi y'enshozi za Hamrin kandi ritarimu ebicweka by'oburengyerwa-izooba n'eby'oburengyerwa-izooba by'ekicweka kya Iraq eky'obunaku obu.[26] Kwonka, okushoboorora okw'obunaku obu okw'obuhango bwa Iraq kukaba nikutaana. Nk'eky'okureeberaho, omuhandiiki w'ebitabo by'obutegyeki ow'omu kyasha kya 13 Yaqut al-Hamawi, akashoboorora Iraq nk'erikwingana "okuruga Mosul kuhika Abadan omu rurengyerwa-izooba, hamwe n'okuruga Al-Qadisiyyah kuhika Halwan omu burengyerwa-izooba".[27] Ebyasha bitakahikire ahagati y'ekyasha kya 19, eiziina Eyraca Arabica rikaba nirikira kukoresibwa kushoboorora Iraq.[28][29] Eiziina Sawad nakyo kikaba nikikoresibwa omu bwire bw'obutegyeki bw'obuhangwa kushoboorora ekicweka ky'ekisharara ky'omugyera Tigris hamwe n'ogwa Euphrates.
Nk'ekigambo ky'orurabu, عraq ʿirāq nikimanyisa "ekikondo", "enyanja", "orubaju", nainga "orubaju", n'ahabw'ekyo ngu eiziina rikaruga omu kuvunuura kwa buriijo rikaba nirishoborora "orubaju", nk'orw'amashuuma n'oburugwa izooba bwa Jazira Plateau, eririkukora orubaju rw'amatemba na burengyerwa izooba bwa "al-Iraq arabi" omwanya.[30] Okuvunuura kw'orurabu ni [ʕiˈrɑːq]. Omu rungyereza, nikibaasa kuba /ɪˈrɑːk/ (okuvunuura kwonka okurikworekwa omu kitabo kya Oxford English Dictionary kandi okw'okubanza omu kitabo kya Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary[31]) nainga /ɪˈrék/ (okw'okubanza omu kitabo kya MQD, American Heritage Dictionary,[32] nainga Random House Dictionary.[33])
Abangyereza ku baataireho omugabe w'Abahashemite ebiro 23 Okwamunaana 1921, Faisal I owa Iraq, eiziina ry'orungyereza ery'ekihandiiko rik[ahinduka kuruga Mesopotamia kuhika aha iziina ry'omunda Iraq.[34] Kuruga Okwakana 1992, eiziina ry'ekihandiiko ry'eihanga rikaba "Republic of Iraq" (Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq), rikahamibwa omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 2005.[35][36][37]
Ebyafaayo
[edit | edit source]Iraq neekwatanisa n'ekicweka kya Mesopotamia eky'obuhangwa, ekirikukira kwetwa ekiibo ky'obuhangwa. Ebyafaayo bya Mesopotamia nibitandika n'omu bwire bwa Lower Paleolithic, n'entunguuka y'amaani erikugumizamu kurabira omu kutandikaho kw'obutegyeki bwa Caliphate aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 7 AD, bwanyima ekyanga kikamanywa nka Iraq.
Omuri Iraq harimu eitaka rya Mesopotamia erya ira, eryatandikire ahagati y'omwaka 6000 na 5000 BC omu bwire bwa Neolithic Ubaid period.[38] Mesopotamia neemanywa nk'obuhangwa bw'ensi yoona obwabandize, oburikworeka entandikwa y'entunguuka y'endembo, orurimi oruhandiikirwe, hamwe n'ebyombeko by'amaani.[38] Eitaka rya Iraq ririmu n'emyanya y'obutegyeki bwa Akkadian, Neo-Sumerian, Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, hamwe na Neo-Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, hamwe na Neo-Babylonian, obwabaire nibutegyeka Mesopotamia hamwe n'ebicweka bingi bya Ancient Near East omu bwire bwa Bronze na Iron Ages.[38]
Iraq eya ira ekaba eri ekyombeko ky'obuhangwa, erikukora endimi z'okuhandiika, ebitabo, hamwe n'entunguuka y'amaani omu by'enyonyoozi, okubara, ebiragiro, hamwe n'obufirosoofo. Obutegyeki bw'enzaarwa bukahendera omuri 539 BC[1] obu Obutegyeki bwa Neo-Babylonian bwasingurwa Obutegyeki bwa Achaemenid ahansi ya Cyrus the Great, owaayehaireyo nk'omugabe wa Babulooni. Orurembo Babulooni, entebe y'obutegyeki bwa Babulooni eya ira, rukahinduka emwe aha ndembo enkuru z'Obutegyeki bwa Achaemenid. Iraq eya ira, erikwetwa Mesopotamia, n'omuka gw'abantu b'Abayudaaya ab'okubanza, abaabaire barugire omu buzaahe bwa Babulooni.