Wp/nyn/Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
| inception | 1991  |
|---|---|
| IUCN protected areas category | IUCN category II: National Park |
| country | Uganda |
| located in the administrative territorial entity | Kanungu District |
| coordinate location | 1°3′0″S 29°43′0″E |
| significant place | Kanungu |
| heritage designation | World Heritage Site, World Heritage Sites in Uganda |
| World Heritage criteria | (vii), (x) |
Ekibangirizi ky'enyamaishwa ekya Bwindi Impenetrable National Park n'ekibikiro ky'enyamaishwa ekiri omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Uganda. N'ekicweka ky'ekibira kya Bwindi Impenetrable Forest kandi kiri aha nsharo ya Democratic Republic of Congo haihi n'ekibira kya Virunga National Park hamwe n'aha rubaju rw'ekibira kya Albertine Rift.
Ekiteirweho 321 km2 (124 sq mi) y'ekibira ky'eitaka erikye n'eky'enshozi, nikihika aha bigyere byonka. N'ekibikiro ky'ensi yoona ekyateirweho ekitongore ky'amahanga geeteeraine
Emiringo y'ebinyonyi n'ekintu ekirikumanywa munonga omu eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa. [1] Neheereza obutaaho bw'ebinyonyi 120, ebinyonyi 350, ebikuubo 310, ebikuubo 27, ebikuubo, chameleons, geckos, hamwe n'ebinyonyi bingi ebiri omu kabi k'okuhwaho. Omu by'obuhangwa, eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa n'emwe aha bibira ebirikukirayo oburungi omu mahanga g'oburugwa izooba bwa Africa, er Ekicweka ky'amatemba (ahansi) kiine emiringo mingi y'ebimera bya Guinea-Congo, otwariiremu n'ebika bibiri ebiri omu kabi k'okuhwaho, Brown mahogany na Brazzeia longipedicella. Okukira munonga, omwanya ogu nigugabana omutindo gw'obuhangwa omuri Albertine Rift.
Eirindiro ry'enyamishwa n'ekihome ky'enyonyi nyingi nka hornbills na turacos. N'ery'omutaano ahabw'enyamishwa 400 eza Bwindi, ekicweka ky'abantu abari omu nsi yoona ab'enyamishwa eziri omu kabi k'okuhwaho. Guruupu 14 ez'enyamishwa z'omu nshozi nizitura omu bicweka bina eby'omutaano nka Buhoma, Ruhijja, Rushaga hamwe na Nkuringo omu disiturikiti ya Kanungu, Kabale na Kisoro, byona biri ahansi y'obwebembezi bw'ekitongore ky'eby'amahamba ekya Uganda.
Ebyafayo
[edit | edit source]Omu mwaka gwa 1932, ebicweeka bibiri by'ekibira kya Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Reserve bikateebwaho nka Crown Forest Reserve. Ekicweeka ky'amatemba kikateebwaho nka "Kayonza Crown Forest Reserve", kandi ekicweeka ky'amashuuma kikateebwaho nka "Kasatara Crown Forest Reserve". [1][2]: 7 Ebicweeka ebi bikaba biine eitaka rya square kiromita 207. [1]: 7 Omwanya musya ogurikwetengwa gukaba gurikwingana kiromita 298 (115 sq mi) [1] kandi gukaba guri ahansi y'obushoborozi bwa gavumenti ya Uganda omu bitongore by'enyamaishwa n'ebibira.
Omuri 1964, eibikiro rikateebwaho nk'ekihome ky'enyamiishwa [1]: 43 okurinda munonga za gorilla zaayo ez'omu nshozi, [1] reero rikatirirwa eiziina rya Impenetrable Central Forest Reserve. [3]: 43 Omuri 1966, ebibira ebindi bibiri bikahinduka ekicweka ky'ekibikiro ekikuru, ekyayongyera aha mwanya gwakyo kuhika haihi 321 km2 (124 sq mi). [1] Eibikiro rikagumizamu kurebererwa nk'ekihome ky'enyamiishwa hamwe n'ekibikiro ky'ebibira.
Omuri 1991, ekibangirizi ky'amahamba ekya Impenetrable Central Forest Reserve, hamwe na Mgahinga Gorilla Reserve hamwe na Rwenzori Mountains Reserve, kikateebwaho nka paaka y'eihanga kandi kyahindurwa eiziina rya Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. [1] Okuhindura omwanya gw'okurindamu eby'obuhangwa kikakora kihango aha bantu ba Batwa, ababingirwe omu kibira kandi batakiikirizibwa kutaaha omu kibira nainga kuhikwaho eby'obugaiga byakyo. [2]: 8 Okurondoora Gorilla kukahinduka omurimo gw'oburambuzi omu kwakana 1993, kandi ekibangirizi kikahinduka omwanya gw'oburambuzi ogurikumanywa munonga. [1]
Omuri 1994, omwanya gwa kiromita 10 (2.9 sq mi) gukateebwa omu kibira kandi gukahandiikwa aha rukarara rw'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi yoona. [1] Obwebembezi bwa paaka bukarahukaho obu Uganda National Parks, eyahinduriirwe eiziina Uganda Wildlife Authority, yaatandika kujunanizibwa aha paaka. [2]: 78 Omuri 2003, eitaka eriri haihi na paaka eririmu obucweeka bwa square kiromita 4. 2 (1. 6 sq mi) rikagurwa kandi rikatwarwa omu paaka.
Omu kwezi kwa kashatu 1999, amahe g'abaheekyera ba Rwanda abaabaire bari 100-150 bakatahirira ensharo kuruga omuri DRC baakiiba abarambuzi 14 abarikuruga aheeru hamwe n'abarikubahabura kuruga aha kitebe kikuru ky'ekibangirizi, ahamuheru barekura mukaaga kandi baita abasigaire munaana n'ebikondo n'ebikondo. Nikigambwa ngu abantu bingi bakabonabonesibwa, kandi n'omukazi omwe akahambwa. [1] Nikigambwa ngu okutahirira kwa Interahamwe kukaba kugyendereire "kutabangura Uganda" n'okutiinisa eby'oburambuzi kuruga omu paaka, okwihaho gavumenti ya Uganda entaasya. Paaka ekagyemeserezibwa kukinga kumara ameezi maingi, kandi okumanywa kw'oburambuzi bwa gorilla kukareebeka kubi kumara emyaka mingi, n'obu abarikugyenda omu maisho barikugarukaho ahabw'obutebekana omu mwanya.
Eby'obuhangwa n'embeera y'obwire
[edit | edit source]Orurembo rwa Kabale omu mashuuma g'oburugwa izooba nirwo rurembo orurikukirayo haihi na paaka, kiromita 29 (mayiro 18) kuruga aha ruguuto. [1] Paaka erimu ebibira bibiri ebirikukwatanisibwa n'omuhanda gw'ekibira. Enkora ya paaka n'omusika gw'okureeberera eby'obuhangwa obwa kare, obu ebibira bibiri eby'okubanza bikarindwa omuri 1932. [2]: 7 Hariho eitaka ry'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa ahu hakaba hariho emiti aheeru y'ensharo za paaka. [1]: 8 Okuhinga omu mwanya ogu n'okw'amaani.
Ebihangirwe ebirikukwata ahari paaka egi birimu amabaare agabaireho omu bwire bwa kare, nka phyllite, quartz, quartzite, schist, hamwe na granite. Paaka egi eri aha rubaju rw'ekibira kya Western Rift Valley omu bicweka ebirikusingayo oburungi omuri Kigezi Highlands, [1]: 43 ebyakozirwe okurwanisa ekicweka kya Western Rift Valley. [1] Omuringo gw'eitaka eryo n'ogw'amaani munonga, n'emig Oburaingwa omu paaka niburuga ahari 1,190 kuhisya 2,607 m (3,904 kuhisya 8,553 ft), kandi ebicweka 60 ahari igana bya paaka biine oburaingwa oburikuhingura mita 2,000 (6,600 ft). Oburaingwa oburikukirayo oburungi n'orushozi rwa Rwamunyonyi aha rubaju rw'oburugwa izooba bwa paaka. Ekicweka ekirikukirayo ahansi omu paaka n'omu matemba gaayo.
Ekibira n'omwanya gw'amaani ogurikwakiira amaizi. Ahabw'okugira ngu amaizi nigatemba kurabira omubishobobo ebikuru, okutaaha kw'amaizi n'amaizi nibikye. Enjura nyingi omu paaka neekora emifuregye, kandi ekibira kiine enkoragana y'emifuregye mingi. Ekibira nikyo kirikureeta emigyera mingi erikuraba omu matemba, burengyerwa eizooba hamwe n'amashuuma. Emigyera mikuru erikuruga omu irindiro ry'ebinyamishwa harimu: Ivvi, Munyaga, Ihhizo, Ishasha, hamwe na Ntengyere, erikushuka omunyanja Edward. [1] Emigyera endiijo nekushuka omunyanja Mutanda na Bunyonyi. [2]: 8 Bwindi neheereza amaizi abantu b'omubyaro eby'obuhingi.
Bwindi eine embeera y'obwire y'obutagasi. [1] Obwire bw'omwaka nibutandikira ahari 7 kuhika ahari 15 °C (45 kuhika ahari 59 °F) kuhisya ahari 20 kuhika ahari 27 °C (68 kuhika ahari 81 °F). Enjura yaayo ey'omwaka neetandikira ahari 1,400 kuhika ahari 1,900 mm (55 kuhika ahari 75 inchi). Enjura erikukira obwingi neetandika okuruga okwa kashatu kuhisya okwezi kwa mwenda na okuruga okwezi kwa mwenda kuhisya Okwaikumi na kumwe. [1] Ekibira kya paaka nikikora omurimo gw'amaani omu kureeberera eby [1]: 233 [1] Okutwara amaizi kuruga omu bimera by'ekibira nikweyongyera enjura erikugwa aheeru y'ekibira. Nikicendeeza n'okugwa kw'eitaka, ekizibu ky'amaani omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Uganda. Nikicendeeza okushandara kw'amaizi n'okureeba ngu emigyera egumizamu neetwara omu bwire bw'ekyanda.
Ebihangirwe eby'emiringo mingi
[edit | edit source]Ekibira kya Bwindi Impenetrable Forest nikikuru munonga, kigumire, kandi kiine eby'obuhangwa bingi. [1]: 23 Ebika bitari bimwe na bimwe nibiranga eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa, [1] kandi kikahinduka ekicweka ky'obuhangwa ekya UNESCO ahabw'omugasho gw'obuhangwa. Omu bibira bya burugwa izooba bwa Afirika, Bwindi eine bimwe aha bintu ebirikukirayo obugaiga, emiti, enyamaishwa nkye, ebinyonyi, ebirikutamba, ebituuru, hamwe n'ebishokye. Ebihangirwe ebingi ebiri omu paaka nibibaho ahabw'omutaano gw'ahaiguru [1]: 8 hamwe n'emiringo y'obutuuro omu paaka, [1] kandi nikibaasa kuba ahabw'okugira ngu ekibira kikaba eky'obuhungiro bw'ebihangirwe omu bwire bwa Pleistocene. [2]: 8 [1] Ebibira bya paaka n'ebya afromontane, ekitari kya buriijo omu Africa. [1]: 8 Nishangwa ahu ebibira by'omumishozi n'enshozi birikubuganira, [1] hariho ebibira ebirikugyenda omu maisho kuruga aha busingye bwahansi kuza aha busingye bw'ahaiguru omu paaka, [1]: 234 [1] ekimwe aha bintu bikye ebirikwetengwa omu kibira ky'oburugwa izooba bwa Afirika, ahu eki kirikubaho. [1] Paaka eine emiringo y'emiti erikurenga 220, hamwe n'emiringo y'emiti erikushoba ahari 50% omuri Uganda, [1] hamwe n'emiringo y'emiti erikurenga 100. [1]
Ekibangirizi ky'enyamaishwa ekya Bwindi Impenetrable National Park n'eky'omugasho ahabw'okurinda enyamaishwa ez'omumishozi, namunonga enyamaishwa ezirikukira obwingi omu nshozi za Western Rift Valley. [1] Nikiteekateekwaho kuba kiine emwe aha nyamaishwa ezirikukirayo obugaiga omuri East Africa, otwariiremu ebinyonyi ebirikuhingura 350 hamwe n'ebinyonyi ebirikuhingura 200. [1] Hariho ebika by'enyamaishwa ebirikuteekwateekwa kuba biri 120, ahari byo 10 n'ebishobobo, [1]: 744 kandi ebirikuhingura 45 n'ebishobobo [1] Hamwe na gorilla y'omushozi, ebika ebiri omu paaka birimu chimpanzee eya buriijo, enkima ya L'Hôte, enjovu ya Afirika, enkima ya African green broadbill, hamwe n'enkima ya cream-banded swallowtail, [1] colobus erikwiragura n'erikwera, enkima ezirikwiragura, vervetts, [1]: 744 empunu y'ekibira. [1] Ebika by'ebyenyanja omu migyera n'emigyera y'ekibira tibimanyirwe gye.
Enkozi z'omu nshozi
[edit | edit source]Paaka erimu gorilla z'omu nshozi nka 459 nk'oku kirikworekwa omu kubara abantu okwahererukireyo okwa 2019 (Gorilla Fund) (Gorilla beringi beringi), [1] ekirikumanywa nka Bwindi population, ekirikukora haihi kimwe kya kabiri ky'enshozi zoona ez'omu nsi yoona. [1]: 234 Abantu abasigaire omu nsi yoona nibatuura omu nshozi za Virunga eziri haihi. Okubara kw'abantu ba mountain gorilla omuri 2006, kukoreka ngu omuhendo gwazo gukeeyongyera kuruga ahari 300 omu 1997, [1] kuhisya ahari 320 omu 2002, kuhisya ahari 340 omu 2006, [1] na 400 omuri 2018. [1] Okuhiiga, endwara hamwe n'okufeerwa obutaaho, nibyo bintu ebirikusinga kutiinisa za gorilla.
Okucondooza ebirikukwata ahari Bwindi kurikusigara enyima y'ebirikukwata ahari Virunga National Park, kwonka okucondooza okw'okubanza kukakorwa Craig Stanford. Okucondooza oku kworeka ngu eby'okurya bya Bwindi gorilla birimu ebijuma bingi kukira eby'abantu ba Virunga, kandi ngu Bwindi gorillas, nangwa na silverbacks, nizikira kutemba emiti okurya amababi, ebijuma hamwe na epiphytes. Omu myezi emwe, eby'okurya bya Bwindi gorilla nibishushana munonga n'ebya Bwindi chimpanzee. Kikasangwa ngu Bwindi gorillas nizigyenda hare buri eizooba kukira Virunga gorillas, okukira munonga omu biro by'okurya ebijuma kukira eby'okurya ebirimu ebikuta. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, Bwindi gorillas nizikira kwombeka ebisu byayo omu miti, buriijo omuri Alchornea floribunda (omubyaro, "Echizogwa"), omuti mukye oguri ahansi.
Enkozi z'omu nshozi n'ekika ekiri omu kabi k'okuhwerekyerera, ziine abantu abarikuhika nka 650. [1] Tihariho nkozi z'omu nshozi eziri omu buhuuku, kwonka omu myaka ya 1960 na 1970, ezimwe zikakwatwa kutandika kuzaara.
Okukuuma eby'obuhangwa.
[edit | edit source]Eirindiro ry'enyamiishwa n'ery'ekitongore ekirikureeberera eby'obuhangwa ekya Uganda Wildlife Authority. Eirindiro ry'enyamiishwa n'ery'obuhangwa, n'obu abantu abari haihi.
Emyanya eri aha nsharo za paaka eine omuhendo gw'abantu ogurikuhingura 300/km2 (780/sq mi). Abantu abamwe abarikutuura omu myanya egi ni bamwe aha bantu abooro omu Uganda. Omuhendo gw'abantu baingi hamwe n'obuhingi n'oburiisa bubi nibiteganisa munonga ekibira kya Bwindi, kandi nikyo kimwe aha bintu ebirikuteganisa paaka.
Bwindi etakateirweho nka paaka y'eihanga omuri 1991, paaka ekaba eteirweho nka paaka y'amahamba, kandi ebiragiro ebirikukwata aha bugabe bw'okuhika aha kibira bikaba biri eby'omutaano kandi bikaba bitarikukoresibwa munonga. [1]: 233 Abantu b'omukyanga bakaba nibahiiga, barikusima eby'omu eitaka, barikutema emiti, barikubaasa, kandi barikubiika enjoki omuri paaka. [3]: 44 Ekateebwaho nka paaka y'eihanga omuri 1991 ahabw'obuhangwa bwayo n'obuhangwa bw'ekibira. Okurondwa nk'ekibira ky'enyamaishwa kikaheereza eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa ekitiinisa. [1]: 233 Ebitongore bya gavumenti bikongyera aha by'okwerinda n'okureeberera eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa. [3]: 44 Abantu abarikuhika haihi n'ekibira bakahwaho ahonaaho. Okukinga eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa kikareetaho okunyangarazibwa n'obutabanguko omu bantu b'omubyaro ebi: [3]: 233 hamwe n'ab'obushoborozi b'ekibira. [3]: 45 Aba Batwa, oruganda orwabaire nirwesigama aha kibira, bakosibwa munonga. Aba Batwa bakabiba, bakasharuura yams n'obwoki bw'omu kishaka, kandi bakaba baine emyanya y'abazaire baabo omu paaka. [20]. Abantu bafeereirwe amatungo n'ebihingirwe kuruga omu nyamaishwa, kandi habaireho okufa kw'abantu. [23: 45] Okutandika kw'enyamishwa kuza omu bantu, kugira ngu zitunguure eby'oburambuzi, nikibaasa kuba kyongyeire okushisha ebintu by'abantu b'omubyaro, ahabw'okuba okutiina abantu kweyongyeire.