Wp/nyn/Ethiopia
| part of | East Africa  |
|---|---|
| inception | 21 August 1995 |
| official name | la République démocratique fédérale d’Éthiopie |
| native label | የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ, Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Repabliikii Itoophiyaa, ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ, Toophphiya Federaalle Dimokkiraase Ripaabilike |
| IPA transcription | ɛtɪˈuːpɪɑ |
| official language | Amharic |
| anthem | March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia |
| culture | culture of Ethiopia |
| motto text | Land of origins, Gwlad y tarddu |
| continent | Africa |
| country | Ethiopia |
| capital | Addis Ababa |
| located in time zone | UTC+03:00, East Africa Time, Africa/Asmara |
| located in/on physical feature | East Africa |
| coordinate location | 9°0′0″N 40°0′0″E |
| coordinates of easternmost point | 8°0′4″N 48°0′3″E |
| coordinates of northernmost point | 14°52′48″N 37°54′0″E |
| coordinates of southernmost point | 3°24′14″N 39°33′9″E |
| coordinates of westernmost point | 7°56′41″N 32°59′53″E |
| geoshape | Data:Ethiopia.map |
| highest point | Ras Dashen |
| lowest point | Danakil Depression |
| basic form of government | federal republic |
| office held by head of state | President of Ethiopia |
| head of state | Taye Atske Selassie |
| office held by head of government | Prime Minister of Ethiopia |
| head of government | Abiy Ahmed |
| executive body | Government of Ethiopia |
| legislative body | Federal Parliamentary Assembly |
| central bank | National Bank of Ethiopia |
| currency | bir |
| driving side | right |
| hashtag | Ethiopia |
| top-level Internet domain | .et |
| flag | flag of Ethiopia |
| coat of arms | Emblem of Ethiopia |
| geography of topic | geography of Ethiopia |
| has characteristic | not-free country |
| history of topic | history of Ethiopia |
| patron saint | Saint George |
| economy of topic | economy of Ethiopia |
| demographics of topic | demographics of Ethiopia |
| mobile country code | 636 |
| telephone country code | +251 |
| trunk prefix | 0 |
| emergency phone number | 911, 907, 939, 991 |
| licence plate code | ETH |
| maritime identification digits | 624 |
| Unicode character | 🇪🇹 |
| category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of Ethiopia |
Ethiopia, omu butongore Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, n'eihanga eritarikuhika aha nyanja eririkushangwa omu kicweka kya Horn of Africa omuri burugwa izooba bwa Africa. Neegabana ensharo na Eritrea omu matemba gaayo, Djibouti omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba, Somalia omu burugw'izooba, Kenya omu mashuuma, Sudan y'amashuuma omu burengyerwa-izooba na Sudan omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba. Ethiopia eine eitaka eririkwingana kiromita 1,104,300 (426,400 sq mi). [1] Okuruga omuri 2024, eine abantu miriyoni 128, ekirikugihindura eihanga rya ikumi na ishatu eririmu abantu baingi omu nsi yoona, erya kabiri eririmu abantu baingi omuri Afirika ahanyima ya Nigeria, hamwe n'eihanga eririmu abantu baingi eritaine nyanja omu nsi yoona. [1] Orurembo orukuru rw'eihanga kandi orurembo orurikukirayo obuhango, Addis Ababa, nirushangwa kiromita nyingi omu burengyerwizooba bwa East African Rift valley erikugabanisamu eihanga omuri African and Somali tectonic plates. [1]
Abantu ab'omurembe gw'obuhangwa, bakaruga omuri Ethiopia eya hati, baagyenda omuri Near East hamwe n'ahandi omu bwire bwa Middle Paleolithic. [15],[16],[17],[18],[19] Omuri 980 BC,Obukama bwa D'mt bukongyera obutegyeki bwabwo omuri Eritrea hamwe n'omumatemba ga Ethiopia, kandi Obukama bwa Aksum bukaguma nibukwatanisa omu by'obuhangwa omu kyanga ekyo kumara emyaka 900. Obukristaayo bukakwatwa obugabe omuri 330, kandi obusiraamu bukaija obu Hijra y'okubanza yaizire omuri 615. [21st] Ahanyima y'okugwa kwa Aksum omuri 960,obugabe bwa Zagwe bukategyeka ebicweka by'amatemba ga Ethiopia kuhisya obu bukasingwa Yekuno Amlak omuri 1270, bwatandikaho obutegyeki bwa Ethiopia hamwe n'obugabe bwa Solomonic, obwabaire nibugira ngu nibukomooka ahari Sulemaani owa Baibuli hamwe n'omugabekazi wa Sheba Omu kyasha kya 14, obutegyeki bukakura omu kitiinisa kurabira omu kushanjuura ebyanga n'okurwanisa ebyanga ebirikwetorwaire; okukira munonga, orutaro rwa Ethiopia na Adal (15291543) rukareetaho okwebaganisamu kw'obutegyeki, ekyarugiremu kugwa ahansi y'obutegyeki oburikumanywa nka Zemeene Mesafint Omugabe Tewodros II akamaraho zemene Mesafint aha ntandikwa y'obutegyeki bwe omuri 1855, ekyaretsireho okukwatanisa hamwe n'okutunguura Ethiopia. [227]
Okuruga 1878 n'okweyongyeraho, Omugabe Menelik II akatandikaho obuhanguzi oburikumanywa nka Menelik's Expansions, ekyarugiremu okutandikaho ensharo ya Ethiopia eriho hati. Aheeru y'eihanga, aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19,Ethiopia ekeesherekyerera okurwanisa abaserukare, otwariiremu Egypt na Italy; nk'ekyarugiremu,Ethiopia ekarinda obugabe bwayo omu bwire bw'obutabanguko bwa Afirika. Omuri 1936,Ethiopia ekatwarwa Italy eya Fascist reero ekakwatanisibwa na Eritrea hamwe na Somaliland eyabaire eri omu mikono ya Italy, bwanyima ekakora Italy East Africa. Omuri 1941, omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, ekatwarwa amahe ga Bungyereza, kandi okwetegyeka kwayo kukagarurwaho omuri 1944 bwanyima y'obwire bw'obwebembezi bw'amahe. Derg, ekitongore ky'amahe ekirikuhagirwa aba Soviet, kikatwara obutegyeki omuri 1974 bwanyima y'okwihaho omugabe Haile Selassie hamwe n'obugabe bwa Solomon, kandi kikategyeka eihanga kumara emyaka nka 17 ahagati y'orutaro rw'omunda omuri Ethiopia. Bwanyima y'okusharurwaho kwa Derg omuri 1991,Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) ekategyeka eihanga n'engyenderwaho nsya hamwe n'obutegyeki oburikugyendera aha nganda. Kuruga obwo,Ethiopia etwire nebonabona ahabw'obutabanguko bw'enganda n'obutabanguko bw'eby'obutegyeki oburetsirweho enkora y'obugabe bw'okusharamu. Kuruga 2018, ebibiina by'obutegyeki eby'omubyanga hamwe n'eby'enganda bikakora obutabanguko bw'embundu omu ntaro nyingi ezirikugyenda omu maisho omuri Ethiopia. [23]
Ethiopia n'eihanga eririmu enganda nyingi, eririmu enganda ezitarikushushana ezirikurenga 80. Obukristaayo niryo diini erikukirayo kukoresibwa omu ihanga, erikukirayo obuhango n'ekanisa ya Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo. Bwanyima y'obukurisitaayo,Ethiopia eine abantu bakye abarikukuratira obusiraamu n'obucweeka bukye abarikukuratira enyikiriza z'enzaarwa. Eihanga eryo eririkwetegyeka niryo ryatandikireho ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine, guruupu ya 24, ekibiina kya Non-Aligned Movement, guruupu ya 77, hamwe n'ekitongore kya African Unity. Addis Ababa n'ekitebe kikuru ky'ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika, ekitongore kya Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, ekitongore ky'amahanga geeteeraine ekirikureeberera eby'entaasya omuri Afirika, ekitongore kya African Standby Force hamwe n'ebitongore ebitari bya gavumenti ebirikureeberera Afirika. Ethiopia ekaba memba w'amahanga ga BRICS omuri 2024. [25],Ethiopia n'emwe aha mahanga agatunguukire munonga, kwonka obumwe neetwarwa nk'eihanga eririkukizayo, [25], [26], eririkutunguuka munonga omu by'entaasya omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Sahara, ahabw'okusiga sente z'aheeru omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa; eby'obuhingi n N'obu ebyentatsya ya Ethiopia etungire entunguuka erikugumaho, kurugirira aha ntatsya ya buri muntu hamwe n'entunguuka y'abantu, eihanga rigumire riri omuri abooro abarikukirayo omu Africa. [27] Ethiopia eine oburemeezi bwingi, otwariiremu obworo bwingi, okutyoboora obugabe bw'abantu, okushoroora omu nganda, hamwe n'okushoma n'okuhandiika kwa 52%. [28][29][30].
Enkora y'ebigambo
[edit | edit source]Reeba n'ekindi: Aethiopia
Ebyafaayo bya Ethiopia nibigamba ngu eiziina Ethiopia (ኢ Ethiopia) niruruga aha iziina ry'omugabe w'okubanza owa Ethiopia, Ethiopi, nainga Ethiopi.
Ayele Berkerie naashoboorora ati:
Kurugirira aha migyenzo ya Ethiopia, ekigambo Ethiopia nikuruga aha kigambo Ethiopi, eiziina ry'omugabe wa Ethiopia, owa mushanju omu runyiriri rw'abaijukuru. Metsafe Aksum nainga ekitabo kya Ethiopia ekya Aksum nikyoreka Itiops nk'omugabe wa ikumi na ibiri owa Ethiopia kandi ishe wa Aksumawi. Abaethiopia nibarangirira Ethiopia titiöpiya n'eiraka rya Sades nainga ery'omukaaga, nk'oku kirikugambwa omuri incorporate kandi graph teine ekirikushushana omu girafu y'orungyereza nainga ey'Orulatini. Ethiopi nikiteekateekwaho kuba ari omwijukuru wa Adamu ow'omurundi gwa ikumi na ibiri. Ishe ni Kush, kwonka ishenkuru ni Kam.
Omu kitabo kya Ge'ez ekya Akum eky'ekyasha kya 15, eiziina nirigambwa omuntu orikwetwa Ityopp'is. Akaba ari mutabani wa Kushi, mutabani wa Ham, owabaire atandikire orurembo rwa Akshum. [327] Eiziina ry'Orugriika Αιθιοπία (okuruga Αιθιοπία, "Omunyesiopia") n'ekigambo ekirikukwatanisa, ekyashoboroirwe bwanyima nk'erikuruga omu bigambo by'Orugriika αθων na ψ (eithō "Nkyaka" + ops "amaisho"). Kurugirira aha kitabo kya Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon, ekigambo eki nikivunuurwa kurungi nka burnt-face omu muringo gw'ekigambo hamwe na red-brown omu muringo gw'ekigambo. Omuhandiiki w'ebyafaayo Herodotus akakoresa eiziina eryo kumanyisa ebicweka ebyo ebya Africa omu mashuuma ga Sahara ebyabaire nibimanywa omu Ecumene (ensi erikubaasa kutuurwamu). [34]. Ekigambo ekirikukizayo kugambwaho nikishangwa omu bitabo bya Homer, ahu kirikukoresibwa kugamba aha guruupu z'abantu ibiri, emwe omuri Afirika hamwe n'emwe omuri burugwa izooba kuruga omu burugwa izooba bwa Turkey kuhisya Buyindi. [35]. Eiziina ry'Oruheburaayo rikakoresibwa omu rurimi rwa Amharic nka Ethiopia. Omu bihandiiko bya Bagriika n'Abarooma,Ethiopia n'eiziina ry'omwanya rya Nubiya eya ira. [36]. 850, eiziina Ethiopia niryorekwa omu nvunuura nyingi z'endagaano enkuru erikugamba ahari Nubia. Ebihandiiko by'Oruheburaayo eby'obuhangwa nibyoreka Nubiya nka Kushi. Kwonka, omu ndagaano ensya, ekigambo ky'orugriika Aethiops nikibaho, ekirikumanyisa omukozi wa Kandake, omugabekazi wa Kushi. [39]. Kurugirira aha migyenzo y'abagiriki hamwe na baiburi, Monumentum Adulitanum, ekihandiiko ky'ekyasha kya kashatu eky'obugabe bwa Aksumite, nikyoreka ngu omutegyeki wa Aksum akategyeka omwanya ogwabaire guri aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba n'eitaka rya Ethiopia na Sasu. Omugabe wa Aksumite Ezana akahendera yaasingura Nubia omu kyasha ekyakuratsireho, kandi aba Aksumite bwanyima bakakoresa eiziina "Ethiopians" ahabw'obugabe bwabo. Omu nvunuura ya Ge'ez ey'ebihandiiko bya Ezana, Aithydiotes neegyeragyeranisibwa n'ekigambo Hescht na Hescht ( HBASHAT), kandi nikyoreka omurundi gw'okubanza abatuuragye b'omumishozi ya Aksum. Eiziina erisya erya sitaane rikahindurwa nka hebs (Ahabash) omuri Sabaic hamwe na Habasha omuri Arabu. [36]. Ebirikuruga omuri eki nibikoresibwa omu ndimi ezimwe ezirikukoresa ebigambo by'okweguza kuruga omu kiarabu, nk'okureeberaho omuri Malay Habsyah. Omu Rungyereza, hamwe n'aheeru ya Ethiopia, eihanga rikaba nirimanywa nka Abyssinia. Eiziina ry'omwanya eri rikaruga omu rurimi rw'orulatini orwa Habash eya ira. [70]
Ebyafaayo
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru eky'ebyafaayo: Ebyafaayo bya Ethiopia
Ebirikukiraho: Ebyafaayo bya Ethiopia
Ebyafaayo bitakahikire
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru: Ethiopia eya ira
Ebintu bingi eby'omugasho ebirikujumburwa, bisindikiise Ethiopia hamwe n'ebyanga ebirikwetorwaire okuba eby'omutaano omu by'obuhangwa. Ekika kya hominid ekikuru munonga ekyasangirwe omuri Ethiopia n'ekya 4. emyaka miriyoni 2 eya Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) ekashangwa Tim D. Omujungu omuri 1994. [41], Hominid erikukirayo kumanywa n'eya Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy). Ekimanyirwe munonga nka Dinkinesh, ekika kikashangwa omu kicweka kya Awash Valley of Far Region omuri 1974 Donald Johanson, kandi nikimwe aha bintu ebirikukirayo oburungi kandi ebirikubiikwa kurungi omu biijusibwa bya Australopithecine. Eiziina rya Lucy niryoreka ekicweka ahu ekijumbwirwe kyakozirwe. Hominid egi neteekateekwaho kuba yaagumireho emyaka 3. emyaka miriyoni ibiri enyimaho. [42 ] [42 ] [43 ]Ethiopia nayo neetwarwa nk'emwe aha myanya y'okubanza y'okurugaho kw'abantu ab'omurembe, Homo sapiens. Ebintu ebikuru munonga ebirikujumbwamu eby'obuhangwa, ebisigaire bya Omo, bikakorwa omu mashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Omo Kibish kandi bikakorwa omu bwire bwa Middle Paleolithic, emyaka nka 200,000 enyima. [45], Okwongyera ahari ekyo, amagumba ga Homo sapiens gatungirwe omu mwanya oguri omu kicweka kya Middle Awash. Ebiro by'emyaka nka 160,000 enyima, nibibaasa kuba nibijwekyera ekika kya Homo sapiens ekyabaire kitakiriho, nainga baishenkurubo b'abantu ab'omurembe. [46], Ebisigalira bya Homo sapiens eby'obuhangwa ebyasimbirwe aha mwanya gwa Jebel Irhout omuri Morocco, kuruga obwo bikakorwa omu bwire bukye, emyaka nka 300,000 enyima, [47], kandi Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) kuruga omu mashuuma ga Ethiopia, nigwo magufa ga Homo sapiens ag'omurembe ogurikukirayo obukuru ogurikwetegyerezibwa [48], kurugirira aha bakugu omu by'obuhangwa, abantu ababandize kugamba orurimi rwa Afroasiatic bakahika omu kicweka ekyo omu bwire bwa neolithic kuruga omu kicweka kya urheimat ("eitaka ry'okubanza") omu kicweka kya Nile Valley, [49], nainga Near East. [50] Abeegi abaingi obwahati nibagira ngu eka ya Afroasiatic ekatandika omu matemba g'oburugwizooba bwa Africa ahabw'obuhangwa bwingi omu kicweka ekyo, akabonero akarikworeka oburugo bw'endimi. [51] [52] [53] Omuri 2019, abakugu omu by'obuhangwa bakajumbura obuhungiro bw'amabaare obw'emyaka 30,000 aha mwanya gwa Fincha Habera omu nshozi za Bale aha rurengo rwa mita 3,469 (fuuti 11,381) ahaiguru y'enyanja. Aha rurengo oru rw'ahaiguru, abantu nibabaasa kukwatwa oburwaire bwa hypoxia hamwe n'embeera y'obwire embi munonga. Kurugirira aha kucondooza okwashohoziibwe omu katabo ka sayansi, obutuuro obu n'obuhame oburikworeka ngu abantu bakaba nibatuura ahaiguru y'eitaka. Enkumi n'enkumi z'amagufa g'enyamaishwa, ebikumi n'ebikumi by'ebikwato by'amabaare, hamwe n'emyanya y'omuriro eya ira bikashangwa, ekirikworeka eby'okurya ebyabaire birimu embeba z'amabaare. [54], [54], [54], [58], [59], [60] Obujurizi bw'ebikwato by'amabaare eby'okubanza ebirikumanywa (ekintu ky'omuringo gw'abantu ba Homo sapiens), oburugo bw'amabaare g'amabaare g'amabaare g'okusuura amafumu, bukashangwa omuri 2013 aha mwanya gwa Gademotta omuri Ethiopia, og [60] Omuri 2019, ebikwato ebindi eby'okuteera amabaare bikashangwa omuri Aduma, ebyabaireho emyaka 100,00080,000 enyimaho, omu muringo gw'obubonero oburikutwarwa nk'obw'obwoma oburikuhebwa abateezi b'amabaare. [60]
Ebya ira
[edit | edit source]Ebihandiiko ebikuru ebirikukwata aha by'obuhangwa ebya ira: Obukama n'obugabe bwa Aksum
Omuri 980 BC, Dmt ekatandikwaho omuri Eritrea eya hati hamwe n'omumatemba ga Ethiopia omu kicweka kya Tigray, kandi nikiteekateekwaho nk'eihanga eryasikira Pun. Orurembo orukuru orw'eby'obutegyeki rukaba nirushangwa Yeha omu kicweka ekiriho hati omumatemba ga Ethiopia. Abacondooza b'ebyafaayo abarikukira obwingi nibatwara entunguuka egi nk'eya Ethiopia, n'obu baakubaire nibateekateeka ngu ekaba etegyekirwe aba Sabaea ahabw'obutegyeki bwabo aha nyanja erikutukura. [60]
Abacondooza abandi nibareeba Dmt nk'ekyarugire omu kukwatanisa kw'ebyobuhangwa ebirikugamba orurimi rwa Afroasiatic hamwe n'amataagi ga Cushitic na Semitic; okukira munonga, abantu b'omukyanga kya Agaw hamwe na Sabaeans kuruga omu mashuuma ga Arabia. Kwonka, Ge'ez, orurimi rw'abasemiti orwa ira orwa Ethiopia, niruteekateekwaho kuba rwatunguukire kurugirira aha rurimi rwa Sabaea. Omu mwaka gwa 2000 BC, abandi barikugamba orurimi rwa Semitic bakaba nibatuura omuri Ethiopia na Eritrea ahu orurimi rwa Ge'ez rwatandikire. [60] [60] Obwahati nikiteekateekwaho ngu obushoborozi bwa Sababi bukaba butari bukye, bukye omu myanya mikye, kandi bukahwaho bwanyima y'emyaka mikye nainga ekyasha. Nikibaasa kuba kyabaire kiri eihanga ry'eby'obushubuzi nainga ery'amahe erikukwatanisa n'obuhangwa bwa Ethiopia obwa Dmt nainga eihanga erindi eririkwetwa Akumite.
Obukama bwa Akum ku bwabaire buri ahaiguru omu kyasha kya mukaaga bwanyima y'okugwa kwa Budaaki omu kyasha kya kana BC, eitaka rya Ethiopia rikaba niritegyekwa obugabe bukye obwakuratsireho. Omu kyasha ky'okubanza, Obukama bwa Aksum bukarugaho omu kicweka ekirikumanywa hati nka Tigray hamwe na Eritrea. Kurugirira aha kitabo kya axum ekya ira, orurembo rukuru rw'obugabe orw'okubanza, Mazaber, rukombekwa Ityopi, mutabani wa Kushi. [32] Bwanyima, Aksum ekaba neeza kwongyera obutegyeki bwayo omuri Yemen aha rubaju rw'enyanja erikutukura. Omurangizi w'Abaperesi Mani akahandiika aha rukarara rwa Akum hamwe na Rooma, Persia na China nk'emwe aha mahanga ana amahango ag'omu bwire bwe, omu kyasha kya kashatu. Nikiteekateekwaho ngu hakaba hariho akakwate ahagati y'amakanisa ga Egypt na Ethiopia. Hariho obujurizi bukye oburikworeka ngu Abaaksumite bakaba nibakwatanisa n'omugabekazi wa Sheba, kurabira omu bihandiiko byabo eby'obugabe. [68]
Omu mwaka gwa 316 AD, Frumentius na murumuna we Edesius kuruga Turo bakaza na ishento omu rugyendo rwabo kuza Ethiopia. Obu emeeri yaayemerera aha mwaaro gw'enyanja erikutukura, abataka bakaita abagyenzi boona okwihaho ab'eishe - emwe babiri, abatwairwe omu kooti nk'abahuuku. Bakaheebwa emyanya y'okwesiga omugabe, kandi bahindura abantu b'omu maka g'obugabe omu bukurisitaayo. Frumentius akahinduka biishopu w'okubanza owa Aksum. Esente z'esente eza 324 nizooreka ngu Ethiopia niyo eihanga rya kabiri okutwara obukristaayo omu butongore (ahanyima ya Armenia kukikora omuri 301), n'obu ediini ebaasa kuba ekaba etandikiire omu bikwato bya kooti; niyo eihanga rikuru ery'okubanza kukikora. Aba Aksumites bakaba bamanyiriire obutegyeki bwa Greek-Roman, kwonka bakatandikaho enkoragana y'eby'obuhangwa n'obushubuzi ahagati y'eihanga rya India hamwe n'obugabe bwa Rooma barikuraba omu ruguuto rwa Silk, okukira munonga barikutwara amazooba aheeru y'eihanga, ebikuta by'enkwanzi, zaabu na emerald [68], [70] Eihanga rikakora zaabu omuri 2015 ni meturiki taani mwenda. [70]
Emyaka ya ahagati
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru: Ethiopia omu myaka ya ahagati
Obukama bukakwata eiziina "Ethiopia" omu butegyeki bwa Ezana omu kyasha kya kana. Bwanyima y'okusingura obugabe bwa Kushi omuri 330, ensi ya Aksumite ekahika aha rurengo rwayo ahagati y'ekyasha kya kataano n'ekya mukaaga. [60] Obwire obu bukateganisibwa okutahirira kwingi omu butegyeki bw'amashuuma ga Arabia, otwariiremu Abayudaaya aba Nuwas ab'obugabe bwa Himyarite hamwe n'entaro za Aksumite-Persia. Omuri 575, aba Aksumite bakazingiza kandi bakagaruka batwara sana'a ahanyima y'okwita gavana waayo Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan. Enyanja erikutukura ekarekyerwa obutegyeki bwa Rashidun Caliphate omuri 646, kandi orurembo orurikwetwa Adulis rukanyagibwa abasiraamu b'Abaarabu omu kyasha kya munaana; hamwe n'okusisikara kw'eitaka, empindahinduka y'obwire hamwe n'okugwa kw'enjura kuruga omuri 730 kuhisya 760, ebintu ebi nibibaasa kuba byare [60] [70] Aksum ekahwaho omuri 960 obu omugabekazi Gudit yasingire omugabe wa Aksum owahererukireyo. Omu kugarukamu, abasigaire b'abantu ba Aksumite bakaza omu kicweka ky'amashuuma batandikaho obutegyeki bwa Zagwe, bahindura orurembo rwabo orukuru Lalibela. Obutegyeki bwa Zagwe bukahwaho omushaija w'ekitiinisa omuri Amhara Yekuno Amlak ku yaagomiire omugabe Yetbarak yaataho obutegyeki bwa Ethiopia (oburikumanywa nka "Abyssinia").
Obutegyeki bwa Ethiopia bukatandika okugaziya eitaka ryabwo ahansi y'obwebembezi bwa Ameda Seyon I. Akatandikaho ehururu y'okurwanisa abasiraamu abaabaire bamurwaniise omuri burugwa izooba, ekyarugiremu empindahinduka y'amaani omu bukristaayo kumara ebyasha bibiri ebyakuratsireho. Ahanyima ya Ameda Seyon kuronda obuhanguzi omuri burugw'izooba, obutegyeki bw'abasiraamu oburikukira obwingi omuri Afirika bukatwarwa obutegyeki bwa Ethiopia. Kuruga Gojjam kuhisya aha rubaju rw'enyanja ya Somalia omuri Zelia. Omu bitongore ebi eby'abasiraamu hakaba harimu obutegyeki bwa Ifat. Omu butegyeki bw'omugabe Zara Jacob, obutegyeki bwa Ethiopia bukatunga ekitiinisa ky'amaani. Obutegyeki bwe bukateebwaho okukwatanisa kw'eitaka kuruga omu bategyeki aba ira, okureeberera okwombeka amakanisa n'ebyombeko bingi, okushongyera ebitabo n'eby'emikono, hamwe n'okwongyera amaani omu butegyeki. [777] [787] [80] Owasikira Ifat, Adal Sultanate, [80] akagyezaho kusingura Ethiopia omu rutaro rwa Ethiopia-Adal, kwonka ahamuheru bakasingwa omu rutaro rwa 1543 orwa Wayna daga. [80]
Omu kyasha kya 16, okufuruka kw'abantu kuruga omu nganda za Oroma kuza omu bicweka by'amatemba g'ekyanga, kikashenyuka amaani g'obugabe bwa Rooma. Barikutandika kuruga omu mwanya oguriho hati ogwa Guji na Borena Zooni, aba Oromos bakaba nibagyemeserezibwa ebiteekateeko by'abantu bingi, okurabira omuri Moggaasa hamwe na Limisa, bingi ahari byo bikaba nibikwatagana n'obutahirira bwabo. Eki kikagumaho kuhisya omwaka gwa Meslé. [1] Kurugirira ahari Abba Bahrey, okugaziwa kw'okubanza kukabaho omu butegyeki bwa Emperor Dawit II (luba Melbah), obu baataahirira Bale batakataahirire Adal Sultanate.
Ethiopia ekareeba okukwatanisa kw'amaani na Portugal kuruga omu kyasha kya 17, okukira munonga kukwatiraine n'ediini. Okutandika n'omwaka gwa 1555, Abajesuiti aba Portuguese bakagyezaho kutunguura ekanisa y'abakaturiki nka ediini y'eihanga. Bwanyima y'okuremwa emirundi mingi, bakoohereza ababuurizi b'engiri baingi omuri 1603, otwariiremu n'omujesuiti wa Spain Pedro Paez. [1] Ahansi y'omugabe Susenyos I, ekanisa y'abakaturiki ekahinduka ediini y'obugabe bwa Ethiopia omuri 1622. Ekiteiso eki kikareetaho okwegugunga kw'abantu b'aborotodokisi. [89].
Obwire bw'omurembe gw'obwahati (1632-1855)
[edit | edit source]Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Obwire bwa Gondarine na Zemeene Mesafint
Omuri 1632, Emperor Fasilides akemereza obwebembezi bw'eihanga ry'abakaturiki, yaagaruraho Orthodox Tewahedo nk'ediini y'eihanga. [88], Obutegyeki bwa Fasilides bukongyera amaani g'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw'obugabe bw' [90] Akagaruraho eitaka, yaatwara abajesuiti omu buzaahe omuri Fremoona. Omu butegyeki bwe, Fasilides akombeka ekigo ky'obugabe ekirikumanywa munonga, Fasilides Ghebbi, akombeka amakanisa makumi ana na ana, hamwe n'okugarura busya ebishushani bya Ethiopia. Naheebwa ekitiinisa ky'okwombeka entindo mushanju z'amabaare aha mugyera Blue Nile. [92]
Amaani ga Gondar gakakyendeera bwanyima y'okufa kwa Iyasu I omuri 1706. Bwanyima y'okufa kwa Iyasu II omuri 1755, Omukama w'eihanga Menteeba akareeta omurumuna Ras Wolde Leul omuri Gondar, ekyamuhindwire Ras Bitwaded. Eki kikareetaho entaro ahagati y'ekibiina kya Quaregnoch ekya Menteba n'ekya Wollo ekyabaire nikyebemberwa Wubit. Omuri 1767, Ras Mikael Sehul, omwebembezi w'eihanga omuri Tigray, akatwara Gondar, yaita omwana Iyoas I omuri 1769, omugabe w'eihanga, yaataho Yohaana II ow'emyaka 70. [90]
Ahagati ya 1769 na 1855, Ethiopia ekareeba Zemeene Mesafint nainga "Emyaka y'abanyiginya," obwire bw'okwehayo. Abategyeki bakahinduka abebembezi, barikutegyekwa bakama b'ebyanga nka Ras Mikael Selul, Ras Wolde Selessie owa Tigray, hamwe n'ekika kya Yejju Oromo ekya War Sheh, otwariiremu Ras Gugusa owa Yejju. Omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Zemeene atakagiireho, Omugabe Iyoas I akatandikaho orurimi rwa Oromo (Afaan Oromo) omu maka g'obwa kabaka, omu mwanya gw'orurimi rwa Amharic. [94] [95]
Emyaka y'obutegyeki bw'eihanga (1855-1916)
[edit | edit source]Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Orutamburo rwa Bungyereza omuri Abyssinia, okutahirira kwa Menelik, orutaro rwa Egypt-Ethiopia, orutaro rwa Italy-Ethiopia orw'okubanza, hamwe n'orutaro rwa Mahdist
Okwesharinga kwa Ethiopia kukahwaho bwanyima y'ekigyendererwa kya Bungyereza ekyahwaire n'omukago ahagati y'amahanga abiri, kwonka kikaba kitakahikire omuri 1855 obugabe bwa Amhara obw'omumatemba ga Ethiopia (Gondar, Gojjam, na Shewa) bukateerwa hamwe bwanyima y'obushoborozi bw'omugabe kugarurwaho okutandika n'ob [90] [90] Tewodros II akatandika enkora y'okugarukanisa, okukwatanisa hamwe n'okwombeka eihanga, ekyabaire nikiija kugumizamu n'abagabe abarikukurataho. Enkora egi ekakyendeeza amaani g'abategyeki b'ebyanga, ekagaruka yaataho engyenderwaho y'obutegyeki, kandi ekareetaho amahe g'abakugu. Empindahinduka ezi zikataho omusingye gw'okureetaho obugabe n'obutegyeki bw'eihanga rya Ethiopia. [99] Omuri 1875 na 1876, amahe ga Ottoman na Egypt, garikugyenderwaho abahabuzi baingi kuruga Europe na America, gakatahirira Abyssinia emirundi ebiri kwonka omu kutandika bakasingwa. [99] Okuruga 1885 kuhisya 1889 (ahansi ya Yohaana IV), Ethiopia ekegaita aha rutaro rwa Mahadist orwabaire nirukwatanisa na Bungyereza, Turkey na Egypt kurwanisa eihanga rya Sudan erya Mahadist. Omuri 1887, Menelik II, omugabe wa Shewa, akatahirira emirate ya Harare bwanyima y'obusinguzi bwe omu rutaro rwa Chelengo. [100] Ebiro 10 okwa kashatu 1889, Yohaana IV akaitwa amahe ga Khalifah Abdullah owa Sudan obu yaabaire naayebembera amahe ge omu rutaro rwa Gallabat.
Ethiopia, omu muringo oguriho hati, ekatandika ahansi y'obutegyeki bwa Menelik II, owaabaire ari omugabe kuruga 1889 kuhisya okufa kwe omuri 1913. Okuruga omu kicweka kye ekya Shewa ekya rwagati, Menelik akatandika kwegaita aha matemba, burugwa izooba, hamwe n'oburengyerwa izooba, emyanya erimu aba Oroma, Sidama, Gurage, Welayta, hamwe n'abantu abandi. Eki akakikora arikuhwerwa abaheekyera ba Shewan Oromo aba Ras Gobana Dache, abaabaire bataine eitaka kuruga omu rutaro rwa Ahmad bin Ibrahim al-Ghazi, hamwe n'emyanya endiijo etakabaire eri ahansi y'obutegyeki bwa Ethiopia. [107]
Ahabw'obwebembezi bwe, oihireho okuhakanisibwa kuruga omu bantu b'enzarwa, Menelik II akarangirirwa nk'omuzira w'eihanga. Akaba ataire omukono aha ndagaano ya Wuchal na Italy omu kwezi kwakataano 1889, obu Italy yaabaire neija kumanya obutegyeki bwa Ethiopia, Italy yaaba neebaasa kwebembera ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Ethiopia (obwahati ekicweka kya Eritrea eya hati). Omu kugarukamu, Italy ekaba eine kuheereza Menelik eby'okurwanisa n'okumuhagira nk'omugabe. Aba Italy bakakoresa obwire ahagati y'okuta omukono aha ndagaano hamwe n'okuyikiriza gavumenti ya Italy, okwongyera aha bugabe bwabo. Orutaro rwa Italy na Ethiopia orw'okubanza rukahika aha muheru gw'orutaro rwa Adwa ebiro 1 okwa kashatu 1896, obu amahe g'amatware ga Italy gasingirwe Abaethiopia. [103] [105] Omu bwire obu, kimwe kya kashatu ky'abantu bakafa omu njara y'amaani eya Ethiopia (1888 kuhisya 1892), [106] [107] hamwe n'oburwaire bw'ente bukateera omumwanya, bwacwekyereza eby'entaasya y'ente. Ebiro 11 Okwaikumi 1897, Ethiopia ekatandika kukoresa erangi ya bendera ya Afirika yoona, erimu ebibanda bya kinekye, ekya kinekye n'ekirikutukura nk'akamanyiso k'ebiteekateeko bya Afirika yoona.
Enkora ya Haile Sellassie I (1916-1974)
[edit | edit source]Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Orutaro rwa Italy-Ethiopia orwa kabiri, Italy Ethiopia, Italy East Africa, Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea, hamwe n'orutaro rwa Eritrea orw'okwetegyeka
Entandikwa y'ekyasha kya 20 ekateebwaho obutegyeki bw'omugabe Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari). Akaija omu bwebembezi bwanyima ya Lij Iyasu kwihwa omu ntebe, kandi yaakora ehururu y'okugarura busya eihanga kuruga omuri 1916, obu yahindurwa Ras and Regent (Inderase) owa Empress Regent Zewditu, kandi yaahinduka omutegyeki w'obugabe bwa Ethiopia. Bwanyima y'okufa kwa Zeditu, ebiro 2 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1930, akamusikira nk'omugabe w'eihanga. [107] Omuri 1931, Haile Selassie akaheereza Ethiopia engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'okubanza erikukuratira engyenderwaho y'eihanga rya Japan eya 1890. [107] Okwetegyeka kwa Ethiopia kukateganisibwa orutaro rwa Italy na Ethiopia orwa kabiri, orwatandikire obu rwatahirirwa Italy eya Fascist aha ntandikwa ya Okwaikumi 1935, hamwe n'obutegyeki bwa Italy obwakuratsireho obw'eihanga (19361941) bwanyima y'obusinguzi bwa Italy omu rutaro. [117] Italy, n'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, ekaba etarikubaasa kurinda eihanga ryona, ahabw'okuhakanisa kuruga omu Arbenoch; eki kikareetera Ethiopia, hamwe na Liberia, amahanga g'Afirika goonka agatakategyekirwe amatware. [111] [112] Bwanyima y'eihanga rya Italy kutaaha omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, amahe g'obugabe bwa Bungyereza, hamwe n'amahe ga Arbenoch, gakaruga omuri Ethiopia omu kampeyini y'amahanga g'oburugwa izooba bwa Afirika omuri 1941. Eihanga rikateebwa ahansi y'obwebembezi bw'amahe ga Bungyereza, reero obugabe bwa Ethiopia bukagarurwaho n'okuta omukono aha ndagaano ya Bungyereza na Ethiopia omu kwezi kwaikumi na kubiri okwa 1944. [113]
Ebiro 24 Okwaikumi 1945,Ethiopia ekaba memba w'ekibiina ky'amahanga agetereine. Omuri 1952, Haile Sellassie akatebekanisa okukwatanisa na Eritrea. Akasharamu eki omuri 1962 yaata Eritrea omu mikono ye, ekyarugiremu orutaro rw'okwetegyeka kwa Eritrea. Haile Selassie nawe akakora omurimo gw'okwebembera omukukora ekibiina kya Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Ebiteekateeko omuri Ethiopia biketomboita Haile Sellassie, ahabw'oburemeezi bw'amajuta omunsi yoona omuri 1973 ekyareteire emihendo ya peteroori kweyongyera munonga kuruga ebiro 13 okwa kabiri 1974, ekyarugiremu okwesharinga kw'abeegi n'abakozi. [116] Kabineti y'obutegyeki eya Aklilu Habte-Wold ekagwa, kandi gavumenti ensya ekatebwaho Endelkachew Makonnen arikuheereza nka enganzi y'eihanga. [117]
Ebiro bya Derg (1974-1991)
[edit | edit source]See also: Ethiopian Revolution, Derg, People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Civil War, Red Terror, and 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
Obutegyeki bwa Haile Sellassie bukahwaho ebiro 12 okwaikumi na mwenda, 1974, obu yaihwaho Derg, akakiiko akarimu abaserukare na poriisi. [117] Bwanyima y'okwita abajwekyerwa ba gavumenti n'amahe 60 abaabaireho, [117] orukiiko orusya orurikutegyeka amahe rukashazamu obutegyeki bw'obugabe omu kwezi kwa kashatu 1975 rwatandikaho Ethiopia nk'eihanga rya Marxist-Leninist. [120] Okwihaho engyenderwaho y'obutegyeki, okweyongyera kw'okushoma n'okuhandiika, okuhindura eihanga, hamwe n'okuhindura abantu kuruga omu byaro kuruga omu byaro bya Ethiopian Highlands, bikatandika kwebembera. [121]
Bwanyima y'okurwanira obutegyeki omuri 1977, mengistu Haile Mariam akatunga obwebembezi bwa Derg obutarikuhakanisibwa. [122] Omuri 1977, Somalia, eyabaire etungire obuhwezi n'ebikwato kuruga omuri USSR, ekatahirira Ethiopia omu rutaro rwa Uganda, ekakwata ekicweka ky'ekyanga kya Uganda. Ethiopia ekagarukaho bwanyima y'okutandika kutunga obuhwezi bw'amahe kuruga omu mahanga ga Soviet Union. [123][124][125] Aha muheru gw'emyaka ya makumi mushanju,Mengistu akategyeka eihe rya kabiri eririkusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika yoona eri ahansi ya Sahara, hamwe n'amahe g'omu mwanya hamwe n'amahe g'omu nyanja.
Omuri 1976-78, abantu abarikuhika 500,000 bakaitwa ahabwa Red Terror, ehururu y'okunyangaraza abantu omu by'obutegyeki eya Derg aha guruupu nyingi ez'orubaju orurikuhakanisa gavumenti. [127] [127] [127] Omuri 1987, Derg ekesharaho kandi ekatandikaho People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) ahanyima y'okutaho engyenderwaho y'eihanga rya Ethiopia eya 1987. [1] Enjara eyabaireho omuri 1983-1985 ekakora aha bantu miriyoni munaana, ekyarugiremu okufa kwa miriyoni emwe. Akeimukiriro akarikuhakanisa obutegyeki bw'obwegyendesereza, kakareebeka omu matemba ga Eritrea na Tigray. Ekibiina kya Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) kikakwatanisa n'ebibiina ebindi eby'obutegyeki ebirikuhakanisa gavumenti omuri 1989, kutandikaho ekibiina kya Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). [131]
Okugwa kwa Marxism-Leninism omu bwire bw'obutabanguko bwa 1989 kukakwatanisa na Soviet Union kurekyeraho obuhwezi bwa Ethiopia kimwe omu 1990. [132][133][134] Amahe ga EPRDF gakagyenda omumaisho omuri Addis Ababa omu kwakataano 1991, kandi mengistu akatoroka omwihanga yaheebwa obuhungiro omuri Zimbabwe. [135] [136]
Federal Democratic Republic (1991-obwahati)
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru: Ebyafaayo bya Federo Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ebirikukiraho: Entongane aha nsharo za Eritrea-Ethiopia, Entongane z'omunda omuri Ethiopia (2018-obwahati), na Orutaro rwa Tigray
Reeba kandi: Akaruuru k'okwetegyeka kwa Eritrea omuri 1993
Omu kwezi kwa mushanju 1991, EPRDF eketa orukiiko rw'eihanga okutandikaho gavumenti ya Ethiopia ey'obuhangwa erimu abantu 87 kandi erikwebemberwa ekihandiiko ky'eihanga ekyakozire nk'engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'obuhangwa. [137] Omuri 1994, engyenderwaho ensya ekahandiikwa ekatandikaho eihanga ry'eishengyero n'eishengyero ry'eishengyero ry'eishengyero ry'eishengyero ry'eishengyero ry'eishengyero ry'eishengyero ry'eishengyero ry'eishengyero ry'eishengy [137]
Omu kwakana 1993,Eritrea ekatunga okwetegyeka kuruga Ethiopia bwanyima y'akaruuru k'amahanga goona. [137] Omu kwezi kwakataano 1998, entongane aha nsharo na Eritrea, zikarugwamu orutaro rwa Eritrea na Ethiopia, orwagumireho kuhisya okwezi kwa mukaaga 2000 kandi rukafeerwa amahanga gombi obukaikuru bwa doora oburikweteberezibwa buri eizooba. [140] Eki kikakora kubi ahaby'entaasya ya Ethiopia, kandi entaro aha nsharo ahagati y'amahanga abiri zikaba niziija kugumizamu mpaka 2018. [141] [142] Okuruga 2018, orutaro rw'omunda omuri Ethiopia nirugyenda omu maisho, okukira munonga ahabw'okutabangura eihanga.
Obutabanguko bw'enganda bukweyongyera aha muheru gw'emyaka ya 2010 hamwe n'okutandika kw'emyaka ya 2020, n'obutabanguko n'obutabanguko butari bumwe na bumwe obwareteire obukaikuru bw'abanya Ethiopia kufururwa. [145] [146] [147]
Gavumenti eya federo ekasharamu ngu akaruuru k'omwaka 2020 (kakahindurwa omwaka 2021), kashazibwamu, ahabw'enshonga z'eby'amagara n'eby'okwerinda ebirikukwata ahari COVID-19. [147] Ekibiina kya TPLF eky'omu kicweka kya Tigray kikahakanisa eki, kandi kyagyenda omu maisho n'okuteera akaruuru ebiro 9 September 2020. [157] [157] Enkoragana ahagati ya Gavumenti eya Tigray ekasisikarira kimwe, [157] kandi omu kwezi kwa musenene 2020, Ethiopia ekatandika kutahirira amagye omuri Tigray, nk'okugarukamu okutahirira ebitongore by'amahe ebyabaire biriyo, ekyarekire entandikwa y'orutaro rwa Tigray. [152] [153] Okwa kashatu 2022, abantu nka 500,000 bakafa ahabw'obutabanguko n'enjara. [152] [153] [156] Bwanyima y'enteekateeka nyingi z'obusingye n'okugarukanisa omu myaka ehingwireho, Ethiopia hamwe n'abahekyera ba Tigray bakaikirizana kurekyeraho obutabanguko ebiro 2 Okwaikumi na kumwe 2022. [157] Okwongyera aha butabanguko bwa OLA, enkoragana ya gavumenti eya federo n'abaheekyera ba Fano, abaabaire bakwatanisa na gavumenti omu rutaro rwa Tigray, ekasisikarira ahagati ya 2023, ekyarugiremu orutaro omu kyanga kya Amhara. Kurugirira aha ripoota ezakozirwe ekitongore ky'obugabe bw'abantu ekya Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC), okutyoboora obugabe bw'abantu okw'amaani okwakozirwe amahe ga ENDF otwariiremu okuronda enju aha nju, okwita abantu omu muringo ogutari gw'oburingaaniza, okwitwa hamwe n'okukomwa. Ebyabaireho nibitwariramu okwitwa kwa merawi aha ntandikwa ya 2024, okwarekire abatuura gye 50 na 100 bafiire omu rurembo rwa merawi omuri Amhara. [158] [159]
Eby'obuhangwa
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'obuhangwa bwa Ethiopia
Aha sikweya kiromita 1,104,300 (426,372. 61 sq mi),[160]Ethiopia niyo eihanga rya 26 eririkusingayo obuhango omunsi yoona, eririkugyeragyeranisibwa na Bolivia. Kiri ahagati ya 3rd parallel north hamwe na 15th parallel north hamwe na longitude 33rd meridian burugwa izooba hamwe na 48th meridian burugwa izooba.
Ekicweka ekirikusinga oburungi ekya Ethiopia nikishangwa omu Ruju rwa Afirika, ekirikukirayo oburugwa izooba bw'eitaka rya Afirika. Ebitongore ebirikuba biine ensharo na Ethiopia ni Eritrea omu matemba gaayo, reero bikagyenda nk'eshaaha, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Sudan y'amashuuma hamwe na Sudan. Omu ihanga rya Ethiopia harimu ensozi nyingi n'ebisharara ebirikugabirwamu ekicweka kya Great Rift Valley, ekirikutamburira omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba kuza omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba kandi ekwetorwaire ebicweka bikye, ebisharara, nainga ekicweka ky'eihamba. Hariho emyanya y'eitaka etarikushushana n'embeera y'obwire etarikushushana, eitaka, ebimera by'obuhangwa hamwe n'emiringo y'okutuuramu.
Ethiopia n'eihanga eririmu eby'obuhangwa bingi, kuruga omu eihamba aha nsharo y'oburugwa eizooba, okuhisya aha bibira by'omubwiire omu mashuuma, okuhisya aharurengo rwa Afromontane omu matemba n'amashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba. Enyanja Tana omu matemba, nigwo mushororongo gw'omugyera Blue Nile. Kiine n'ebika by'enyamiishwa bingi, okukira munonga ekika kya geleda, ekika kya walia ibex hamwe n'ekika kya Ethiopian wolf ("Simien fox"). Omwanya muhango oguri ahaiguru, guhereize eihanga emyanya etarikushushana omu by'obuhangwa, kandi eki kiyambire omu kureetaho entunguuka y'emiringo y'ebintu etarikushushana omu by'obuhangwa.
Eihanga n'eitaka ry'omutaano, kuruga omu burengyerwizooba burungi, n'amahamba gaaryo n'emigyera mingi, kuhisya aha butaaho bwa Dallol omu matemba gaaryo. Ethiopian Highlands nizo nshozi ezirikukirayo obuhango omuri Africa, kandi empuku za Sof Omar nizo mpuku ezirikukirayo obuhango omuri Africa. Ethiopia nayo eine omuhendo gwa kabiri ogurikukirayo obwingi ogw'emyanya y'eby'obuhangwa omunsi yoona omuri Afirika. [161]
Embeera y'obwire
[edit | edit source]Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Embeera y'obwire omuri Ethiopia hamwe n'empindahinduka y'obwire omuri Ethiopia
Embeera y'obwire erikukira obwingi, n'ey'obutiti, erimu entaaniso y'amaani erikuruga omu mwanya. Eitaka rya Ethiopian Highlands nirikwetwarira kimwe ekicweka ky'eihanga kandi riine embeera y'obwire erikwera munonga kukira ebicweka ebindi ebiri haihi na Equator. Endembo enkuru ezirikukira obwingi omw'eihanga nizishangwa ahaiguru ya mita 2,0002,500 (6,5628,202 ft) ahaiguru y'enyanja, otwariiremu n'ebibuga ebikuru eby'ebyafaayo nka Gondar na Akum. Orurembo orukuru orw'omurembe, Addis Ababa, nirushangwa aha rushozi rw'orushozi rwa Entoto aha rurengo rwa mita 2,400 (fuuti 7,900). Obwire bw'eihanga n'oburungi omwaka gwona. Ahabw'okugira ngu obwire bw'obwire nibushushana omwaka gwona, obwire bw'enjura omuri Addis Ababa nibukira kushoboororwa enjura: obwire bw'ekyanda kuruga Okwaikumi kuhisya Okwa kabiri, obwire bw'enjura nkye kuruga Okwa kashatu kuhisya Okwaikumi, hamwe n'obwire bw'enjura nyingi kuruga Okwa Enjura erikugwa buri mwaka neehika haihi miri mita 1,200 (47 inchi).
Hariho eshaaha mushanju z'omushana buri eizooba. Obwire bw'ekyanda nibwo bwire oburikukirayo omushana omu mwaka, n'obu obwire bw'enjura bwaba buri ahaiguru omu kwezi kwa mushanju na munaana, buriizooba haba hariho eshaaha nyingi z'omushana. Obutagatsi bw'omwaka omuri Addis Ababa ni 16°C (60. 8 °F), obutagatsi buriizooba nibukira kuba 20-25 °C (68. 0-77. 0 °F) omwaka gwona, hamwe n'obwiire bukye oburikwingana 510 °C (41. 0-50. 0 °F).
Endembo empango ezirikukira obwingi hamwe n'emyanya y'oburambuzi omuri Ethiopia, nizituura ahaiguru nk'eya Addis Ababa kandi ziine embeera y'obwire erikushushana. Omu myanya etari ahaiguru munonga, okukira munonga emizaano ya Ethiopia eri ahansi hamwe n'ebisharara omuri burugwa izooba bwa Ethiopia, embeera y'obwire neebaasa kuba ey'omuriro n'ekyanda. Dallol, omuri Danakil Depression omu kicweka ky'oburugwa eizooba, niyo erikukirayo obwire burungi omu nsi yoona obwa 34 °C (93. 2 °F).
Eihanga rya Ethiopia n'ery'akabi aha bikwatiraine n'empindahinduka y'obwire. Ebi birimu okweyongyera kw'obutagasi hamwe n'empindahinduka omu njura. [167] Empindahinduka y'obwire omuri Ethiopia, neteganisa eby'okurya hamwe n'eby'entaasya, ebirikugyendera aha buhingi n'oburiisa. [167] Abaesiopia baingi bagyemesereziibwe kuruga omu maka gaabo kugyenda omuri Gulf, Afirika y'amashuuma hamwe na Buraaya. [167]
Kuruga okwakana 2019, enganzi y'eihanga rya Ethiopia, Abiy Ahmed, etungire purogyekiti y'entunguuka erikugyenderera okukyendeeza aha kabi akarikuruga omu mpindahinduka y'obwire n'ebindi omu rurembo orukuru Addis Ababa. [167] Omu kwezi kwakuratsireho,gavumenti ekakora "Dine for Sheer", omukoro gw'okushorooza esente kwenda kushashura obuhumbi bwa doora 1 oburikwetengwa kurabira omu bantu. [167] obukaikuru bwa doora 25 bukarundaanwa kurabira omu mukoro gw'omuhendo gw'ahaiguru, kurabira omu nshohoza y'okwetabamu hamwe n'obuhwezi. [167] Kampuni ibiri z'egaari y'omwika eza China ahansi y'ekitongore kya Belt and Road Initiative ahagati ya China na Ethiopia zikaheerezayo esente z'okutunguura kiromita 12 ahari 56 zoona. [170]
Ebihangirwe eby'emiringo mingi
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru: Enyamiishwa za Ethiopia Reeba n'enshonga z'obuhangwa bw'ensi omuri Ethiopia hamwe n'okutema emiti omuri Ethiopia
Ethiopia n'eihanga eririmu ebinyonyi bingi omu nsi yoona. Obwahati ebika by'ebinyonyi ebirikuhingura 856 bikahandiikwa omuri Ethiopia, makumi abiri ahari byo n'eby'omutaano omw'eihanga. [171] Ebika ikumi na mukaaga biri omu kabi k'okuhwaho. Bingi aha binyonyi ebi nibirya ebituuku nka Bicyclus anyana. [172]
Omu byafaayo, omuri Afirika yoona, omuhendo gw'enyamiishwa gutwire nigukyendeera ahabw'okutema emiti, entaro z'omunda, okutokooza eby'obuhangwa, okuhiiga enyamaishwa hamwe n'ebindi ebirikureetwa abantu. Orutaro rw'omunda orwamazire emyaka 17, hamwe n'ekyanda ky'amaani, bikashiisha embeera y'obuhangwa bwa Ethiopia, ekyarugiremu okusisikara kw'obuhangwa bw'ensi. [177] Okucwekyereza eby'obuhangwa n'enshonga erikureeta okuhwaho. Empindahinduka omu myanya y'okutuuramu ku erikwija ahonaaho, enyamaishwa tiziine bwire bw'okumanya. Enkora y'abantu eriyo neteganisa ebika by'enyamiishwa bingi, n'oburemeezi bw'amaani oburikuteekateekwaho ahabw'empindahinduka y'obwire erikureetwa omwika ogurikutokooza eby'obuhangwa. [177] Ahabw'okuteeka omwika gwa kaboni dayokisayidi omu mwaka gwa 2010 gwa taani 6,494,000,Ethiopia neehayo 0. ebicweka 20 ahari igana by'omwika ogurikuruga omu bantu buri mwaka. [176]
Ethiopia eine emiringo 31 y'enyamaishwa. [177] Ethiopia eine eby'obuhangwa bingi ebirikugambwaho nk'ebiri omu kabi kaingi kandi ebirikubaasa kuhwaho omunsi yoona. Ebihangirwe ebiri omu kabi omuri Ethiopia nibibaasa kushoroorwa omu bicweka bishatu (kurugirira aha IUCN): ebirikubaasa kuhwaho munonga, ebirikubaasa kuhwaho munonga, hamwe n'ebirikubaasa kuhwaho munonga. [177]
Ethiopia ni emwe aha myanya munaana ey'omutaano kandi eyetongoire ey'ebihingirwe omu nsi yoona. [177] Kwonka, okutema emiti nikyerarikiriza munonga Ethiopia, nk'oku okucondooza kurikworeka okubura kw'ebibira nikureetaho okushenyuka kw'eitaka, okubura eby'okurya omuitaka, okubura emyanya y'okutuuramu enyamaishwa, hamwe n'okukyendera kw'ebintu ebirikurabira omu itaka. Omu kutandika kw'ekyasha kya 20, ensi ya Ethiopia erikwingana kiromita 420,000 (oba 35%) ekaba ekwekirwe emiti, kwonka okucondooza okuhweireho nikworeka ngu ebibira hati birikwingana kiromita 11. ebicweka ikumi na mwenda ahari igana by'ekyanga. [177] Eihanga rikaba riine obubonero bwa Forest Landscape Integrity Index bwa 2018. 16/10, erikuza omu mwanya gwa makumi ataano omunsi yoona kuruga omu mahanga 172. [180]
Ethiopia nefeerwa ebibira by'obuhangwa ebirikuteekwateekwaho kuba biri 1,410 km2 buri mwaka ahabw'okurundaana enku, okubihindura eitaka ry'okuhingamu, okuriisa munonga, hamwe n'okukoresa enku z'ebibira nk'eby'okwombekyesa. Ahagati ya 1990 na 2005, eihanga rikafeerwa ebibira ebirikwingana kiromita 21,000. [181] Enteekateeka za gavumenti eziriho obwahati z'okurwanisa okutema emiti zirimu obwegyese, okushongyera enteekateeka z'okutema emiti, hamwe n'okuheereza ebintu ebirikukoresibwa omu myanya y'embaaho. Omu myanya y'ebyaro,gavumenti neehayo amajuuta agatarimu mbaaho hamwe n'eitaka eritarimu miti, okubaasa kutunguura eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa hatariho kushiisha ebibira. [182]
Ebitongore nka Sos hamwe na Farm Africa nibikorera hamwe na gavumenti eya federo hamwe na gavumenti z'ebyanga, okutandikaho enkora y'okureeberera ebibira. [183]
Gavumenti hamwe n'eby'obutegyeki
[edit | edit source]Gavumenti
[edit | edit source]Ebitongore ebikuru: Gavumenti ya Ethiopia, ebiragiro bya Ethiopia, hamwe n'ekitongore ekiramuzi ekya Ethiopia
Reeba kandi: Abategyeki hamwe n'abebembezi b'amahanga ga Ethiopia Ethiopia
Ethiopia n'eihanga ry'eishengyero eririmu engazi y'eihanga n'omwebembezi w'eihanga, kandi omwebembezi w'eihanga n'omwebembezi w'eihanga kwonka aine obushoborozi bw'okukora emikoro. Obushoborozi bw'okutegyeka nibukorwa gavumenti kandi obushoborozi bw'okuteekaho ebiragiro nibuheebwa gavumenti hamwe n'amaju abiri ga ishengyero. Orukiiko orurikwebembera eihanga n'orukiiko rw'ahaiguru rw'eishengyero eririmu obukiiko bubiri n'entebe 108, kandi orwahansi n'orukiiko orurikujwekyera abantu (HoPR) n'entebe 547. Orukiiko orurikwebembera eihanga nirutooranwa akakiiko k'ebyanga, kandi abajwekyerwa b'orukiiko orurikwebembera eihanga nibarondwa butunu, kandi nabo nibaronda omwebembezi w'eihanga kumara emyaka mukaaga, kandi n'enganzi y'eihanga kumara emyaka etaano. [184]
Ekitongore ky'oburamuzi ekya Ethiopia kiine enkora ya kooti ibiri, eya kooti y'eihanga hamwe n'eya kooti y'eihanga. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ekaha kooti enkuru obushoborozi bw'okucwera orubanja, erikubaasa kushwijuma n'okushwijuma ebiteiso bya kooti enkye. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, kooti enkuru neebaasa kuhurira emishango y'ebibiina omu mahanga ataano agateirweho aha rurengo rwa federo nainga "omwanya ogurikuheebwa obushoborozi bwayo" ku ogire ngu "nikyetengwa ahabw'okuheereza oburingaaniza kurungi.". [185][186]
Ekirangiriro kya Federo ekikuru kikaheereza engyenderwaho ishatu: ebiragiro, ebibiina hamwe n'omwanya gw'obwebembezi bwa kooti ya federo, eky'okubanza "emishango erikuruga omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga, ebiragiro bya federo hamwe n'endagaano z'amahanga goona", ekya kabiri aha "bibiina ebirikworekwa eb [187]
Kurugirira aha kicweka 78 eky'engyenderwaho y'eihanga rya Ethiopia eya 1994, ekitongore ekiramuzi n'eky'obutegyeki. [187] Okureeba ngu eki kibaho, omwebembezi w'eihanga hamwe n'omuhwezi w'omwebembezi w'eihanga omu kooti enkuru, nibatooranwa eishengyero ahanyima y'okutooranwa kwa mukuru w'eihanga. Bwanyima y'okutooranwa, abebembezi b'eihanga tibaine bushoborozi bw'okubaiha omu ofiisi. Abaramuzi abandi nibarondwa ekitongore ekirikujunanizibwa ahaby'oburamuzi ekya Federal Judiciary Administration Council (FJAC) kurugirira aha misingye y'oburingaaniza hamwe n'ebiteiso by'enganzi y'eihanga okurondwa omu HoPR. Omu nshonga zoona, abaramuzi tibarikubaasa kwihwa aha mirimo yaabo okwihaho okuhuumura, okuhenda ebiragiro by'okukwatisa emicwe, obutakwatanisa, nainga obutakora kurungi ahabw'oburwaire. Okutaana n'ekyo, oburuuru oburikukira obwingi obwa HoPR buine obushoborozi bw'okwihaho abaramuzi omu kooti y'eihanga nainga akakiiko k'eihanga omu mishango y'eihanga. [187] Omuri 2015, amazima g'ekicweka eki gakabuusibwabuusibwa omu ripoota eyatebekanisiibwe ekitongore kya Freedom House. [190]
Eby'obutegyeki
[edit | edit source]Bwanyima ya 1995, eby'obutegyeki bya Ethiopia bigumizemu, ekirikureetaho empindahinduka omu ihanga. Eriizooba, eby'entaasya byayo nibikuratira engyenderwaho y'eby'obushuubuzi. [187]Ethiopia eine ebicweka ikumi na bibiri ebirikwetegyeka, ebiine obushoborozi bw'okushorooza n'okukozesa esente zaabyo.
Akaruuru k'okubanza akarimu ebibiina by'obutegyeki bingi, kakabaho omu kwakataano 1995, akahangurwa amagye ga EPRDF. [191] Purezidenti wa gavumenti y'obuhangwa, omwebembezi wa EPRDF, Meles Zenawi, akahinduka enganzi y'eihanga ry'okubanza omuri Ethiopia, kandi Negasso Gidada akarondwa nk'omwebembezi waayo. [192] Gavumenti ya Meles ekagaruka yatoranwa butunu; n'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, ebirugire omu bigyezo ebi biketomboitwa abarikureeba enshonga z'amahanga goona, kandi ab'orubaju orurikuhakanisa gavumenti bakabyetomboita nk'eby'oburyarya.
Meles akafa ebiro 20 Okwamunaana 2012 omuri Brussels, ahu yabaire naragurirwa endwara etarikumanywa. [192] Omuhwezi wa mukuru w'eihanga Hailemariam Desalegn akatooranwa nk'enganzi y'eihanga erisya okuhisya akaruuru ka 2015, [193] kandi yaguma atyo bwanyima y'ekibiina kye kutegyeka entebe za buri ishengyero. [196] Ebiro 15 Okwakabiri 2018, Hailemariam akarekura obwa enganzi y'eihanga, ahanyima y'emyaka mingi y'okwesharinga hamwe n'embeera y'akabi. [197] [197] [199] Abiy Ahmed akahinduka enganzi y'eihanga ahanyima ya Hailemariam kurekura omurimo. Akakora oruramburo rw'ebyafaayo omuri Eritrea omuri 2018, yaamaraho entaro ahagati y'amahanga abiri, kandi akaheebwa ekirabo ky'obusingye ekya Nobel omuri 2019. [200] Kurugirira aha kitongore kya Democracy Index ekyashohoziibwe ekitongore kya United Kingdom ekya Economist Intelligence Unit ahamuheru gwa 2010,Ethiopia ekaba eri "obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki bw'obutegyeki bw' [201]Ethiopia ekaba egwire emyanya 13 aha rukarara kuruga 2008, kandi ripoota ya 2010 ekagira ngu okukyendera ahabw'okufuuhirira emirimo y'orubaju orurikuhakanisa gavumenti, abanyamahurire, hamwe n'ebibiina by'obutegyeki, akaruuru k'eishengyero ka 2010 katakatandikire, eki ripoota yaagizire ngu kikahindura Ethiopia [202]
Ahabw'obutabanguko bwingi obw'omunda hamwe n'obw'omunda omu kyasha kya 21,gavumenti ya Ethiopia ekatandika kukoresa enkora y'obutegyeki, ekasharaho obugabe bwa demokurasiya hamwe n'obugabe bw'abantu. [203] Ekitongore kya Freedom House, ekikozire ahari Ethiopia kuruga 2008, nikyoreka ngu Ethiopia n'eihanga ry'obugabe ahabw'obugabe bubi munonga (eby'obutegyeki hamwe n'obugabe bw'abantu) oburikuhandiikwa omu butegyeki bwa EPRDF hamwe n'obw'ekibiina kya Prosperity Party. [202] [203] Ahansi ya Abiy Ahmed, Ethiopia eriyo neetunga okugaruka enyima omu by'obutegyeki kuruga omwaka 2019 ogurikworekwa obwire bw'obutabanguko bw'entaro z'omunda, okusiba ba memba b'ebibiina by'obutegyeki ebirikuhakanisa gavumenti hamwe n'okukyendeeza obugabe bw'amahurire. [206][207][207]
Ebitongore by'obwebembezi
[edit | edit source]Ethiopia egabaniisibwemu emiringo ena y'obwebembezi: ebicweka, zooni, woreda (disiturikiti) hamwe na kebele (wardi). [207] [207] Eihanga ririmu ebicweka 12 hamwe n'obwebembezi bw'endembo ibiri ahansi y'ebicweka ebi, zooni nyingi, woreda hamwe n'obwebembezi bw'ebyaro: kebele. Obwebembezi bw'endembo ibiri aha rurengo rwa Federo ni Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. [211]
Enkoragana n'amahanga g'aheeru
[edit | edit source]Ethiopia ekaba eri eihanga ry'eby'obushubuzi eryabaire niriguza ebintu nka zaabu, amahembe, enyamaishwa ez'omutaano hamwe n'obubaane. [212] Enkoragana y'amahanga ga Ethiopia ey'omurembe egi, ekatandika ahansi y'obutegyeki bwa Tewodros II, owaabaire naagyezaho kugaruka kutaho eihanga rya Ethiopia eririkukwatanisa, kwonka akaremwa orugyendo rwa Bungyereza orwa 1868. [213] Kuruga obwo, eihanga rikareebwa nk'eritarikwetengwa amahanga g'ensi yoona mpaka aha kwiguraho omukutu gwa Suez ahabw'oburemeezi bw'orutaro rwa Mahdist. [214]
Eriizooba,Ethiopia eine enkoragana nungi na China,Israel,Meksiko,Turkey na India hamwe n'amahanga agatuherereire. Ethiopia neekwatanisa n'ekitongore ky'ensi yoona eky'okurwanisa obutugi hamwe n'ekya African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). U.S. Owaabaire ari omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Amerika. S. Purezidenti Barack Obama niwe yabaire ari omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Amerika ow'okubanza. S. omwebembezi w'eihanga kutayaayira Ethiopia omu kwezi kwa mushanju 2015; orubazo rwe omu kibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika omukugyenda kwe rukaba nirukwata aha kurwanisa obutujju bw'abasiraamu. [217] Okufuruka kuruga omuri Ethiopia nikukira kurabira omuri Buraaya, otwariiremu Italy, Bungyereza na Sweden, hamwe na Canada na Australia, kandi okufuruka kuza omuri Middle East nikukira kurabira omuri Saudi Arabia na Israel. Ethiopia n'omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya 24 (G-24), ekibiina kya Non-Aligned Movement hamwe na G77. Omuri 1963, ekitongore kya African Unity, ekyahindukire eiziina rya African Union, kikatebwaho omuri Addis Ababa, obwahati omuriho obunyamahe bw'ekibiina kya African Union, African Union Commission. Okwongyera ahari ekyo,Ethiopia nayo ni memba w'ekitongore ky'ebyobushubuzi ekya Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, ekitongore ky'amahanga geeteeraine ekya Economic Commission for Africa, ekitongore kya African Standby Force, hamwe n'ebitongore bingi eby'obwannakyewa eby'ensi yoona ebirikugyenderera Africa.
Enkoragana ya Ethiopia n'amahanga ga Sudan na Egypt n'ey'akabi ahabw'oburemeezi obu purogyekiti ya Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, eyongyeirwemu omuri 2020, erikubaasa kukora aha bugabe bw'amaizi omu kicweka ekyo. [217] [227] Oihireho amahanga mukaaga agari ahaiguru y'omugyera (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, na Tanzania) okuta omukono aha ndagaano ya Nile Basin Initiative omuri 2010, Egypt na Sudan zikanga endagaano y'okugabana amaizi, barikugamba aha kukyendeera kw'amaizi omu kicweka kya Nile Basin hamwe n'oburemeezi obu [221] [222] Omuri 2020, enganzi y'eihanga Abiy Ahmed arabwire ngu "Tihariho maani garikubaasa kuzibira Ethiopia okwombeka daamu. Ku haraabe hariho ekyetengo ky'okuza omu rutaro, nitubaasa kutebeekanisa obukaikuru bw'abantu. "[223]
Ethiopia n'emwe aha mahanga ga Afirika agaatandikireho ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine kuruga omuri 1923. Akakiiko k'amahanga geeteeraine omuri Ethiopia, nikakora munonga aha nshonga z'abantu hamwe n'entunguuka. Zimwe aha bitongore byayo niziiha? nitugumyaho enkoragana n'ekitongore ky'amahanga geeteeraine ekirikureeberera eby'entaasya omuri Afirika hamwe n'ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika. Ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine nikyebembeza entunguuka omuri Ethiopia, otwariiremu okurwanisa obworo, entunguuka omu by'entaasya, engyenderwaho y'empindahinduka y'obwire, eby'obwegyese n'eby'amagara, okwongyera emirimo hamwe n'okurinda eby'obuhangwa. [224]
Amahe
[edit | edit source]Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Ethiopian National Defence Force hamwe n'ebyafaayo by'amahe ga Ethiopia
Ensibuko y'amahe ga Ethiopia hamwe n'emitwarize y'amahe bikaruga omu byafaayo bya Ethiopia eby'okubanza. Ahabw'omwanya gwa Ethiopia ahagati y'amahanga g'oburugwa izooba n'aga Africa, kitwire ahagati y'eby'obutegyeki by'amahanga g'oburugwa izooba n'ag'oburengyerwa-izooba kandi kitwirwe amahanga g'aheeru. Omuri 1579, obutegyeki bwa Ottoman bukagyezaho kushanjuura kuruga aha rubaju rw'enyanja omuri Massawa omu bwire bw'obusingura Habesh, bukasingwa. Eihe ry'obugabe bwa Ethiopia niryo ryabaasize kusingura Abanyamisri omuri 1876 omuri Gura, erikwebemberwa omugabe wa Ethiopia Yohaana IV. [226] Ethiopia eine amataagi ashatu gonka omu mahe, agarikukuratira amahe, amahe g'omumwanya, hamwe n'amahe g'omumwanya gw'amaizi, n'obu kiraabe kitari aha nyanja. N'embaririra ya doora ezirikuhingura akahumbi kamwe buri mwaka, niyo mahe agarikukirayo obuhango omuri burugwa izooba bwa Africa, kandi nigamwe ahari agarikukirayo obuhango omuri Afirika. [227] [228]
Okukwatisa ebiragiro
[edit | edit source]Ethiopia eine ebitongore bibiri ebikuru ebirikukwatisa ebiragiro aha rurengo rw'eihanga, ekimwe n'ekya Ethiopia Federal Police, ekindi n'ekya National Intelligence Security Service. Ekitongore ky'eby'obutegyeki ekya NISS nikikora nk'ekitongore ky'eby'obutegyeki hamwe n'ekitongore ekirikukwatisa ebiragiro omu ihanga kiine obushoborozi bw'okurwanisa obutujju n'ebindi ebirikukwata aha mahanga g'aheeru n'okurinda ebyokwerinda by'eihanga. Kiine n'obushoborozi oburikukwata aha bihagaro by'ensi yoona ebirikukwata ahari Ethiopia yoona. [227] [237] N'ekitongore kya EFP (Ethiopian Federal Police) ekirikukuratira ebiragiro by'eihanga omunda hamwe n'ekitongore ky'eby'okwerinda ekya National Intelligence Security Service, nikikora hamwe n'amahanga goona, n'okukuratira ebiragiro by'ensharo hamwe n'abantu hamwe n'ebintu ebirikutaaha n'okuruga omuri Ethiopia. [231] Ekitongore ky'eby'obutegyeki ekya EFP nikikira kureetaho emishango etari y'amahanga goona, n'etari y'okushwijuma, okureetaho emishango erikukwata aha bugabe bw'abantu hamwe n'emishango y'esente omunda. Aha rurengo rw'ekyanga,Ethiopia eine ebitongore bya poriisi 12 omu byanga byona, hamwe n'ebitongore bya poriisi bibiri ebirikuhebwa obujunaanizibwa, ebye Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. [232] [233]
Eby'entatsya
[edit | edit source]Ebihandiiko ebikuru:: Eby'entatsya ya Ethiopia hamwe n'eby'amakorero omuri Ethiopia
Ethiopia ekatunga entunguuka y'amaani omu by'entaasya omu bwebembezi bwa Meles Zenawi. [232] Kurugirira aha kitongore kya IMF,Ethiopia ekaba eri emwe aha mahanga agarikukurakurana juba omu by'entaasya omunsi yoona, erikworeka entunguuka erikurenga ahari 10% kuruga 2004 kuhisya 2009. [237] N'eihanga rya Afirika eririkutunguuka munonga omu by'entaasya omu mwaka gwa 2007 na 2008. [237] Omuri 2015, Banka y'ensi yoona ekashoboorora ngu Ethiopia ekaba etungire entunguuka y'amaani omu by'entaasya n'entunguuka ya GDP erikwingana 10. ebicweka ikumi na mwenda ahari igana ahagati ya 2004 na 2014. [237]
Omuri 2008 na 2011, entunguuka ya Ethiopia hamwe n'entunguuka y'amaani bikaremwa ahabw'okweyongyera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu hamwe n'oburemeezi bw'okushashura. Ebbeeyi y'ebintu ekeyongyera kuhika ahari 40 ahari igana omu kwezi kwa munaana 2011 ahabw'ebiragiro by'esente ebitarikukuratirwa, okwongyera kw'emishaara y'abakozi ba gavumenti aha ntandikwa ya 2011, hamwe n'emihendo y'ebyokurya erikweyongyera. [237]
Oihireho okukura kw'amaani omu myaka egi, GDP ya buri muntu n'emwe aha zikye munonga omunsi yoona, kandi eby'entaasya birimu oburemeezi bw'amaani. Kurugirira aha bihandiiko ebyabaireho omu 2019, 68. ebicweka ikumi na mushanju ahari igana by'abantu nibabonabonesibwa obworo bw'emiringo mingi kandi abandi ikumi na munaana. ebicweka bina ahari igana nibibaasa kukwatwa. [30]
Ethiopia neegyezaho kukora ahaburemeezi bwayo obwo erikuhinduka omwanya gw'okukora ebintu by'amaani omuri Afirika. [237] Omuri 2019 hakabaho ekiragiro ekirikwikiriza abanya Ethiopia abarikuruga aheeru y'eihanga kutamu sente omu by'empiiha omuri Ethiopia. [240]
Engyenderwaho y'eihanga rya Ethiopia neegira ngu obugabe bw'okutunga eitaka n'obw'eihanga hamwe n'abantu, kwonka abatuuragye nibabaasa kukoresa eitaka ry'obupangisa kumara emyaka makumi mwenda na mwenda, kwonka tibarikubaasa kuribika nainga kuriguza. Okupangisa eitaka kumara emyaka makumi abiri nikikirizibwa kandi eki nikiteekateekwaho kureeba ngu eitaka riza omu mikono y'abarikukoresa kurungi. [citation needed] Okugaba eitaka hamwe n'obwebembezi nibitwarwa nk'omwanya ogu obushomankuzi burimu ebitongore, kandi okushashura hamwe n'ebituga nibishabwa munonga baaba nibakora aha nshonga ezikwatiraine n'eitaka. [241] Ahabw'okugira ngu tihariho bukama bw'eitaka, purogyekiti z'okwombeka nizikira kukorwa hatariho kubuuza abarikukoresa eitaka, abarikuhendera babingirwe kandi bataine maka nainga eitaka. Ekiniga n'obuteyikirizana obumwe nibireetaho okwesharinga kw'abantu. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, ebirikuruga omu buhingi n'oburiisa bikiri ahansi, kandi ekyanda kikiriyo nikitahirira eihanga, ekirikureetaho okufuruka. [242]
Amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi g'amaizi
[edit | edit source]Reeba kandi: Amashanyarazi omuri Ethiopia hamwe n'orunyiriri rw'amashanyarazi omuri Ethiopia
Ethiopia eine emigyera mikuru 14 erikuruga omu byaro byayo, otwariiremu n'omugyera Nile. Kiine amaizi amahango munonga omuri Afirika. Okuruga omwaka 2012, amashanyarazi agarikuruga omu maizi gakaba garikwingana 88. ebicweka bibiri ahari igana by'amashanyarazi agateirweho.
Amashanyarazi agasigaireho gakozirwe kuruga omu mafuta g'omu itaka (8. 3%) hamwe n'oburugo bw'eby'obuhangwa oburikubaasa kugarurwa busya (3.6%).
Omuhendo gw'abantu boona abaabaire baine amashanyarazi omu 2016 gukaba guri ebicweka 42 ahari igana, ebicweka 85 ahari igana bikaba biri omu ndembo kandi ebicweka 26 ahari igana bikaba biri omu byaro. Okuruga 2016, amashanyarazi agarikukorwa gakaba gari ikumi na gumwe. 15 Obushuma n'okukozesa bikaba biri 9. 062 EBIKUMI BIBIRI. Bakaba bari 0. 166 TWh y'amashanyarazi ekatwarwa aheeru y'eihanga, 0 TWh ey'amashanyarazi ekatwarwa aheeru y'eihanga hamwe na 2. 784 GW z'amashanyarazi eziteirweho. [1] Ethiopia neheereza ebicweka 81% by'amaizi omu mugyera Nile kurabira omu bibanda by'emigyera ya Blue Nile, Sobat River na Atbara. Omuri 1959, Egypt na Sudan zikata omukono aha ndagaano y'amaizi ga Nile ey'omuri 1959, eyahaire amahanga goona obugabe aha maizi ga Nile. Kuruga obwo, Egypt eremesereize purogyekiti zoona omuri Ethiopia ezaabaire nizigyezaho kukoresa emifuregye ya Nile. Eki kikaremesa amahanga g'aheeru kutunga esente z'okukora amashanyarazi g'amaizi n'okwitirira omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Ethiopia, ekyaremesize purogyekiti z'entunguuka ezirikwegamira amaizi. Kwonka,Ethiopia eri omu nteekateeka y'okwombeka eibikiro ry'amashanyarazi erya MW 6,450 aha mugyera Blue Nile. Ekidiba kya Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam nikiija kuhwa omuri 2023, nikiza kuba eky'amashanyarazi ekirikusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika. [243] Purogyekiti y'amashanyarazi eya Gibe III niyo erikukirayo obuhango omwihanga erikwombeka amashanyarazi ga MW 1,870 . Omu mwaka gwa 2017-18 (2010 E. C) ebbibiro ry'amashanyarazi eryo rikakora amashanyarazi ga GW 4900 buri shaaha. [247]
Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Ethiopia
Obuhingi n'oburiisa nibukora ebicweka 85 ahari igana by'abakozi. Kwonka, eby'obuheereza nibyo birikukirayo obuhango omuri GDP. 14 Emirimo endiijo mingi y'eby'entaasya eyegamire aha by'obuhingi n'oburiisa, otwariiremu okutunda, okutereeza n'okutwara ebintu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa aheeru y'eihanga. Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa nibikira kukorwa abahingi n'abariisa abakye, kandi eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga nibikorwa n'abantu bakye. Ebihingirwe ebikuru harimu omwani, ebicoori, embibo z'amajuta, ebikwaijo, ebitookye, ebikwaijo hamwe n'emboga. Ethiopia nayo n'eihanga rya Vavilov eririmu ebihingwa bitari bimwe na bimwe, otwariiremu incense, omwani, okra hamwe n'ebihingwa.
Ebintu ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga n'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa (okwihaho ezaabu), kandi omwani nigwo muringo ogurikukirayo oburungi gw'okutunga sente z'aheeru y'eihanga. Ethiopia niyo eihanga rya kabiri omuri Afirika omu kuhinga ebicoori. [247] Kurugirira aha kuteebereza kw'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine, GDP ya buri muntu omuri Ethiopia ekahika ahari doora 357 kuruga 2011. [247]
Ebintu ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru: Okukora omwani omuri Ethiopia
Ethiopia neetwarwa nk'oburugo bw'omwani kuruga obu okuhinga kukatandika omu kyasha kya mwenda. [251] Ebyamaguzi ebirikuruga omuri Ethiopia omu mwaka gw'eby'esente 2009-2010, bikaba biri doora ya Amerika emwe. obuhumbi buna. [252]Ethiopia neekora omwani mwingi kukira eihanga erindi ryoona omu kicweka ekyo. "Mwani nereeta amagara g'abantu abarikuhika obukaikuru 15 omuri Ethiopia, ebicweka 16 ahari igana by'abantu boona. Abahingi n'abariisa b'omu kicweka ky'oburugwa izooba bw'eihanga, ahu embeera y'obwire erikwombeka etandikire kuteganisa eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, batwire nibarwana omu myaka egi, kandi obwahati baingi nibagira ngu eby'amasharuura byahwaho ahabw'ekyanda ky'obwire buraingwa. [254]
Ethiopia nayo neekwata omwanya gwa kataano omu kuhinga ente. [257] Ebintu ebindi ebikuru ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, n'ebihimba, ezaabu, eby'emibiri hamwe n'ebihimba by'amajuta. Okutunguuka kw'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa bw'ebimuri nikimanyisa ngu Ethiopia neeza kuba emwe aha mahanga agarikuguza ebimuri n'ebimera omu mahanga g'aheeru omunsi yoona. [256]
Eby'obushubuzi kuruga aha nsharo by'abariisa n'abariisa, buriijo tibirikwetegyerezibwa kandi tibirikukuratirwa gavumenti. Omu mahanga g'oburugwizooba bwa Africa, eby'obushubuzi ebirikuhingura ebicweka 95 ahari igana nibirabira omu mikutu etarikwetegyerezibwa. Okuguza ente, engamiya, entaama n'embuzi kuruga Ethiopia okuza Somalia, Djibouti na Kenya, nikitwariramu obukaikuru bwa doora za Amerika 250 na 300 buri mwaka (emirundi 100 okukira omuhendo ogurikwikirizibwa). [257]
Obushubuzi obu nibuhwera okukyendeeza emihendo y'eby'okurya, okwongyera eby'okurya, okukyendeeza obunkenke aha nsharo, n'okureetaho okukwatanisa omu byanga. [257] Kwonka, eby'obushubuzi ebi ebitarikukuratirwa kandi ebitahandikirwe, nibibaasa kureetaho akabi, nk'okwikiriza endwara kujanjaara juba aha nsharo z'amahanga. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, nikigambwa ngu gavumenti ya Ethiopia teine kushemererwa ahabw'okufeerwa emishoro hamwe n'esente z'aheeru. [257]
Enteekateeka ezibaireho obwahati, zikozire munonga okuhandiika n'okureeberera eby'obushuubuzi ebi. [257] Ahabw'ekitongore ky'abantu buntu okukura mpora mpora, eby'emishono hamwe n'eby'emibiri nk'enshaho biriyo nibihinduka bizinesi y'amaani ey'okutwara aheeru y'eihanga, kandi Taytu niyo yaabaire ey'okubanza kukora eby'ebbeeyi omu ihanga. [257] Ebintu ebindi ebikye ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga harimu eby'okurya, ebicoori, pamba, ebikwijo, ebitookye hamwe n'amahu. Ahabw'okwombeka ebidiba ebitsya hamwe n'okukura kw'amashanyarazi kuruga omu maizi okwetoroora eihanga,Ethiopia nayo neeteekateeka kutwara amashanyarazi omu mahanga agagiherereire. [257] [267]
Baingi nibareeba eby'obugaiga bya Ethiopia eby'amaizi n'ebirikubaasa nk'amajuta gaayo amarikwera hamwe n'ebyobugaiga byaayo eby'omwani nk'ezaabu erikwiragura. [261] [262]
Ebyengyenda
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru: Ebyengyenda omuri Ethiopia
Enguuto ibiri z'emotoka ezirikuraba omuri Afirika nizihika omuri Ethiopia: Cairo-Cape Town Highway hamwe na N'Djamena-Djibouti Highway. Ethiopia eine oruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika orurikwingana mita 1,435 (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) orurikwingana kiromita 926 ahagati ya Addis AbabaDjibouti Railway ahagati ya Addis Ababa hamwe n'omwata gwa Djibouti (kurabira omuri Awash) [263] hamwe na kiromita 270 ahagati ya AwashHara Gebeya Railway [267]
Ethiopia ekaba eine ebishaayi by'endegye 58 kuruga 2012, [14] hamwe na 61 kuruga 2016. [265] Omuri ebi, ekishaayi ky'enyonyi ekya Bole omuri Addis Ababa hamwe n'ekishaayi ky'enyonyi ekya Aba Tenna Démach Yilma omuri Dire Dawa nibitwariramu enyonyi z'amahanga goona.