Wp/nyn/Australia
| part of | MIKTA, Australia and New Zealand, Australasia, Commonwealth of Nations  |
|---|---|
| inception | 1 January 1901 |
| name | ꠅꠡ꠆ꠐꠦꠟꠤꠀ |
| official name | Commonwealth of Australia |
| native label | Australia |
| nickname | The Land Down Under, Oz, The Lucky Country, Straya |
| short name | AUS |
| IPA transcription | əsˈtreɪljə |
| archives at | National Archives of Australia |
| named after | Terra Australis |
| official language | Australian English, Auslan |
| anthem | Advance Australia Fair |
| culture | culture of Australia |
| motto text | There's NOTHING like Australia |
| continent | Oceania |
| country | Australia |
| capital | Canberra |
| located in time zone | UTC+10:00 |
| located in/on physical feature | Tasmania, mainland Australia |
| coordinate location | 25°0′0″S 133°0′0″E |
| coordinates of easternmost point | 28°38′15″S 153°38′14″E |
| coordinates of northernmost point | 10°41′14″S 142°31′53″E |
| coordinates of southernmost point | 43°38′40″S 146°49′30″E |
| coordinates of westernmost point | 26°9′5″S 113°9′18″E |
| geoshape | Data:Australia.map |
| highest point | Mawson Peak |
| lowest point | Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre |
| basic form of government | representative democracy, constitutional monarchy, federation |
| office held by head of state | monarch of Australia |
| head of state | Charles III |
| office held by head of government | Prime Minister of Australia |
| head of government | Anthony Albanese |
| has cabinet | Federal Executive Council (Australia) |
| executive body | Australian Government |
| legislative body | Parliament of Australia |
| highest judicial authority | High Court of Australia |
| central bank | Reserve Bank of Australia |
| currency | Australian dollar |
| foundational text | Constitution of Australia |
| driving side | left |
| electrical plug type | AS/NZS 3112 |
| follows | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| significant event | Statute of Westminster 1931 |
| studied by | Australian studies |
| discoverer or inventor | Willem Janszoon |
| official website | https://www.australia.gov.au/ |
| described at URL | https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-australia, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Australia |
| external data available at URL | https://data.gov.au/ |
| hashtag | Australia, australia |
| top-level Internet domain | .au |
| main regulatory text | Constitution of Australia |
| flag | flag of Australia |
| coat of arms | coat of arms of Australia |
| has seal, badge, or sigil | Great Seal of Australia |
| official symbol | Acacia pycnantha, opal |
| geography of topic | geography of Australia |
| has characteristic | free country |
| history of topic | history of Australia |
| list of monuments | Monuments of Australia |
| official religion | no value |
| most populous urban area | Sydney, Melbourne |
| railway traffic side | left |
| maintained by WikiProject | WikiProject Australia, WikiProject Countries, WikiProject Oceania, WikiProject Commonwealth |
| official color | green, gold |
| related category | Category:Australia-related lists |
| open data portal | data.gov.au |
| economy of topic | economy of Australia |
| demographics of topic | demographics of Australia |
| WordLift URL | https://data.thenextweb.com/tnw/entity/australia.html |
| mobile country code | 505 |
| telephone country code | +61 |
| trunk prefix | 0 |
| emergency phone number | 000 |
| GS1 country code | 930-939 |
| licence plate code | AUS |
| maritime identification digits | 503 |
| NCI Thesaurus ID | C16311 |
| Stack Exchange tag | https://travel.stackexchange.com/tags/Australia |
| Unicode character | 🇦🇺 |
| category for honorary citizens of entity | Category:Honorary citizens of Australia |
| category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of Australia |
| Commonwealth Sport country code | AUS |
| Lemmy instance URL | https://aussie.zone |
Australia, omu butongore ni Commonwealth ya Australia, n'eihanga eririmu ensi enkuru eya Australia, ekirwa kya Tasmania hamwe n'ebirwa bikye bingi. [N 6] Kiine omwanya gwa 7,688,287 km2 (2,968,464 sq mi), ekirikukihindura eihanga rya mukaaga omu bwingi omunsi yoona kandi erikukirayo obuhango omuri Oceania. Australia nikyo kicweka ky'ensi ekirikukirayo okuba ekyomire kandi ekirimu abantu baingi. [7] N'eihanga ry'emiringo mingi, kandi obuhango bwaryo nibuheereza obuhangwa n'embeera y'obwire nyingi, otwariiremu ebibuuga omunda hamwe n'amahamba g'obwiire aha rubaju rw'enyanja.
Baishenkuru b'abataka b'omuri Australia bakatandika kuhika kuruga omu mashuma g'oburugwa-izooba bwa Asia emyaka 50,000 kuhisya 65,000 enyimaho, omu bwire bw'omuzira ogwahwaire. [18 [19] [20] Obwire obu Abangyereza batandikire kutuura omuri Australia, abatuuragye bakaba nibagamba endimi ezitarikushushana 250 kandi bakaba baine eby'obuhangwa ebikuru omu nsi yoona. Ebyafaayo bya Australia ebyahandiikirwe bikatandika n'okucondooza kwa Budaaki aha rubaju rw'enyanja omu kyasha kya 17. Obutegyeki bwa Bungyereza bukatandika omuri 1788 n'okutandikaho obutegyeki bwa New South Wales. Ahagati y'ekyasha ky'ikumi na mwenda, amahanga maingi gakaba gatandikirweho abajwekyerwa b'abajungu kandi amahanga ataano ga Bungyereza gatandikirweho, buri rimwe rikatunga gavumenti erikwetegyeka omu mwaka gwa 1890. Amatware gakakwatanisa omuri 1901, gatandikaho Commonwealth ya Australia. Eki kikagumizamu n'enkora y'okwongyera obugabe kuruga omuri United Kingdom, ekyashoboororwa ekiragiro kya Statute of Westminster Adoption Act ekya 1942, kandi kikarugamu ebiragiro bya Australia ebya 1986. [22]
Australia n'eihanga rya demokurasiya eririmu eihanga ry'amahanga mukaaga hamwe n'amatware ikumi. Abantu baayo abarikuhika obukaikuru 28 nibatuura omu ndembo kandi nibatuura aha rubaju rw'enyanja rw'oburugwa eizooba. [23] Canberra n'orurembo orukuru rw'eihanga, kandi endembo zaayo ezirikukirayo abantu baingi ni Sydney na Melbourne, zoona ziine abantu abarikuhingura obukaikuru butaano. Eby'obuhangwa bwa Australia tibirikushushana, kandi eihanga riine abantu baingi abarikuruga aheeru y'eihanga omu nsi yoona. Eihanga rya Uganda riine entunguuka y'amaani omu by'entaasya kandi niryo riine entaasya erikukirayo omu nsi yoona. Eby'obuhangwa byayo bingi hamwe n'enkolagana nungi omu by'obushubuzi n'eby'omugasho omu by'entaasya y'eihanga. N'ey'omutaano omu by'amagara, eby'obwegyese, eby'entaasya, obugabe bw'abantu hamwe n'obugabe bw'eby'obutegyeki. [27]
Australia n'eihanga ry'ahagati, kandi n'ery'omurundi gwa ikumi n'eshatu omu nsi yoona omu kushashurira eby'okwerinda. Ni memba w'ebibiina by'amahanga goona otwariiremu ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine, ekibiina kya G20, ekibiina kya OECD, ekibiina ky'ebyobushubuzi eky'ensi yoona, ekibiina ky'eby'entaasya ekya Asia na Pacific, ekibiina kya Pacific Islands Forum, ekibiina kya Commonwealth of Nations, n'ebitongore by'eby'okwerinda nka ANZUS, AUKUS na Five Eyes. Kandi n'eihanga rikuru eritarikukwatanisa na Amerika. [7]
Enkora y'ebigambo Eiziina rya Australia (erikugambwa /ë'streëlië/ omu Rungyereza rwa Australia) niruruga omu rurimi rwa Latin Terra Australis Incognita (ensi y'omumashuuma etarikumanywa), eiziina eririkukoresibwa aha kicweka ekirikuteekwateekwa kuba kiri omu mashuuma g'ensi kuruga ira. [27]. Abarikukora maapu omu kyasha kya 16 bakakoresa ekigambo Australia aha maapu, kwonka tibari kumanya Australia ey'omurembe. [ 28)
Aba Budaaki ku batandikire kutaayaayira n'okukoresa maapu ya Australia omu kyasha kya 17, baketa enyanja egi New Holland. Eiziina rya Australia rikamanyisibwa omurambuzi orikwetwa Matthew Flinders, owaagyetooroire omuri 1803. Kwonka, okuhandiika kwe aha rugyendo rwe kukashohozibwa omuri 1814, eiziina Terra Australis rikakoresibwa. [27]
Gavana wa New South Wales, Lachlan Macquarie, akashaba eiziina Australia kuza omu mwanya gwa New Holland omu Kwaikumi na kubiri 1817. Ekitongore kya British Admiralty kikakoresa eiziina eryo omuri 1824, kandi eishengyero rya Bungyereza rikakoresa eiziina eryo omu biragiro omuri 1828. [27], United Kingdom Hydrographic Office ekakoresa eiziina erisya omuri The Australia Directory eya 1830. [29]. Eiziina rya "Commonwealth of Australia" erya federation y'amatware mukaaga agabaireho, rikakorwa omu mateeka ga Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK). [27]
Amaziina ga buriijo ga Australia harimu "Oz", "Straya" na "Down Under". [30]
Ebyafaayo Ebyafaayo by'abataka Abajwekyerwa ba Australia baine guruupu ibiri empango: Abajwekyerwa ba Australia, nibo bantu abatari bamwe omu kicweka kya Australia hamwe n'ebirwa byakyo bingi, otwariiremu n'abajwekyerwa ba Tasmania Torres Strait Islanders, abatarikushushana n'abantu ba Melanesia abarikutuura omuri Torres Strait Islands. Okutuura kw'abantu omu kicweka kya [18], Tikirikwetegyerezibwa obwingi bw'oburengye bw'abafuruki oburikubaasa kuba bwaretsireho abazaire b'aba Aboriginal b'omurembe ogu. [31 ] [32 ] Omwanya ogurikwetwa Madjebe rock shelter omuri Arnhem Land nigubaasa kuba nigwo mwanya ogurikukirayo obukuru ogurikworeka okubaho kw'abantu omuri Australia. [19], [20], [30], Ebisigalira by'abantu ebikuru ebirikujaguzibwa n'ebisigalira by'enyanja Mungo, ebyabaireho emyaka nka 42,000 enyimaho. [34].
Eby'obuhangwa by'abataka ba Australia ni kimwe aha bintu ebikuru munonga omu nsi. [35], [36], [37], [37], omu bwire bw'okuhikaana n'abazungu, abatuuragye b'omuri Australia bakaba bari omu bantu b'emiringo mingi, kandi eby'entaasya bitari bimwe na bimwe bikajanjaara omu guruupu z'endimi ezitari zimwe na zimwe ezirikwingana 250. [38], [39], [40] Okuteebereza kw'abantu aba Aboriginal batakatandikire kutuura omuri Bungyereza, nikuruga aha 300,000 kuhisya aha bukaikuru bushatu. [80] Eby'obuhangwa by'abataka ba Australia bikaba (kandi bikiri) bikwataniise munonga n'eitaka hamwe n'obuhangwa bw'ensi, n'emboozi za The Dreaming zikagumaho kurabira omu migyenzo y'omunwa, ebyeshongoro, amazina hamwe n'ebishushani. [1] Guruupu ezimwe zikakora omubuhingi n'oburiisa bw'emiti y'omuriro, [1] [2] okuriisa ebyenyanja, [3] [4] hamwe n'okwombeka oburaaro obutarikumara. [46], Enkora ezi zitwire nizimanywa nka "okuhiiga-okurundaana", "eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa", "okuhinga eby'obuhangwa" hamwe n'okwongyera amaani. [47], [48], [49], [50]
Abantu b'omu birwa bya Torres Strait, bakabanza kutuura aha birwa byabo emyaka 2,500 enyimaho. [50] Omu by'obuhangwa hamwe n'endimi ezitarikushushana n'abantu aba Aboriginal ab'omu kicweka ekikuru, bakaba bari abashubuzi kandi bakaba batunga amagara gaabo kuruga omu buhingi n'oburiisa bwa sizooni hamwe n'eby'obugaiga by'amabaare gaabo hamwe n'enyanja. Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa bikakurakurana aha bizinga ebimwe kandi ebyaro bikabaho omu mwaka gwa 1300. Ahagati y'ekyasha kya 18 omu matemba ga Australia, okukwatanisa, eby'obushubuzi hamwe n'okukwatanisa kw'eby'obuhangwa bikakorwa ahagati y'abantu b'omubyaro hamwe n'abatambuze b'e Makasani, abarikuruga omuri Indonesia eya hati. [53] [54] [55]
Okucondooza kw'abajungu hamwe n'okutwara amatware Emmeeri ya kampuni ya Budaaki eya East India, Duyken, eyabaire neebemberwa Willem Janszoon, niyo yabandize kuhika omuri Australia omuri 1606. [56], ahamuheru gw'omwaka ogwo, Luís Vaz de Torres akagyenda omumatemba ga Australia arikurabira omu Torres Strait, aha rubaju rw'enyanja y'amashuuma ga New Guinea. Orugyendo rwa Abel Tasman orwa 1642 nirwo rugyendo rw'abajungu orwabaire nirubanza kuhika ahaitaka rya Van Diemen. Aha rugyendo rwe orwa kabiri omuri 1644, akataho maapu y'omushororongo gw'amatemba ga Australia omu mashuuma ga New Guinea. Bwanyima y'orugyendo rwa Tasmania, aba Dutch bakabaasa kukora maapu z'amatemba ga Australia hamwe n'amatemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba hamwe n'amatemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Tasmania. Bakaziha eiziina rya New Holland. [57]
Omuri 1770, Kapiteeni James Cook akagyenda yaakora maapu y'omushororongo gw'oburugwa izooba, ogu yaayeta "New South Wales" kandi yaagira ngu n'eya Bungyereza. [59], omuri 1786,gavumenti ya Bungyereza ekarangirira ekigyendererwa kyayo ky'okutandikaho eihanga ry'abakozi b'ebibi omuri New South Wales. [60] Ebiro 26 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1788, amahe g'okubanza agarikuduumirwa Kapiteeni Arthur Phillip, gakahika ahari Sydney Cove, Port Jackson. Hakatandikwaho omwanya gw'okushutama kandi bendera y'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine ekateerwa ahaiguru. Eizooba eryo bwanyima rikahinduka eizooba ry'eihanga rya Australia. [60]
Abantu baingi abaabaire batandikire kutuura omwihanga, bakaba bari abasibe, batwarwa ahabw'emishango mikye, reero baaheebwa emirimo y'okukora n'abaheereza ba "free settlers" (abarikwenda kuza omu ihanga erindi). Bwanyima y'okwemerererwa, abasibe bakaba nibenda kwegaita aha bantu b'amatware. Okwesharinga kw'aba Aboriginal, okwetomboita kw'abasibe hamwe n'okushoroora eby'obuhangwa obumwe n'obumwe bikaba nibikomwa omu biragiro by'amahe. [60] [60] Obwesharingo bwa Rum omuri 1808, obwakozirwe ba ofiisa b'ekitongore kya New South Wales, bukareetaho obutegyeki bw'amahe obw'akanya kakye. Omu myaka makumi abiri eyaakuratsireho, empindahinduka omu by'obuhangwa hamwe n'eby'entaasya, hamwe n'okutandikaho orukiiko orurikutegyeka eishengyero hamwe na kooti ey'ahaiguru, ekareeba eihanga ry'abakozi b'ebibi rihindukire ekibiina ky'abantu buntu. [65].
Omuhendo gw'abantu b'enzaarwa gukakyendeera kumara emyaka 150 bwanyima y'abajungu kutuura, okukira munonga ahabw'endwara ezirikuturira. Ab'obushoborozi bw'amatware ga Bungyereza tibarataire mukono aha ndagaano yoona n'ebibiina by'aba Aboriginal. [677] [68], obu abantu baabaire nibegyendera, enkumi n'enkumi z'abantu b'enzaarwa hamwe n'enkumi n'enkumi z'abantu bakaitwa omu ntaro z'aha nsharo, ezirikugambwaho abakugu omu byafaayo bingi, harimu ebikorwa by'okwita abantu kuruga omu mahanga gaabo. Abatuuragye bakabinga abantu b'enzaarwa abaabaire bakiriho ahaitaka ryabo erikukira obwingi. [69].
Ebirikukwataho Australia erimu ensi enkuru eya Australia, ekirwa kya Tasmania, ebizinga ebikye aha rubaju rw'enyanja, hamwe n'ebishaayi bya Ashmore na Cartier, ekirwa kya Christmas, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard na McDonald Islands, hamwe n'ekirwa kya Norfolk. [125] Australia nayo neegira ngu ebicweka 42 ahari 100 ebya Antarctica n'ekicweka kya Australia ekya Antarctic, kwonka okwetomboita oku nikwikirizibwa amahanga agandi ana. [16]
Ensi ya Australia eri ahagati ya latitude 9° na 44° omu mashuuma, hamwe na longitude 112° na 154° omu burugwa izooba. [1] Australia eyehinguririize enyanja ya Buyindi hamwe na Pacific, etaanisibwemu Asia enyanja ya Arafura na Timor, enyanja ya Coral eri aha rubaju rw'enyanja ya Queensland, hamwe n'enyanja ya Tasman eri ahagati ya Australia na New Zealand. Ekizinga kya Great Barrier Reef, ekirikusingayo obuhango omunsi yoona, nikishangwa omu mwanya mukye kuruga aha rubaju rw'amatemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba kandi nikigyenda kiromita ezirikuhingura 2,300 (mayiro 1,400). [126]
Ensi n'ensi enkye munonga omunsi yoona kandi n'ey'omukaaga omubwingi. [127] Australia obumwe neetwarwa nk'ekizinga ekirikusingayo obuhango omunsi yoona [127] kandi nekira kwetwa "ekizinga ky'eizinga.". [127]Eine kilomita 35,877 (mayiro 22,293) z'omushororongo gw'enyanja (hatarimu ebizinga byona eby'aha rubaju rw'enyanja),[127] kandi neegira ngu n'ekicweka ky'eby'entaasya ekya square kilomita 8,148,250 (mayiro 3,146,060). Ekicweka ky'eby'entatsya eky'omutaano tikirikutwariramu ekicweka kya Australia ekya Antarctic. [131]
Ekicweka kya Australia ekirikukira obwingi n'ekyanda. [131] Omuri 2021, Australia ekaba eine ebicweka ikumi ahari igana by'eitaka ry'obuhangwa ry'ensi yoona. [132] Ebibira nibikwatsya ebicweka 17 ahari igana by'eitaka rya Australia. [133][134] Ensi ya Australia eri ahaiguru munonga, n'oburaingwa bwa mita 325, (1,066 ft) wagyeragyeranisa na mita 870 (2,850 ft) aha mahanga goona. [135] Ekitongore kya Great Dividing Range nikigyenda omu burengye bw'oburugwizooba bwa Australia, kikataanisa ebicweka ebiri ahagati n'ebicweka ebiri aha burengye bw'oburugwizooba. [136] Aha mita 2,228 (fuuti 7,310), omushozi gwa Kosciusko nigwo mushozi ogurikukirayo oburungi aha eitaka. Ebirengye ni Mawson Peak, ahari m2,745 (9,006 ft), aha kizinga kya Heard, hamwe, omuri Australia Antarctic Territory, omushozi gwa McClintock hamwe n'omushozi gwa Menzies, ahari m3,492 (11,457 ft) hamwe na m3,355 (11,007 ft). [136]
Omugyera gwa Murray-Darling nigwo mugyera muhango ogurikutwara amaizi kuruga omuri New South Wales hamwe n'omumatemba ga Queensland kuza omu nyanja ya Alexandria hamwe n'enyanja omu mashuuma ga Australia. Hariho emifuregye mikye aha rubaju rw'enyanja, emifuregye y'omunda nka enyanja ya Eyre hamwe n'enyanja y'omunnyo omuri Australia eya rwagati n'ey'oburengyerwa-izooba. [137] Emigyera ya Australia eine amaizi makye munonga omu nyanja kukira amahanga agandi. Ekicweka ky'eihanga ekirikwera, ekirikwera nikireetera emigyera yaakyo kutambura mpora mpora, ekirikurugwamu okurundaana omwonyo ahaitaka. [137] Okukoresa omwonyo omu itaka nikiteganisa kubi eitaka rya Australia, eririmu ebiriisa bikye wagyeragyeranisa n'omutindo gw'ensi yoona. [139].
Abantu ba Australia baingi nibatuura aha rubaju rw'enyanja. Ebicweka 95 ahari igana by'abantu nibatuura omu kiromita 100 kuruga aha rubaju rw'enyanja; omuhendo gw'ensi yoona ni 39 ahari igana. [140] Omuhendo gw'abantu omuri Australia ni 3. abantu 5 ahari buri square kiromita,141 ekimwe aha bikye omu nsi yoona. [140] Kwonka, hariho abantu baingi omu ndembo eziri aha rubaju rw'enyanja rw'amashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, kandi omuhendo gw'abantu gurikusinga abantu 38 buri square kiromita omuri rwagati ya Melbourne. [141]
Eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi Australia ekaba eri omu kicweka kya Rodinia na Gondwana supercontinents, [1] ekaba etaanisibwemu kimwe na Antarctica emyaka miriyoni 35 enyima, kandi yagumizamu neetamburira omu matemba gaayo. [143] Obwire bwa barafu ku bwahwaire, amaizi g'enyanja agarikweyongyera gakataanisa eitaka rya Australia kuruga omuri New Guinea emyaka nka 8,000 enyima, hamwe na Tasmania emyaka nka 6,000 enyima. [143]
Australia eri omu mwanya ogurikwetwa Australian tectonic plate. Eitaka rikuru n'ery'obutebekana omu by'obuhangwa, tiririmu nshozi z'amaani, enshozi z'omuriro, nainga enshonga z'eby'obuhangwa. [147] Kwonka, ekicweeka kya Australia kiriyo nikigyenda omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba aha rurengo rwa sentimita nka 6 ku 7 omwaka kandi obwahati kiriyo nikitomerana n'ekicweeka kya Eurasia hamwe n'ekicweeka kya Pacific. [140] Okwerarikirira okurugiremu nikureetaho okusisikara kw'amaani ahabw'eitaka eririkwesigwa omu by'obuhangwa. Hakabaho emitunga 18 y'amaani g'omurundi ogurikuhingura mukaaga ahagati ya 1901 na 2017. Omutsitsa gw'omuri Newcastle ogwa 1989 nigwo gwabaire guri ogw'akabi munonga omuri Australia, gukaita abantu 13. [146] Hakaba hariho enyoozi z'omuriro aha kicweka ky'oburugwa eizooba emyaka 4,600 enyima, [147] kandi eki nikyeyoreka omu maziina g'emyanya y'aba Aboriginal hamwe n'ebitebyo by'obuhangwa. [147] Obwahati, okubaruka kw'enshozi nikukorwa omu birwa bya Heard n'ebya McDonald. [147]
Ekikopo ky'ensi ya Australia kikakorwa omu bwire bushatu kuruga aha bukuru bwa Archaean cratons omu burengyerwizooba kuhisya aha bukuru bwa orogenic formations omu burugwa izooba (obwombekirwe emyaka miriyoni 541 kuhisya miriyoni 252 enyimaho). [147][150] Amabaare ga Australia agarikusingayo obukuru nigatandika omu bwire bwa Archaean. Bamwe omuri burengyerwizooba bwa Australia, nibakura emyaka eshatu. emyaka obuhumbi mushanju hamwe n'endiijo omu mashuuma ga Australia, erikuhingura 3. emyaka akahumbi kamwe. Zirconi crystals ezirikusingayo obukuru omu nsi, zikaruga omuri 4. emyaka obuhumbi buna, eshangirwe omuri burengye bw'eizooba bwa Australia. Kwonka, ebicweka kinaana ahari igana ebya Australia biijwire amabaare g'amabaare agatarikuhika obukaikuru 250 obw'obukuru. [147]