Wp/nyn/Comoros
| part of | East Africa  |
|---|---|
| inception | 6 July 1975 |
| name in native language | Union des Comores, الاتحاد القمري |
| official name | Comores, l’Union des Comores, Union of the Comoros |
| native label | Union des Comores, الاتحاد القمري |
| IPA transcription | kuˈmuːɾn̩ə |
| official language | Comorian, Arabic, French |
| anthem | Udzima wa ya Masiwa |
| culture | culture of Comoros |
| motto text | وحدة، تضامن، تنمية, Unité – Solidarité – Développement |
| continent | Africa |
| country | Comoros |
| capital | Moroni |
| located in time zone | UTC+03:00, Indian/Comoro |
| located in/on physical feature | East African islands |
| coordinate location | 12°18′0″S 43°42′0″E |
| coordinates of easternmost point | 12°15′38″S 44°32′26″E |
| coordinates of northernmost point | 11°22′12″S 43°21′0″E |
| coordinates of southernmost point | 12°23′5″S 44°30′58″E |
| coordinates of westernmost point | 11°44′11″S 43°13′43″E |
| geoshape | Data:Comoros.map |
| highest point | Mount Karthala |
| lowest point | Indian Ocean |
| basic form of government | federal republic |
| office held by head of state | President of Comoros |
| head of state | Azali Assoumani |
| office held by head of government | President of Comoros |
| head of government | Azali Assoumani |
| legislative body | Assembly of the Union of the Comoros |
| central bank | Central Bank of the Comoros |
| diplomatic relation | Taiwan, United States, North Korea, People's Republic of China, Georgia |
| contains the administrative territorial entity | Grande Comore, Anjouan, Mohéli |
| currency | Comorian franc |
| foundational text | Constitution of the Comoros |
| driving side | right |
| electrical plug type | Europlug, Type E |
| follows | French Madagascar |
| replaces | Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros |
| language used | Modern Standard Arabic, French, Mwali Comorian, Ngazidja Comorian, Ndzwani Comorian |
| official website | https://beit-salam.km/ |
| hashtag | Comoros |
| top-level Internet domain | .km |
| flag | flag of the Comoros |
| coat of arms | National seal of the Union of the Comoros |
| geography of topic | geography of Comoros |
| has characteristic | partly free country |
| history of topic | history of the Comoros |
| official religion | Islam |
| economy of topic | economy of the Comoros |
| demographics of topic | demographics of the Comoros |
| mobile country code | 654 |
| telephone country code | +269 |
| emergency phone number | 17, 18, 772-03-73 |
| maritime identification digits | 616, 620 |
| Unicode character | 🇰🇲 |
| category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of the Comoros |
Comoros, omu butongore ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Comoros, n'eihanga eririmu ebizinga bishatu omu mashuma g'oburugwizooba bwa Africa, erishangwa aha muheru gw'amatemba ga Mozambique Channel omuri Indian Ocean. Orurembo rwayo orukuru n'orurembo rwayo orurikukirayo oburungi ni Moroni. Ediini y'abantu abaingi, hamwe n'ediini y'eihanga, n'ey'obusiraamu bwa Sunni. Comoros ekarangirira okwetegyeka kwayo kuruga omuri France ebiro 6 okwa mushanju omuri 1975. Comoros niryo eihanga ryonka omuri Arab league eriri omu mashuuma g'ensi. N'eihanga ry'omukago gwa African Union, Organization international de la Francophonie, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, hamwe n'ekitongore kya Indian Ocean Commission. Eihanga riine endimi ishatu: Comorian, French na Arabu.
Comoros, omu butongore ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Comoros, n'eihanga eririmu ebizinga bishatu omu mashuma g'oburugwizooba bwa Africa, erishangwa aha muheru gw'amatemba ga Mozambique Channel omuri Indian Ocean. Orurembo rwayo orukuru n'orurembo rwayo orurikukirayo oburungi ni Moroni. Ediini y'abantu abaingi, hamwe n'ediini y'eihanga, n'ey'obusiraamu bwa Sunni. Comoros ekarangirira okwetegyeka kwayo kuruga omuri France ebiro 6 okwa mushanju omuri 1975. Comoros niryo eihanga ryonka omuri Arab league eriri omu mashuuma g'ensi. N'eihanga ry'omukago gwa African Union, Organization international de la Francophonie, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, hamwe n'ekitongore kya Indian Ocean Commission. Eihanga riine endimi ishatu: Comorian, French na Arabu.Mayotte ekahinduka ekitongore ky'aheeru y'eihanga hamwe n'ekicweka kya Bufaransa omuri 2011 bwanyima y'akaruuru k'ekikungo akahinguziibwe.
Comoros ekabanza kutuurwamu abantu ba Austronesian/Malagasy, aba Bantu abarikugamba kuruga omu mahanga g'oburugwa-izooba bwa Africa, hamwe n'abashubuzi b'abaharabu abarikugyenda omu nyanja. [18]. Okuruga omuri 1500 obutegyeki bwa Anjouan bukategyeka ebizinga, kandi Grande Comore ekagaburwa ahagati ya ba sultan baingi. Kikahinduka ekicweka ky'obutegyeki bw'amatware ga Bufaransa omu kyasha kya 19, etakatungire okwetegyeka omu 1975. [19], [20], hamwe n'obutabanguko bw'eby'obutegyeki, kiine omutindo gw'entaasya oguri ahaiguru munonga omu mahanga goona, kandi kiine omwanya gw'ahagati omu kitongore ky'entunguuka y'abantu. [21], ahagati ya 2009 na 2014, ebicweka 19 ahari igana by'abantu bakaba nibatuura ahansi y'omutindo gw'obworo ogwa doora ya Amerika 1.90 burizooba kurugirira aha kugura ebintu.
Enkora y'ebigambo
[edit | edit source]Eiziina "Comoros" nirikuruga omu kigambo ky'Oruwarabu قمر qamar ("omwezi"). [23]. Kwonka, ebigambo ebi ebirikumanywa munonga n'ebitahikire, ekigambo eki kirikuruga omu maziina g'abaharabu aba ira aga Madagascar, "Q(u)mr" (Oruwarabu: جزر القمر): Comoros ekaba eri, ahabarabu, "eizinga rya Malagasi".
Ebyafaayo
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru: Ebyafaayo bya Comoros
Okutuura
[edit | edit source]Kurugirira aha nshonga z'ebyafaayo,omujinya gukagwisa amabaare, ekyaretsireho omuriro gw'omuriro. Eki kikahinduka orushozi rwa Kartala, ekyaretsireho ekirwa kya Ngazidja (Granda Comore). Nikigambwa ngu omugabe Sulemaani akatayayira ekirwa eki arikukorengana n'omugabekazi we
Abantu ababandize kutuura omu bizinga bya Comoro hati nibateekwateekwaho kuba bakaba bari abafuruki kuruga omubwato kuruga omu bizinga by'amashuuma g'oburugwa-izooba bwa Asia. [25[26] Abantu aba bakahika omumwanya gutakahikire omu kyasha kya munaana AD, eizooba ry'omwanya gw'eby'obuhangwa ogurikukirayo oburungi, ogurashangwa ahari Mayotte, nobu haraabe hariho enteekateeka y'okutandika omu kyasha ky'okubanza.
Abatuuragye abakyakuratsireho, bakaruga aha rubaju rw'oburugwa izooba bwa Africa, omuri Arabia Peninsula hamwe na Persian Gulf, omuri Malay Archipelago, hamwe na Madagascar. Abantu abaabaire nibagamba orurimi rwa Bantu bakaba bariho aha birwa kuruga aha ntandikwa y'okutuura.
Entunguuka ya Comoros ekabaganisibwamu emiringo. Omuringo gw'okubanza ogurikwesigwa nigwo gwa Dembeni (ekyasha kya munaana kuhisya kya ikumi), obu haabaire hariho amaturo makye maingi ahari buri kizinga. [29]. Okuruga omu kyasha kya ikumi na kimwe kuhisya ikumi na itaano, eby'obushubuzi n'ekizinga kya Madagascar hamwe n'abashuubuzi kuruga aha rubaju rw'enyanja ya Swahili hamwe n'amahanga ga Middle East bikakurakurakurana, ebyaro bingi bikatebwaho kandi ebyaro ebiriho bikakurana.Abatuuragye kuruga omuri Arabia, okukira munonga abahadramaut, bakaija omu bwire obu.
Medieval Comoros
Kurugirira aha kitebyo, omuri 632, ahanyima y'okuhurira eby'obusiraamu, abantu b'okizinga, nikigambwa ngu bakoohereza omujwekyerwa, Mtswa-Mwinda, omuri Mecca, kwonka obu yaahikireyo, nabi w'obusiraamu Muhammad akafa. N'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, bwanyima y'okutuura omuri Mecca, akagaruka omuri Ngazidja, ahu yaayombeka omuzigiti omu rurembo rwe Ntsaweni, kandi kikareetaho okuhinduka kw'abatuuragye omu busiraamu mporampora. [1]
Omuri 933, Comoros ekagambwaho abashubuzi ba Omani nk'eizinga rya Perfume Islands. [1]
Omu bihandiiko by'okubanza ebirikukwata ahari East Africa, ebitabo bya Al-Masudi nibishoboorora emihanda y'obushubuzi y'abasiraamu ey'okubanza, hamwe n'oku enyanja n'ebirwa byabaire nibizaarwa abasiraamu otwariiremu abashubuzi n'abaharabu kuronda amabaare, ambergris, amasanga, ebishoro, zaabu n'abahuuku b'abaharabu. Omugasho gwa Comoros kukweyongyera aha rubaju rw'enyanja rwa East Africa, emizigiti mikye hamwe n'emihango bikombekwa. Comoros n'ekicweka ky'eby'obuhangwa n'eby'entatsya ya Swahili kandi ebizinga bikahinduka omwanya muhango gw'ebyobushubuzi hamwe n'omwanya gw'omugasho omu nkoragana y'endembo z'ebyobushubuzi ezirimu Kilwa, omuri Tanzania eya hati, Sofala (omwanya gw'okuguramu zaabu owa Zimbabwe), omuri Mozambique, hamwe na Mombasa omuri Kenya.
Abaporotuguezi bakahika omunyanja ya Buyindi aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 15 kandi abaporotuguezi ababandize kutaayaayira ebizinga nibareebeka nk'aba Vasco da Gama omu 1503. [1] Okumara emyaka mingi y'ekyasha kya 16 ebizinga bikagabira amahe ga Portugezi ebyokurya omuri Mozambique, kandi n'obu haraabe hatariho kigyendererwa ky'obutegyeki ekya purotuguezi, abashuubuzi baingi bakatuura kandi bashwera abakazi b'omubyaro.
Aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 16 abategyeki b'omubyaro aha kicweka kya Afirika bakaba batandikire kugaruka kandi, barikuhagirwa Omani Sultan Saif bin Sultan, bakatandika kusingura aba Budaaki hamwe n'aba Portuguese. Omwe aharibo, Said bin Sultan, akeyongyera amaani g'Abaarabu omuri Omani omu kicweka ekyo, yaatwara obwebembezi bwe omuri Zanzibar eyabaire eri haihi, eyaizire ahansi y'obwebembezi bwa Omani. N'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, Comoros ekaguma eyetongoire, kandi n'obu ebizinga ebikye bishatu byabaire nibikwatanisa omu by'obutegyeki, ekizinga ekikuru, Ngazidja, kikagabirwamu obugabe bwingi (ntsi).
Ebizinga bikaba biri omu mwanya murungi gw'okuhikiiriza ebyetengo by'abajungu, okurabira omu kuheereza Abaporotuguezi omuri Mozambique, bwanyima amaato, okukira munonga Abazungu, omu rugyendo orurikuza Buhindi, n'ahanyima, abahuuku aha bizinga by'ebihingirwe omuri Mascarenes. [1] [2]
Okwetegyeka (1975)
[edit | edit source]Emyaka 30 eyaakuratsireho ekaba eri obwire bw'obutabanguko omu by'obutegyeki. Ebiro 3 Okwaikumi na mushanju, omwaka gwa 1975 bwanyima y'okwetegyeka, omwebembezi w'eihanga Ahmed Abdallah akaihwaho omu ofiisi omu kurwanisa kw'amahe, reero yaahindurwa omukiiki w'ekibiina kya United National Front of the Comoros (FNUK) Said Mohamed Jaffar. Bwanyima y'ameezi, omu kwezi kw'okubanza, 1976, Jaffar akabingwa omu ntebe ya minisita we w'ebyokwerinda Ali Soilihi.
Abantu ba Mayotte bakateera akaruuru akarikuhakanisa okwetegyeka okuruga omuri Bufaransa omu referandamu ishatu omu bwire obu. Eky'okubanza, ekyabaire aha birwa byona ebiro 22 Okwaikumi na kumwe, 1974, kikahangura obuhagizi bwa 63.8%, ahabw'okurinda enkoragana na Bufaransa ahari Mayotte; ekya kabiri, ekyabaireho omukwezi kwa kabiri, 1976, kikahamya akaruuru ako n'obuhango bwa 99.4%, kandi ekya kashatu, omu kwakana, 1976, kikahamya ngu abantu ba Mayotte bakaba nibenda kuguma omu kicweka kya Bufaransa. Ebizinga bishatu ebisigaireho, ebirikutegyekwa purezidenti Soilihi, bikataho engyenderwaho y'obutegyeki hamwe n'okwetantara abantu, ekyareteire enkoragana n'eihanga rya Bufaransa. Ebiro 13 Okwaikumi na mushanju, 1978, Bob Denard, ogundi murundi arikugambirwa ekitongore ky'eby'okwerinda ekya Bufaransa (SDECE), akagaruka kwihaho purezidenti Soilihi n'okugaruraho Abdallah arikushagikwa Gavumenti ya Bufaransa,Rodossia na Afirika y'amashuuma. Ali Soilihi akakwatwa kandi yaitwa bwanyima y'esande nkye.
Okutashushana na Soilihi, Obwebembezi bwa Abdallah bukaba burimu obutegyeki bw'oburingaaniza hamwe n'okweyongyera kukuratira eby'obusiraamu ebya ira, kandi eihanga rikahindurwa eiziina rya Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (Réplique Fédérale Islamique des Comoros; Republic of the Comoros). Bob Denard akakora nk'omuhabuzi wa Abdallah ow'okubanza; akeetwa "Omuhwezi wa Comoros", akatwarwa nk'omushaija w'amaani omu butegyeki. Haihi n'eihanga rya South Africa, eririkushashurira "abakuumi b'omwebembezi w'eihanga" rye, akaikiriza Paris okwetantara ekiragiro ky'amahanga goona aha butegyeki bw'okushoroora omu nganda kurabira omuri Moroni. Akataho n'ekitongore ky'abashubuzi eky'obutwire, ekyashabirwe kutaahamu aha kushaba kwa Paris na Pretoria omu butabanguko omuri Afirika. Abdallah akagumizamu nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga kuhisya omuri 1989 obu, arikutiina okuteera akaruuru, yaata omukono aha kiragiro ekirikuragiira abakuumi b'omwebembezi w'eihanga Bwanyima y'okuta omukono aha kiragiro, Abdallah akarashwa omu ofiisi ye ofiisa w'amahe atahikire, n'obu haraabe hariho oburugo oburikworeka ngu omuzinga ogurikwita za tanka gukateerwa omu kishengye kye gwamwita. [1] N'obu Denard nawe yahutaziibwe, nikiteekateekwaho ngu owaisire Abdallah akaba ari omuserukare arikukuratira ebiragiro bye.
Bwanyima y'ebiro bikye, Bob Denard akatwarwa omuri South Africa aba French paratroopers. Said Mohamed Djohar, mukuru wa Soilihi, akahinduka purezidenti, yaheereza kuhisya September 1995, obu Bob Denard yaagaruka yaagyezaho kurwanisa gavumenti. Omurundi ogu Bufaransa ekataahamu n'aba Paratroopers yaagyema Denard okwehayo. Abafaransa bakaihamu Djohar omuri Reunion, kandi Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim owabaire naashagikwa Paris akahinduka purezidenti omu karuuru. Akebembera eihanga kuruga omuri 1996, omu bwire bw'oburemeezi bw'abakozi, okubonabonesibwa kwa gavumenti, hamwe n'obutabanguko bw'okwehayo, okuhitsya obu yaafa omu Kwaikumi na kumwe 1998. Akasikirwa omwebembezi w'eihanga ow'obutwire, Tjidjidine Ben Said Massounde.
Ebirwa bya Nswani na Mwali bikarangirira okwetegyeka kwabyo kuruga omuri Comoros omuri 1997, omu kugyezaho kugaruraho obutegyeki bwa Bufaransa. Kwonka Bufaransa ekahakanisa okushaba kwabo, ekyarugiremu entaro z'eshagama ahagati y'amahe ga federo hamwe n'abahekyera. [48]. Omu kwakana 1999, Colonel Azali Assumani, mukuru w'amahe, akakwata obutegyeki omu kurwanisa okutarimu eshagama, akarugaho omwebembezi w'eihanga Massounde, arikugamba aha bwebembezi bukye omu bwire bw'oburemeezi.Ogu gukaba guri okutegyeka eihanga rya Comoros omurundi gwa 18, nainga okugyezaho kutegyeka eihanga kuruga aha kwetegyeka omuri 1975.
Asumani akaremwa kuhamya obushoborozi n'okugaruraho obutegyeki aha bizinga, ekyabaire nikijumirirwa amahanga goona. Ekibiina kya African Union, ekyabaire nikyebemberwa purezidenti Thabo Mbeki owa South Africa, kikataho obukwakurizo ahari Nswani kuhwera omu kuteesa n'okugarukana. [50] [50] Ahansi y'ebiragiro by'endagaano ya Fomboni, [50] eyateirweho omukono omukwezi kwa musenene 2001 abebembezi b'ebirwa byona bishatu, eiziina ry'eihanga rikahindurwa rya Union of the Comoros. Omwebembezi w'eihanga ry'amahanga geeteeraine, n'obu araabe arikutooranwa omu karuuru k'eihanga ryona, nibaija kutooranwa barikuhindukana kuruga omu birwa ebi buri myaka etaano.
Assumani akarekura obutegyeki omuri 2002 kwesimbaho omu karuuru k'omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Comoros akarikusingurwa. Ahansi y'okunyigirizibwa okurikugyenda omu maisho, nk'omwebembezi w'amahe owaizire omu bwebembezi n'amaani, kandi akaba atari mu demokurasiya obu yaabaire ari omu ofiisi, Assumani akebembera eihanga rya Comoros kurabira omu mpindahinduka z'engyenderwaho y'eihanga ezirikubaasisa akaruuru akasya. Ekiragiro ky'obushoborozi kikahinguzibwa omu kutandika kwa 2005 ekirikworeka obujunanizibwa bwa buri kitongore kya gavumenti, kandi kiri omu nkora. Oburuuru omuri 2006 bukasingwa Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, omwebembezi w'abasiraamu owa Sunni orikwetwa "Ayatollah" ahabw'obwire bwe obw'okushoma obusiraamu omuri Iran. Assumani akaheereza ekitiinisa ebyarugire omu buruuru, ekyarekire okuhindura obutegyeki omu busingye n'oburingaaniza omu archipelago. [1]
Colonel Mohammed Bacar, owaabaire ari omuserukare otendekirwe omuri Bufaransa, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Nzwani omuri 2001, akanga kurekura omurimo ahamuheru gw'emyaka etaano. Akakora akaruuru omu kwezi kwa mukaaga 2007 kuhamya obwebembezi bwe obwarangirwe gavumenti ya Comoros hamwe n'ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika. Ebiro 25 okwa kashatu 2008 abaserukare bingi kuruga omu kibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika hamwe n'ekya Comoros, bakakwata ihanga rya Ndwani eryabaire rikwasirwe abahekyera, abantu baingi bakakiira: habaire hariho ripoota ezirikugira ngu abantu baingi bakabonabonesibwa omu bwire bwa Bacar. [1] Abahekyera abamwe bakaitwa kandi bahutazibwa, kwonka tihaine omuhendo ogurikwetegyerezibwa. Abantu 11 bakahutazibwa. Abakungu abamwe bakasibwa. Bacar akatoroka omu bwato bwa sipiidi kuza Mayotte kuronda obuhungiro. Obwesharingo oburikuhakanisa Bufaransa bukakurataho omuri Comoros (reeba okutahirira Anjouan omuri 2008). Bacar akahendera yaheebwa obuhungiro omuri Benin.
Kuruga obu Comoros yatunga okwetegyeka kuruga Bufaransa, ekatunga okurwanisa kw'obutegyeki okurikuhingura 20 nainga okugyezaho kurwanisa. [1]
Ahanyima y'akaruuru akaabaireho aha muheru gwa 2010, owaabaireho omuhwezi wa purezidenti Ikililou Dhoinine akatongozibwa nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Comoros ebiro 26 Okwakataano 2011. Dhoinine niwe mwebembezi w'eihanga rya Comoros ow'okubanza kuruga aha kirwa kya Mwali. Ahanyima y'akaruuru ka 2016, Azali Assumani, kuruga Ngazidja, akahinduka omwebembezi w'eihanga omurundi gwa kashatu. Omuri 2018 Assumani akakora akaruuru k'okuhindura engyenderwaho y'eih Empindahinduka zikakorwa, nobu ab'orubaju orurikuhakanisa gavumenti barabeire nibahakanisa akaruuru, kandi omu kwakana 2019, kandi ahabw'okuhakanisa kwingi, Assumani akagaruka yaatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga kuheereza emyaka etaano. [1] Omu kwezi kw'okubanza 2020, akaruuru k'abajwekyerwa omu ishengyero omuri Comoros kakasinga ekibiina kya mukuru w'eihanga Azali Assumani ekya Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, CRC. Kikatwara oburuuru bwingi omu ishengyero.
Omuri 2021, Comoros ekata omukono kandi yahamya endagaano y'okuzibira eby'okurwanisa bya nukiriya, ekyarugiremu eihanga eritaine by'okurwanisa bya nukiriya. [58], kandi omuri 2023, Comoros ekeetwa nk'omugyenyi otari memba omu rukiiko rwa G7 omuri Hiroshima. [59].Ebiro 18 Okwakabiri 2023, Comoros ekatandika kukora nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika. [1]
Omu kwezi kw'okubanza omwaka 2024, purezidenti Azali Assumani akagaruka yaatooranwa n'oburuuru 63% omu karuuru k'omwebembezi w'eihanga akarikuhakanisa. [1] Omu kwezi kw'okubanza omwaka 2025, ekibiina ekiri omu butegyeki ekya purezidenti Azali Assumani kikasinga akaruuru k'eishengyero, okutwara entebe 28 ahari 33 omu ishengyero. Ebibiina by'obutegyeki ebirikuhakanisa gavumenti bikahakanisa ebyarugire omu bigyezo. [1]