Wp/nyn/Andorra
| part of | Catalan countries  |
|---|---|
| inception | 1278 |
| official name | Andorra |
| native label | Andorra |
| IPA transcription | ɐnˈdorːə |
| ethnic group | Andorrans, Spaniards, Portuguese, French |
| official language | Catalan |
| anthem | El gran Carlemany |
| culture | culture of Andorra |
| motto text | Virtus Unita Fortior, El País dels Pirineus |
| continent | Europe |
| country | Andorra |
| capital | Andorra la Vella |
| located in time zone | UTC+01:00, Europe/Andorra, Central European Time |
| located in/on physical feature | Iberian Peninsula, Pyrenees, Southern Europe |
| located in the religious territorial entity | archpriesthood of the Valleys of Andorra |
| coordinate location | 42°33′30″N 1°33′19″E |
| coordinates of easternmost point | 42°34′27″N 1°47′11″E |
| coordinates of northernmost point | 42°39′21″N 1°32′57″E |
| coordinates of southernmost point | 42°25′44″N 1°31′2″E |
| coordinates of westernmost point | 42°29′11″N 1°24′33″E |
| geoshape | Data:Andorra.map |
| highest point | Coma Pedrosa |
| lowest point | Gran Valira |
| basic form of government | parliamentary coprincipality |
| office held by head of state | French co-prince of Andorra, Episcopal Co-Prince |
| head of state | Emmanuel Macron, Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat |
| office held by head of government | Prime Minister of Andorra |
| head of government | Xavier Espot Zamora |
| executive body | Executive Council of Andorra |
| legislative body | General Council of Andorra |
| central bank | Andorran Financial Authority |
| member of | United Nations |
| public holiday | New Year's Day, Constitution Day, Meritxell Day, Christmas |
| currency | euro |
| shares border with | France, Spain, European Union |
| driving side | right |
| electrical plug type | Schuko, Europlug |
| language used | Catalan |
| official website | https://www.govern.ad/ |
| hashtag | Andorra |
| top-level Internet domain | .ad |
| flag | flag of Andorra |
| coat of arms | coat of arms of Andorra |
| geography of topic | geography of Andorra |
| has characteristic | free country |
| history of topic | history of Andorra |
| list of monuments | list of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Andorra, Tentative List of World Heritage Sites in Andorra |
| related category | Category:Andorra-related lists |
| economy of topic | economy of Andorra |
| demographics of topic | demographics of Andorra |
| mobile country code | 213 |
| telephone country code | +376 |
| trunk prefix | no value |
| emergency phone number | 112, 110, 116, 118 |
| GS1 country code | 840-849 |
| licence plate code | AND |
| maritime identification digits | 202 |
| Unicode character | 🇦🇩 |
| category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of Andorra |
Andorra, omu butongore ni Principality of Andorra, n'eihanga eritarikukwata itaka aharurengo rwa Iberian Peninsula, omu burugwa-izooba bwa Pyrenees omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Europe, eri aha nsharo na Bufaransa omumatemba hamwe na Spain omumashuuma. Nikiteekateekwaho kuba kitandikirwe Charlemagne,Andorra ekategyekwa omubare wa Urgell kuhisya omwaka 988, bwanyima y'okuhindurwa omu bureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic obwa Urgell. Obwebembezi oburiho obwahati, bukatebwaho ekiragiro omuri 1278. Obwahati nikyebemberwa abakuru babiri: omureeberezi wa Urgell omuri Catalonia, Spain, hamwe na purezidenti wa Bufaransa. Orurembo rwayo orukuru n'orurembo rwa Andorra la Vella.
Andorra niryo eihanga rya kataano omu bukye omuri Buraaya, eririkwingana kiromita 468 (181 sq mi) hamwe n'abantu 87,486. Abantu ba Andorra n'oruganda rw'aba Roma orurikukwatanisa munonga n'aba Catalan. Andorra n'eihanga rya ikumi na mukaaga omu nsi yoona ahabw'eitaka n'eihanga rya ikumi na rimwe ahabw'omuhendo gw'abantu. Orurembo rwayo orukuru, Andorra la Vella, nirwo rurembo orurikukirayo oburungi omuri Buraaya, aharurengo rwa mita 1,023 (fuuti 3,356) aharurengo rw'enyanja. Orurimi orurikukoresibwa munonga n'orurimi rwa Catalan, kwonka n'orurimi rwa Spanish, Portuguese hamwe n'orurimi rwa French nirugambwa munonga.
Eby'oburambuzi omuri Andorra, nibireeta abarambuzi miriyoni munaana buri mwaka. Andorra n'eihanga eritarikukwatanisa n'amahanga ga Buraaya. Kikaba kiri memba w'orukiiko rwa Buraaya hamwe n'ekibiina ky'amahanga agetereine kuruga 1993.
Enkora y'ebigambo
[edit | edit source]Oburugo bw'eiziina Andorwa tibumanyirwe, nobu haraabe hariho enteekateeka nyingi. Ekikuru munonga nikyo ekyateirweho omuhandiiki w'ebyafaayo omuri Bugriika Polybius (Histories III, 35, 1), orikushoboorora ahari Andosins, oruganda rwa Iberian Pre-Roman, nk'orwabaire ruri omu bibanda bya Andorra, kandi orwabaire niruteganisa amahe ga Cartaginian omu kuhika omuri Pyrenees omu ntaro za Punic. Ekigambo Andosini nainga Andosins (νδοσίνοι) nikibaasa kuruga omu rurimi rwa Basque, ekirikumanyisa "ekinene" nainga "ekikugu.". [21] Orurembo rwa Andorra nirworeka obuhame bw'orurimi rwa Basque omukyanga. Ekiteiso ekindi nikyoreka ngu ekigambo Andorra nikibaasa kuruga omu kigambo kya Anorra ekikuru ekirimu ekigambo kya Basque ur ("amaizi"). [22]
Ekiteekateeko ekindi nikyoreka ngu Andorra neebaasa kuruga omu kiarabika ad-darra (الدَّارَة), ekirikumanyisa eitaka rihango erishangwa omu nshozi nainga omwanya ogurimu emiti mingi (nga ad- niyo kicweka ekirikwetegyerezibwa). Aba Moor ku baasingire ekizinga kya Iberian Peninsula, ebibanda by'omushozi gwa Pyrenees bikaba bijwire ebibira bingi. Ebyanga ebi bikaba bitarikwebemberwa abasiraamu, ahabw'oburemeezi bw'obutegyeki. [24]
Ebiteekateeko ebindi nibyoreka ngu ekigambo eki kirikuruga omu rurimi rwa Navara-Aragonese, ekirikumanyisa "eitaka eribumbirwe ebisaka" nainga "eitaka ry'ebishaka.". [25]
Enkora y'abantu neegira ngu Charlemagne akeeta ekicweka nk'ekirikukwata aha kicweka kya Endor nainga Andor eky'omu Baibuli eky'Abakanaani (aho Abamidiani basingwirwe), eiziina eryaheirwe omusika we n'omutabani Louis the Pious bwanyima y'okusingura aba Moors omu "bicweka by'omu kishaka ebya [26].
Ebyafaayo
[edit | edit source]Ekicweka ekikuru : Ebyafaayo bya Andorra
Omu bwire bwa Neolithic, guruupu y'abantu ekafuruka yaaza omu kicweka kya Madriu (omwanya oguriho hati oguri omuri Escaldes-Engordany ogurikwetwa UNESCO World Heritage Site) nk'omwanya gw'obutuuro omuri 640 BCE. Abantu b'omu kicweka ekyo bakahinga eby'okurya, bakabiika amatungo g'omuka, kandi bakakora eby'obushuubuzi n'abantu kuruga Ségre na Occitania. [28].
Ebintu ebindi ebirikujaguzibwa omuby'obuhangwa birimu ebituuro bya Segudet (Ordin) hamwe na Feixa del Moro (Sant Julià de Llazi), byombi bikakorwa omu mwaka gwa 4900-4300 BCE nk'eky'okureeberaho ky'obuhangwa bwa Urun omuri Andorra. [28][29] Enkora y'obutuuro bukye ekatandika kutunguuka kuhika aha nteekateeka y'endembo ey'omutaano omu myaka y'ekikomo. Ebintu ebirikukoresibwa omu byoma, esente eza ira hamwe n'ebintu ebirikukoresibwa omu kushaba, nibibaasa kushangwa omu myanya y'okushemererwamu eya ira okwetoroora eihanga.
Omwanya gurikwetwa Roc de les Bruixes (eibaare ry'abaroga) nigubaasa kuba nigwo mwanya gurikukirayo omugasho omu by'obuhangwa omubiro ebi omuri Andorra, oguri omu muruka gwa Canillo, ogurikukwata aha mikoro y'okuziika, ebyahandiikirwe ebya ira hamwe n'ebishushani by'amabaare. [30]
Iberian na Roman Andorra
[edit | edit source]Abatuuragye b'omu bibanda bakaba nibakwatanisa n'aba Iberians kandi omu byafaayo bakaba nibashangwa omuri Andorra nk'oruganda rwa Iberian Andosins nainga Andosini (νδοσίνους) omu kyasha kya mushanju hamwe n'ekya kabiri BC. Barikwejunisibwa orurimi rwa Celtic, Aquitanian, Basque na Iberian, abantu b'omukyanga bakakora amaziina g'emyanya agariho obwahati. Ebihandiiko by'okubanza hamwe n'ebihandiiko ebirikukwata aha guruupu y'abantu egi bikaruga omu kyasha kya kabiri BC omuhandiiki Omugriika Polybius omu kitabo kye ekya Histories omu ntaro za Punic. [31 ] [32 ] [32 ]
Ebimwe aha bisigarira by'omurembe ogu n'ekitebe kya Roc d'Enclare (ekicweka kya Marca Hispanica eky'okubanza), [32 ] l'Anxiu omuri Les Escaldes hamwe na Roc de L'Oral omuri Encamp. [29],[33]
Okubaho kw'obutegyeki bwa Rooma kuhandiikwa kuruga omu kyasha kya kabiri BCE kuhisya omu kyasha kya kataano CE. Emyanya erimu Abaroma abaingi omuri Camp Vermel (Red Field) omuri Sant Julià de Lusiya, hamwe n'omumyanya emwe omuri Encamp hamwe na Roc d'Enclar. Abantu bakagumizamu n'obushubuzi, okukira munonga na viinyo hamwe n'ebihimba, n'endembo za Rooma eza Urgellet (eriho hati La Seu d'Urgel) hamwe n'okuraba Segre kurabira omuri roma via Strata Ceretana (ekirikumanywa nka Strata Confluerana). [29][31][34].
Aba Visigoth hamwe n'aba Carolingians: ekitebyo kya Charlemagne
[edit | edit source]Ahanyima y'okugwa kw'obugabe bwa Rooma,Andorra ekatwarwa aba Visigoths,obugabe bwa Toledo, hamwe n'obureeberezi bwa Urgell. Aba Visigoth bakaguma omu bibanda okumara emyaka 200, obwire obu obukurisitaayo bwajanjaara. Obukama bw'abasiraamu obwa Al-Andalus ku bwasubiriire obutegyeki bwa Visigoths omu bicweka bya Iberian Peninsula, Andorra ekaba eri ahansi y'obushoborozi bwa Frank.
Enkora neegira ngu Charles the Great (Charlemagne) akaheereza abantu ba Andorra endagaano y'ekibinja ky'amahe 5,000 ahansi y'obuduumizi bwa Marc Almuteur, nk'okugaruraho okurwanisa aba Moors haihi na Porté-Puymorens (Cerdanya). [37].
Andorra ekaguma eri omu kicweka kya Frankish Marca Hispanica, ekicweka kya buffer zone ahagati y'obugabe bwa Frankish hamwe n'ebyanga by'abasiraamu, kandi Andorra ekaba eri omu kicweka ky'eitaka eririkutegyekwa Count of Urgell kandi ahamuheru bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Urgell. Eby'obuhangwa nibigira ngu kikahamibwa omutabani wa Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, okuhandiika ekiragiro kya Carta de Poblament. Magana munaana na makumi ataano. [38]
Omuri 988, Count Borrell II owa Urgell, akaheereza obushozi bwa Andorra obwa Diocese ya Urgell, arikuhayo eitaka omuri Cerdanya. [39]. Okuruga obwo, omureeberezi wa Urgell, arikutuura omuri Seu d'Urgell, atwire ari omunyiginya wa Andorra. [70]
Ekihandiiko ky'okubanza ekirikugamba ahari Andorra nk'eitaka n'ekya Acta de Consagración i Dolation de la Catedral de la Seu d'Urgell (Ekihandiiko ky'okutukuza n'okutongoza Cathedral ya La Seu d'Urgell).
Ekihandiiko, eky'omwaka gwa 839, nikyoreka obutegyeki mukaaga obwa Andorra obwabaire nibukora ekicweka ky'obwebembezi bw'eihanga. [41]
Emyaka ya ahagati: Amaraka hamwe n'okutandikaho obutegyeki bwa Co-Principality
[edit | edit source]Omwaka 1095 gutakahikire, Andorra ekaba etaine bukuumi bw'amahe, kandi omureeberezi wa Urgell, owaabaire naamanya ngu Count wa Urgell akaba nayenda kugaruraho ebibanda bya Andorra, [1] akashaba Mukama wa Caboet obuhwezi n'obukuumi. Omuri 1095, mukama wa Caboet hamwe n'omureeberezi wa Urgell bakata omukono ahansi y'ekirayiro ekirikworeka obwebembezi bwabo ahari Andorra. Arnalda de Caboet, muhara wa Arnau owa Caboet, akashwera Viscount wa Castello. Muhara waabo, Ermessenda de Castello, akataaha omu bushwere n'omugabe wa Fox, Roger-Bernard II. Roger-Bernard II na Ermessenda bakagabana obutegyeki bwa Andorra n'omureeberezi wa Urgell.
Omu kyasha kya 13, hakabaho entongane z'amahe ahagati y'omureeberezi wa Urgell hamwe n'omugabe wa Fox ahanyima y'orutaro rwa Cathar Crusade. Entongane zikakorwaho omuri 1278 n'okugarukanisa kw'omugabe wa Aragon, Peter III, ahagati y'omureeberezi hamwe n'omubare, obwo barikuta omukono aha kicweka ky'okubanza, ekyabaire nikyoreka ngu obutegyeki bwa Andorra bukagabana ahagati y'omureberezi wa Fox [40] (ekyapa kye kikaba nikiija Eki kikaheereza obutegyeki obutegyeki bwabwo hamwe n'omuringo gwabwo gw'eby'obutegyeki. [41:43]
Ekiteiso kya kabiri kikateebwaho omukono omuri 1288 bwanyima y'obutaikirizana obu count wa Fox yaragiira okwombeka ekigo omuri Roc d'Enclair. Ekihandiiko kikahamibwa notary Jaume Orig owa Puigcerán, kandi okwombeka ebyombeko by'amahe omu ihanga kikazibirwa. [1][2]
Omuri 1364, ekitongore ky'eby'obutegyeki eky'eihanga kikatuura eiziina rya Syndic (obwahati omugambirizi kandi purezidenti w'eishengyero) nk'omujwekyerwa w'aba Andorrans omu bakama baabo, ekirikubaasisa okutandikaho ebitongore by'ebyaro (commons, quarts na veynats). Bwanyima y'okuhamibwa omureeberezi Francis Tovia hamwe na Count John I,eishengyero rya Council de la Terra nainga Council General de les Valls (Eishengyero ry'ebishengye) rikatandikwaho omuri 1419, eishengyero erya kabiri erikukirayo obukuru omuri Buraaya. Omuramuzi Andreu d'Alà hamwe n'akakiiko akakuru bakatebekanisa okutandikaho kooti z'oburingaaniza (La Cort de Justice) omuri 1433 n'abanyiginya hamwe n'okushorooza emishoro nka foc i lieu (ekirikumanyisa "omuriro n'omwanya", omushoro gw'eihanga kuruga obwo). [45].
N'obu haraabe hariho ebisigaire by'emirimo y'ekanisa etakahikire omu kyasha kya mwenda (Sant Vicenç d'Enclar nainga Escolas de Santa Coloma),Andorra ekatunguura eby'emikono bya Romanesque omu kyasha kya mwenda kuhisya ekya ikumi na ina, okukira munonga omu kwombeka amakanisa, entindo, ebisiika by'ediini [36]. Ebiro ebi, ebyombeko bya Romanesque ebirikukora ekicweka ky'ebyobuhangwa bwa Andorra, nibireebeka omu muringo gw'omutaano, n'obwegyendesereza ahari Espirit de Sant Esteve, Sant Joan de Caselles, Espirit de Sant Miquel d'Engolasters, Sant Martí de la Cortina hamwe n'entindo za Margineda na Escalls ez' [47].
Aba Catalan Pyrenees bakaba nibamanya orurimi Catalan aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 11. Andorra ekatwarwa orurimi oru, orwakakoresibwa omu byaro emyaka mingi etakahikire omu mahanga ga Crown ga Aragon agandi. [ 49]
Eby'entatsya y'ekyaro omu myaka yahagati bikaba nibyesigama aha matungo, eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, ebyobugufa hamwe n'okuluka. Bwanyima, ahamuheru gw'ekyasha kya ikumi na gumwe, amakorero g'ebyoma gakatandika kureebeka omu myanya y'oburengyerwa-izooba nka Ordin, agarikusiimwa abakugu omu by'emikono abaatunguura eby'okukora ebyoma, omurimo gw'omugasho omu by'entaasya y'eihanga kuruga omu kyasha kya ikumi [36].
Eby'obutegyeki
[edit | edit source]Andorra n'obugabe bw'eishengyero hamwe n'omureeberezi wa Urgell hamwe n'omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Bufaransa nk'abanyiginya. [133] Eki nikireetera omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Bufaransa, nk'omunyiginya w'eihanga rya Andorra, kuba omugabe otoorainwe, n'obu atarikutooranwa akaruuru k'abantu ba Andorra. Eby'obutegyeki omuri Andorra nibibaho omu nkora y'obutegyeki oburikujwekyerwa abajwekyerwa omu ishengyero, n'obutegyeki bw'ebibiina by'obutegyeki bingi. Enganzi y'eihanga niwe mukuru w'eihanga.
Enganzi y'eihanga eriho hati ni Xavier Espot Zamora owa Democratic for Andorra (DA). Obwebembezi nibukorwa gavumenti. Obushoborozi bw'okukora ebiragiro, nibuheebwa gavumenti hamwe na ishengyero.
Eishengyero rya Andorra nirimanywa nka General Council. Orukiiko orukuru rwine ba kansara abari ahagati ya 28 na 42. [132] Ba kansara nibaheereza emyaka ena, kandi akaruuru nikabaho ahagati y'ebiro 30 na 40 bwanyima y'okubingwa kw'orukiiko orwabaireho.
Ekicweka nikitooranwa omubare ogurikwingana kuruga omu miruka mushanju y'obwebembezi, kandi ekicweka ekindi nikitooranwa omu kicweka kimwe ky'eihanga. Abateezi b'akaruuru nibateera akaruuru k'ebibiina by'obutegyeki, kutari abesimbireho, abateezi b'akaruuru nibateera akaruuru k'ekibiina ky'obutegyeki, kandi abasinguzi nibaruga omu rukarara rw'ebibiina by'obutegyeki. Ebiro ikumi na bitaano bwanyima y'okuteera akaruuru, ba kansara nibatwara entebe yaabo. Omu rukiiko oru, mukuru w'akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarikukurira akakiiko akarik Bwanyima y'ebiro munaana,orukiiko rukagaruka rwaterana omurundi ogundi. Omu kushutama oku, enganzi y'eihanga neetooranwa omu bakansala.
Abeesimbireho, nibabaasa kuteebwaho akakiiko akarikuhika kimwe kya kataano. Orukiiko nirutoorana oyesimbireho aine oburuuru oburikukirayo obwingi kuba enganzi y'eihanga. Orikukurira ekitongore ky'eby'obutegyeki, nahabwekyo nahabura abanyiginya be, abarikutoorana omwebembezi w'eihanga nk'enganzi y'eihanga rya Andorra. Orukiiko orukuru narwo nirujunanizibwa aha kuteesa n'okutaho ebiragiro. Eiteeka niribaasa kworekwa akakiiko nka Private Members' Bills kuruga omu kakiiko k'ebyaro kashatu hamwe nainga kimwe kya ikumi ky'abatuuragye ba Andorra.
Orukiiko nirwikiriza embaririra y'obutegyeki ey'omwaka. Gavumenti eshemereire kuheereza ekiteiso ky'embaririra omu ishengyero okukirizibwa hakiri emyezi ebiri embariirira eyabaireho etakahwireho. Embaririra yaaba etarikwikirizibwa aha eizooba ry'okubanza ry'omwaka ogurikukurataho, ebajeti eyabaireho eyongyezibwayo kuhisya obu endiijo erikwikirizibwa. Eiteeka ryaheza kwikirizibwa, mukuru w'akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki aine obujunanizibwa kuriheereza abakuru b'eihanga kugira ngu baritahe omukono kandi bariteho ebiragiro.
Ssaabaminisita ku araabe atashemerereirwe akakiiko, naabaasa kushaba ngu abanyiginyabebembezi bagashatuure akakiiko reero barete akaruuru akasya. [137] Nabo ba kansara baine obushoborozi bw'okwiha engazi y'eihanga omu ofiisi. Ahanyima y'ekiteiso ky'okwetomboita kwikirizibwa kimwe kya kataano kya ba kansara, akakiiko nikaija kuteera akaruuru kandi ku karikutunga oburuuru oburikukirayo obwingi, enganzi y'eihanga neyihwaho. [136]