Wp/nyn/Bigo bya Mugenyi
| country | Uganda  |
|---|---|
| located in the administrative territorial entity | Sembabule District |
| coordinate location | 0°9′0″N 31°15′0″E |
| heritage designation | Tentative World Heritage Site, National Cultural Site of Uganda |
| World Heritage criteria | (i), (ii), (iii), (vi) |
Ebigo bya Mugenyi [1]ebirikumanywa nka Bigo byonka ("orurembo"), n'omwanya muhango ogurimu emifuregye hamwe n'ebikomera ebirikukora eby'obuhangwa ebya ira ebirikushangwa omu kicweka ky'omugyera Katonga omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Uganda. Ebigo biri aha rubaju rw'amashuuma g'omugyera Katonga, kandi nibishoboororwaho nk'ebirimu ebintu bibiri. Ekicweka ky'okubanza kirimu ekiina kihango, ekitaine nshonda zirikushushana kandi kirikwetorwa enkungu nyingi ekirikureetaho ensharo aheeru obwo kirikuhikaana n'omugyera Katonga omu burugwa izooba hamwe n'ekisharara kya Kakinga omu burengyerwa izooba. Aha muheru gwakyo ogw'oburugwa izooba, ekiina ekiri aheeru kikongyera kweyongyerayo omu burugwa izooba kuhikaana n'omugyera Katonga. Ekicweka kya kabiri kirimu ekicweka kya rwagati, ekirimu ebiina bina ebitaine nshonda zirikushushana kandi birikukwatanisa n'omugyera Katonga kurabira omu kiina kimwe. Ebigombe bishatu birakwatanisibwa n'ebikomera bya rwagati; bibiri biri omunda hamwe n'ekindi aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba. Ku orikubigaita hamwe, ebyombeko bya Bigo nibihika aha kiromita ezirikuhingura 10.[2] Okuruga omu kubara kw'obwire okwakozirwe kuruga omu kucondooza okwakozirwe omuri 1960[3] hamwe n'okucondooza okwongyeirweho okwakozirwe aha mwanya gwa Mansa omuri 1988, 1994, hamwe na 1995,[4]ebyombeko bya Bigo byabaire biri omu myaka ya 1300-1500, kandi byetwa "eky'okureeberaho ky'obuhangwa ekikuru kandi ekirikukirayo obuhango omuri Uganda."[3][5]
Okucondooza
[edit | edit source]Ekirombe kya Bigo kikabanza kuhandiikwa omuri 1909; omu kubanza kikahandiikwa omujwekyerwa wa Disiturikiti D. L. Baines kandi kyakuratirwa Major C. R. Hall owaaherize maapu y'okubanza ey'ekyoma. Maapu y'ekyoma eyaherize kukorwa omu Uganda Protectorate Geological Survey ekaherizibwa A. D. Combe omuri 1921. Bwanyima y'ekyo, P. L. Shinnie akatimba ebituuro bingi omuri Bigo omuri 1957 kubaasa kucondooza aha nkwatanisa erikugambwa ahagati ya Bigo na Bachwezi hamwe n'okumanya eby'obuhangwa by'abantu abaayombekire ebyombeko.
Omu kugwa kwa 1960, M. Posnansky akakora okucondooza okundi ahari Bigo aine ekigyendererwa ky'okukora okucondooza okuhikire nk'oku kirikubaasika... okureeba ngu eby'obuhangwa by'omwanya ogwo byetegyerezibwa kandi akatunga amakara g'okukyebera obwire obu gakozirwe.[3] Omu kucondooza kwe ahari Bigo, Posnansky akamara esande ezirikuhingura 7 arikusima ebituuro ebirikuhingura 20 (ebirikwingana oburaingwa bwa 781) omu myanya ena (eshatu omu mwanya mukuru hamwe n'emwe aha kiina kya aheeru). Omu mifuregye egi, Posnansky akatebeekanisa ebishushani by'aha rubaju rw'omwanya ogu, arikworeka eby'obuhangwa by'omwanya ogu hamwe n'ebyafaayo by'okwombeka emifuregye hamwe n'ebihorooni. Kandi ebyaruga omu mifuregye bikaba birimu amakara ana agaheirweyo kukyeberwa hamwe n'ebibumbe ebirikurenga 4,200.
Okutereeza
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Bigo eri aha rubaju rw'amashuuma g'omugyera Katonga kandi erimu ebisharara, ekihandiiko ky'omugyera hamwe n'omugyera ogurikwetoroora, harimu n'omugyera mukye hamwe n'okucwekanisa omugyera Katonga. Ebiina by'aheeru biine obugazi bwa mita 10, oburaingwa bwa mita 1.5 kuhika ahari 4, kandi hamwe, birimu emihingo nka 20. Ebiina by'aheeru byona hamwe biri aha rurengo rwa kiromita 6 kandi biri aha rurengo rwa hekita 300[2] n'oburaingwa bwa mita 4,000.[3]
Kikaba kiri aha itaka ririkwimukiramu kandi aheeru y'ensharo z'ekibuga hakaba hariho embuga ina (1-4). Ebyombeko 1 na 2 nibyo birikukirayo obuhango omu guruupu kandi biine omwanya ogurikwetengwa kuruga omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba kuhika omu mashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba ogurimu emiryango ebiri kandi ogurimu enyindo aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba. Ebyombeko 3 na 4 nibyo birikukirayo obukye kandi birikukwatanisa n'omumashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa 1 na 2 (omu muringo ogurikworekwa) n'omuryango gumwe ahagati y'ebyombeko ebikuru n'ebikye. Ebyombeko 1, 2, na 4 buri kimwe kiine emyanya ebiri y'aheeru, kandi ekyombeko 3 kiine omwanya gumwe gwonka ogw'aheeru. Ku orikupima kuruga aha musingi gw'ekitanka kuhika ahaiguru y'orubaju orundi, ebishengye by'omunda biri ahaiguru ya mita 4 kuhika ahari 7. Ebigombe bishatu, ebirikwingana mita 2 kuhisya ahari 3, nibishangwa omunda (Ebigombe I na II) hamwe n'aharubaju rw'Ekishengye 2 (Ekihingwa III).[3] Ekirikumanywa, ekiina kya kashatu kikateebwa omu mwanya ogurikworeka ngu ekiina kya kabiri kikombekwa kugyendana nakyo.
Ekiina kimwe n'omugyera ogurikuruga omu kashonda k'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'ekyombeko 2, nigugyenda omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bw'oburengyerwa-izooba kuhika aha mugyera Katonga. Bigo Bya mugenyi n'omwanya ogurikwetengwa munonga omu nsi yoona.[6]
Omugasho
[edit | edit source]Okuruga omu bwire bw'amatware obu byajumbwirwe Abajungu kandi okugumizamu kuhisya omu myaka ya 1960, ebyombeko bya Bigo bikaba nibiteekateekwaho nk'ebirindiro ebyombekirwe kurinda okutahirirwa; kwonka okuteekateeka oku kukaba nikubaasa kuba kwabaire kurugirira aha ntaro ezirikuruga omu ntaro za Bunyoro na Buganda omu myaka ya 1800, ebirindiro bya Bungyereza ebyombekirwe ahandi omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Uganda, hamwe n'orutaro rw'ensi yoona orw'okubanza.[4] Okushoborora oku kukashagikwa eby'obuhangwa bwa Bunyoro kuruga omu bwire bw'amatware obu baagambire ngu aba Bachwezi na Babito bakatahirira ekicweka kuruga omu matemba. Enshonga nyingi nizihakanisa okuvunuura ngu emirimo y'okwombeka ekaba eri ey'okurinda abantu b'ebihagaro, ekikuru ahari zo n'okugira ngu oburaingwa bw'omwanya ogwabaire guri aheeru gukaba guri obw'okutabaasa kurindwa. Omu mwanya gw'okurinda abantu okutahirirwa abantu, kigambirweho ngu ebikorwa by'okwombeka eby'aheeru bya Bigo bikakorwa kuzibira enjovu okushiisha ebihingwa,kandi ebikorwa by'okwombeka eby'omunda bikakorwa kurinda abategyeki b'omwanya ogwo okutahirirwa, kandi bikaba biri emyanya y'okugaburiramu ebintu ebirikuruga omu by'obushuubuzi, hamwe n'okworeka emyoga y'okutebeekanisa kandi bikaba biri eby'akamanyiso ebirikukwata aha maani agaabaire gaine akakwate n'abo abaabaire nibatuura omu by'okwombeka ebyo.[4]
Eby'obuhangwa
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Okusima ebya ira omuri Bigo omuri 1960 kukarugamu ebicweka by'ebibumbirwe ebirikuhingura 4,200 kuruga omu bibumbirwe ebya rufu n'ebibumbirwe ebindi, hamwe n'ebikondo by'omuriro mukaaga, akakondo kamwe k'ebibumbirwe,kandi n'ebintu by'ekyoma ebirikworeka ngu bakaba nibakoresa obwoma, ebikwato by'okurwanisa, ebikwato by'okushara, hamwe n'ebikwato by'okusharuura.[3] Ebirikukorwa omu ibumba nibireebeka gye ahabw'okugira ngu nibishemezibwa barikukoresa obunyasi oburikukorwamu obukoba oburikwetoororwa ahaiguru y'ekibindi nari ahansi y'ekibindi, kandi ebibindi ebimwe bikasiigwa erangi erikutukura.Ebirikukira kuba eby'obuhangwa bikaba birimu ebintu ebitarikwetengwa munonga kandi ebitarikukira kubaho.[7]
Reeba na ebindi
[edit | edit source]Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Bigo bya Mugyenyi (Archaeological Earthworks)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
- 1 2 Sutton, John E. G. (2000). "Ntusi and Bigo: Farmers, cattle-herders and rulers in western Uganda, AD 1000-1500". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Posnansky, Merrick (1969). "Bigo Bya Mugenyi". The Uganda Journal.
- 1 2 3 Robertshaw, Peter (2001). "Ancient Earthworks of Western Uganda". The Uganda Journal. doi:10.4314/uj.v47i1.23050.
- ↑ "Bigo Bya Mugenyi - Uganda cultural sites, Uganda historical sites". 2018-03-02. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
- ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Bigo bya Mugyenyi (Archaeological Earthworks)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
- ↑ "Pictorial; What Remains of the Ancient Chwezi Dynasty's Capital"