Wp/nyn/Chanakya
| sex or gender | male  |
|---|---|
| birth name | कौटिल्य, विष्णुगुप्त |
| nickname | Indian Machiavelli |
| date of birth | 375 BCE |
| place of birth | Taxila |
| date of death | 283 BCE |
| place of death | Patna |
| languages spoken, written or signed | Sanskrit |
| writing language | Sanskrit |
| position held | professor |
| student | Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara |
| floruit | 4. century BCE |
| religion or worldview | Hinduism |
| notable work | Arthashastra |
| copyright status as a creator | copyrights on works have expired |
| quotation or excerpt | |
Chanakya, kurugirira aha nshonga z'obuhangwa ezirikubiikwa omu migyenzo etarikushushana kuruga omu kyasha kya 4 kuhisya 11 CE, akaba ari omu Brahmin owaahwereire omugabe w'okubanza owa Maurya Chandragupta omu kweyongyera kwe aha bwebembezi hamwe n'okutandikaho obugabe bwa Maurya. Kurugirira aha nshonga ezi, Chanakya akakora nk'omuhabuzi mukuru kandi enganzi y'obutegyeki bw'abagabe bombi Chandragupta Maurya hamwe n'omutabani we Bindusara.[3]
Omu muringo gwa buriijo, Chanakya akaba naamanywa nka Kauṭilya k[[[a[4] kandi akaba naamanywa nka Vishnugupta, omuhandiiki w'ekitabo kya Arthashastra ekya ira ekya Buyindi ekirikukwata aha by'obutegyeki n'eby'entatsya. Arthashastra hati nikiteekateekwaho kuba kyahandiikirwe abantu baingi omu byasha by'okubanza eby'ob[[[a[5]
Chanakya-Chandragupta katha (ekigano)
[edit | edit source]Tihariho kihandiiko ky'ebyafaayo ekirikumanyisa ebirikukwata ahari Chanakya: ebirikumugambwaho nibiruga omu bitabo by'engano.[a] Thomas Trautmann naayoreka ebirikumugambwaho bina ebitarikushushana kuruga omu ngano za Chanakya-Chandragupta katha (engano):[7]
Eby'obushuubuzi: Mahavamsa (ekyasha kya 5-6) hamwe n'ekitabo ky'okushoborora Vamsatthappakasini (orurimi rwa Pali) Eby'obushuubuzi: Parishishtaparvan (ekyasha kya 12) ekyahandiikirwe Hemachandra, kurugirira aha bihandiiko by'ek[[1]yasha kya 1-8 Eby'obushuubuzi: Kathasaritsarga (ekyasha kya 11) ekyahandiikirwe Somadeva, Brihat-Katha-Manjari ekyahandiikirwe Ksemendra Eby'obushuubuzi: Vishakhadatta's version: Mudrarakshasa (ekyasha kya 4-8) , omuzaano gwa Sanskrit ogwahandiikirwe Vishakhadatta; ogurimu ebiteekateeko bingi[8] Omu byafaayo byona bina, Chanakya naahurira arikujumwa omugabe w'ekika kya Nanda, kandi arahiira kumwihaho. Bwanyima y'okwihaho Nanda, ataho Chandragupta nk'omugabe omusya.
Ekicweka ky'ababudha (ekyasha kya 5-6)
[edit | edit source]Oburugo
[edit | edit source]Ekitebyo kya Chanakya na Chandragupta kiri omu bitabo by'Ababudha ebya Pali ebya Sri Lanka. Tikirikugambwaho omu kitabo kya Dipavamsa, ekirikukirayo obukuru omu bitabo ebi.[9] Ekitabo kya Mahavamsa nikyo kirikubanza kugamba aha kitebyo eki, kandi nikiteeberezibwa kuba kyahandiikirwe ahagati y'ekyasha kya kataano n'ekya mukaaga. Vamsatthappakasini (ekirikumanywa nka Mahavamsa Tika), ekirikushoboorora aha kitabo kya Mahavamsa, nikyongyera kushoboorora aha kitebyo eki. Owaakihandiikire tarikumanywa, kandi kikahandiikwa ahagati y'ekyasha kya mukaaga n'ekya 13. [10] Ebindi bitabo nibyongyera kushoboorora aha kitebyo e[[11]
Ekitebyo
[edit | edit source]Okurugirira aha kitebyo ky'Ababudha, abagabe ba Nanda abaabaire bariho Chandragupta bakaba bari abanyagi abaahindukire abategyeki. Chanakya (IAST: Cāṇakka omu Mahavamsa) akaba ari Omubrahim kuruga Takkāsila (Takshashila). Akaba naamanya gye ebya Vedas ishatu hamwe n'eby'obutegyeki. Akazaarwa aine amaino g'embwa, agaabaire nigateekateekwa kuba akamanyiso k'obugabe.[2] Nyina akatiina ngu akaba naija kumurekyera bwanyima y'okuba omugabe.[12] Kubaasa kumuhuumuriza, Chanakya akacwa amaino ge. Chanakya akaba ari omuntu mubi munonga, arikwongyerwaho obubi bwe bw'amaino n'ebigyere ebitereire. Eizooba rimwe, omugabe Dhana Nanda akatebekanisa omukoro gw'okugaba obuhwezi bw'okuhwera Ababrahim. Chanakya akaza Pupphapura (Pushpapura) kuza aha mukoro ogu. Ahabw'okugira ngu akaba naareebeka kubi, omugabe akaragiira ngu bamubingye omu ruteerane. Chanakya akacwa orukoba rwe orurikwera ahabw'ekiniga, kandi yaakyeena omugabe. Omugabe akaragiira ngu bamukwate, kwonka Chanakya akatoroka arikuhindura omuntu, arikweshereka nk'omushaija orikwetwa Ājīvika. Akakwatanisa na mutabani wa Dhana Nanda orikwetwa Pabbata, kandi yaamuhiga kuhamba entebe y'obugabe. Ahabw'obuhwezi bw'akabonero k'omukono akaheirwe omunyiginya w'obugabe, Chanakya akaza omu kibira Vinjha. Aha, akakora obuhumbi 800 bw'ebicweka by'ezaabu (kahapanas), arikukoresa obukoryo bw'ekihama obwabaire nibumubaasisa kuhindura ekinushu kimwe kibe ebicweka by'ezaabu munaana. Bwanyima y'okushereka sente ezi, akatandika kuronda omuntu oshemereire kuba omugabe.
Okurugirira aha kitebyo ky'Ababudha, abagabe ba Nanda abaabaire bariho Chandragupta bakaba bari abanyagi abaahindukire abategyeki. Chanakya (IAST: Cāṇakka omu Mahavamsa) akaba ari Omubrahim kuruga Takkāsila (Taksh[1]ashila). Akaba naamanya gye ebya Vedas ishatu hamwe n'eby'obutegyeki. Akazaarwa aine amaino g'embwa, agaabaire nigateekateekwa kuba akamanyiso k'obugabe.[2] Ahabw'okugira ngu akaba naareebeka kubi[3], omugabe akaragiira ngu bamubingye omu ruteerane. Chanakya akacwa orukoba rwe orurikwera ahabw'ekiniga, kandi yaakyeena omugabe. Omugabe akaragiira ngu bamwite. Chanakya akatandika kutendeka Chandragupta kuba omugabe.[13]
Amahe ga Chanadragupta na Chanakya gakatahirira obutegyeki bwa Dhana Nanda, kwonka gakataanisibwa bwanyima y'okusingurwa munonga. Ku baabaire nibaraba omu kwehisha, bombi bakahurikiza okugaaniira kw'omukazi n'[4]omutabani we. Omwana akaba ariire ekic[5]weka kya keeki, kandi yaanaga eby'omu mbaju. Omukazi akamuhana, arikugira ngu akaba naarya eby'okurya nka Chandragupta, owaataah[6]ire obutegyeki bw'omunda atakabandize kusingura ebyaro by'aha nsharo. Chanakya na Chandragupta bakamanya enshobi yaabo. Batandika kutendeka amahe gandi, kandi bat[7]andika kusingura ebyaro by'aha nsharo. Mporampora, bakata[8]aha Pataliputra (Pāṭaliputta omu Mahav[9]amsa), ahu baitsire omugabe Dhana Nanda. Chanakya akaragiira omujubi kusherura omwanya ogu Dhana Nanda yaabi[[10]ikire[11]e eby[12]obutungi bwe. Ahonaaho[13]omujubi ku yaamanyiise Chanakya ahu[14]eby'obutungi byabaire biri, Chanakya akaragiira ngu om[15]ujubi[16]aitwe. Chanakya akashukira Chandragupta amajuta nk'omugabe omusya, kandi yaaragiira omush[17]aija or[18]ikwetwa Paṇiyat[19]appa kubinga abahekyera n'abashuma kuruga omu butegyeki.
Ebyafaayo by'Ababudha ebya ira tibirikugamba ahari Chanakya omu kushoboorora aha ngoma ya Maurya bwanyima y'obwire obu. Dhammapala arikushoboorora aha kitabo kya Theragatha, naagamba aha kitebyo ekirikukwata ahari Chanakya hamwe n'Omubrahim orikwetwa Subandhu. Kurugirira aha kitebyo eki, Chanakya akaba atiinire ngu omunyabwengye Subandhu akaba naija kumusinga omu kooti ya Chandragupta. N'ahabw'ekyo, akaragiira Chandragupta kuta Subandhu omu kihome, kandi omutabani Tekicchakani akatoroka yaaba omubudha. Omuhandiiki w'Ababudha ow'omu kyasha kya 16 Taranatha naagamba ahari Chanakya nk'omwe[1] aha "bakama" ba Bindusara. Kurugirira ahari we, Chanakya akacwekyereza abanyiginya n'abagabe b'endembo 16 kandi yaahindura Bindusara mukama w'obutaka bwona oburi ahagati y'enyanja z'oburugwa-izooba n'oburengyerwa-izooba (Enyanja ya Arabu na Bay of Bengal).[2]