Wp/nyn/Aristotle

Akabokisi ka data n'ebintu =Q868

Aristotle ( 384–322 BC) akaba ari omunyamutegyeki kandi omuhangu omu by'obuhangwa omuri (Greece) - Bugiika eya ira. Ebi yaahandiikire bikaba birimu ebintu bingi ebirikukwata aha sayansi, obunyabwengye, orurimi, eby'entatsya, eby'obutegyeki, eby'emitwarize y'abantu, hamwe n'eby'emikono. Nk'omutandiki w'eishomero ry'obunyabwengye erya Peripatetic omuri Lyceum omuri Atene, akatandikaho obunyabwengye bwa Aristotelian obwakuratiire, obwareteire sayansi ey'omureembe kubaho.

Tihariho bingi ebirikumanywa aha magara ga Aristotle. Akazaarwa omu rurembo rwa Stagira omu matemba ga Bugrika omu bwire bw'obuhangwa, kandi ishe Nikomakusi akafa obu yabaire akiri muto, reero yaayororwa omuntu ondiijo. Aha myaka nka ikumi na munaana, akaza omu ishomero rya Plato omuri Atene, kandi yaagumayo kuhitsya obu yaahikize emyaka makumi ashatu na mushanju (nk'omu gwa 347 BC). Ahonaaho bwanyima ya Plato kufa, akaruga Atene, kandi ahabw'okushaba kwa Filipo II owa Macedoniya, akatandika kwegyesa mutabani we Alexander the Great kuruga omu gwa 343 BC. Akatandikaho eibikiro ry'ebitabo omuri Lyceum, ekyamuhwereire kukora ebitabo bingi aha mizingo ya papyrus.

N'obu kiraabe kitariikumanywa gye, ebitekateeko bya Aristotle bikahindura munonga obwegyese bw'omu myaka ya ira. Obuhangwa bwe, n'obu bwabaire nibukira kuba obw'omugasho, bukagumaho kuhitsya omu bwire bw'okwetegyereza kw'omureembe hamwe n'ebitekateeko nka classical mechanics bikatandikwaho. Akakora kihango aha nyegyesa y'obunyabwengye, kandi n'obunaku obu, nibukigambwaho omu nyegyesa y'emitwarize y'abantu

Amagara

Okutwariza hamwe, ebirikukwata aha magara ga Aristotle tibikamanyirwe gye. Ebyafaayo by'abantu ebyahandiikirwe ira burijo nibitebereza kandi ab'ebyafaayo nibikirizana aha nshonga nkye ezirikumanywa munonga. [A] Aristotle akazaarwa omuri 384 BC[B] omuri Stagira, Chalcidice,[2] kiromita nka 55 omu burugwa izooba bwa Thessaloniki eya hati.[3][4] Akaba ari mutabani wa Nicomachus, omushaho w'omugabe Amyntas owa Macedon,[5] hamwe na Phaestis, omukazi owaabaire naaruga Chalcis, Euboea.[6] Nikigambwa ngu Nicomachus akaba ari omwe aha bashaho b'ekibiina kya Asclepiadae kandi nabaasa kuba niwe yaareeteire Aristotle kukunda eby'obuhangwa hamwe n'eby'emibazi. [7] Ebyafaayo ebya ira nibigira ngu ab'eka ya Aristotle bakaba nibaruga omu bantu abarikumanywa nk'abashaho Asclepius hamwe n'omutabani we Machaon.[8] Abazaire ba Aristotle bombi bakafa akiri muto kandi Proxenus owa Atarneus akaba omureeberezi we. [9] N'obu haraabe hatariho bingi ebirikumanywa ebirikukwata aha buto bwa Aristotle, naabaasa kuba yaamazire obwire omu kibuga ekikuru kya Macedon, arikukora emikago n'obugabe bwa Macedon. [10]

Eishomero rya Aristotle omuri Mieza, Macedonia, Greece Aha myaka ikumi na mushanju nari ikumi na munaana, Aristotle akaza omuri Asiya Nkye omuri Athens kugumizamu n'emishomo ye aha ishomero rya Plato. [11] Akatunga ekitiinisa nk'omucondoozi kandi omwegyesa, yaatunga ekitiinisa kya "omutwe gw'eishomero" kuruga owa mwegyesa we Plato. [12] Obu yaabaire ari omuri Athens, nikigambwa ngu akareeba ebirikukwata aha mikoro y'omu kishengye kya Eleusis, nk'oku yaahandiikire arikushoboorora aha bintu ebi omuntu arikureeba omu mikoro egyo, "okureeba n'okwega" (παθεĩν μαθεĩν). [13] Obu yaabaire ari omuri Asiya Nkye, Aristotle hamwe[na] mutaahi we Theophrastus bakakora okucondooza kwingi omu by'obuhangwa bw'ebimera hamwe n'eby'omu maizi, ebi baakozireho bwanyima[E] Obu yabaire ari Asiya Nkye, Aristotle ham[na] mukundwa we Pythias bakashwerana. Pythias akaba ari muhara wa Hermias owa Atarneus, owaakuzire.

Omu 343/42 BC, Aristotle akeetwa Pella Philip II owa Macedon kuba omwegyesa w'omutabani we ow'emyaka ikumi n'eshatu Alexander;[19] okucwamu okurikubaasa kuba kwabaire kurimu enkoragana y'eka ya Aristotle n'obugabe bwa[20] Omu bwire obu yaabaire ari Asiya Nkye, Aristotle hamwe[na] munywani we Theophrastus bakakora okucondooza kwingi omu by'obuhangwa bw'ebimera hamwe n'eby'omu maizi.

Aristotle akaba atarikubaasa kugira ebintu omuri Athens kandi akapangiisa ekyombeko ekirikumanywa nka Lyceum nari sacred grove ya Apollo Lykeios ahu yaataire eishomero rye. Ekyombeko kikaba kirimu ekishengye ky'okukoreramu emirimo hamwe n'omuzigiti (peripatos), kuruga ahu eishomero ryatungire eiziina Peripatetic. Aristotle akaba naashomesa abeegi bakye ab'omutaano kandi hamwe nabo, nka Theophrastus, Eudemus, hamwe na Aristox[1]enus, bakombeka eibikiro ry'ebitabo eririmu ebihandiiko, maapu, hamwe n'ebintu by'omu myuziyamu. Obu yaabaire ari omuri Athens, omukazi we Pythias akafa kandi Aristotle yaatandika kukwana na Herpyllis owa Stagira. Bakazaara omwana ou Aristotle yaayeesire Nikomakusi, arikumwijuka ishe. Obwire obu yaabaire ari omuri Athens, ahagati ya 335 na 323 BC, nibwo baateekateeka ngu Aristotle yaahandiikire bingi aha bihandiiko bye by'obufirosofe eby'okugaaniiraho, kandi ebicweka byabyo nibyo byonka ebirikubaasa kuba byahonokireho. Ebitabo ebyahonokireho n'eby'omutaano kandi tibirikuteekateekwaho kuba byabaire bigyendereire kushohozibwa munonga; buriijo nibiteekateekwaho kuba byabaire biri eby'okwegyesa abeegi be. Ebitabo bye eby'omutaano ebirikubaasa kuba byahonokireho ni Physics, Metaphysics, Nicom[2]achan Ethics, Politics, On the Soul hamwe na Poetics. Aristotle akeega kandi yaakora empindahinduka y'amaani omu "ebirikukwata aha nshonga, ebirikukwata aha bintu, okubara, eby'obuhangwa, eby'amaizi, ebirikukwata aha mitwarize y'abantu, eby'obutegyeki, eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, eby'obujanjabi, okuzina, hamwe n'emizaano."