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United States
sovereign state, constitutional republic, democratic republic, federal republic, superpower, country
part ofNorth America Gorora
inception12 May 1784 Gorora
official namethe United States of America Gorora
short nameUSA, U.S. Gorora
IPA transcriptionʉːɛˈsɑː, ˈmeɪɹ.ɹɪkə Gorora
ethnic groupWhite Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans in the United States Gorora
named afterAmericas Gorora
official languageEnglish Gorora
anthemThe Star-Spangled Banner Gorora
cultureculture of the United States Gorora
mottoIn God We Trust Gorora
motto textIn God We Trust Gorora
continentNorth America Gorora
countryUnited States Gorora
capitalWashington, D.C. Gorora
located in or next to body of waterArctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean Gorora
coordinate location39°49′41″N 98°34′46″W Gorora
coordinates of geographic center44°58′2″N 103°46′18″W Gorora
coordinates of easternmost point44°48′55″N 66°57′0″W Gorora
coordinates of northernmost point71°22′48″N 156°28′48″W Gorora
coordinates of southernmost point24°32′39″N 81°48′18″W Gorora
coordinates of westernmost point52°55′16″N 172°26′13″E Gorora
geoshapeData:United States.map Gorora
highest pointDenali Gorora
lowest pointBadwater Basin Gorora
basic form of governmentpresidential system, federal republic, republic Gorora
office held by head of statePresident of the United States Gorora
head of stateDonald Trump Gorora
office held by head of governmentPresident of the United States Gorora
head of governmentDonald Trump Gorora
has cabinetUnited States Cabinet Gorora
executive bodyFederal Government of the United States Gorora
legislative bodyUnited States Congress Gorora
highest judicial authoritySupreme Court of the United States Gorora
central bankFederal Reserve System Gorora
currencyUnited States dollar Gorora
shares border withMexico, Canada Gorora
foundational textUnited States Declaration of Independence Gorora
driving sideright Gorora
electrical plug typeNEMA 1-15, NEMA 5-15 Gorora
replacesUnited Colonies, Confederate States of America Gorora
language usedEnglish Gorora
present in workThe City on the Edge of Forever Gorora
studied byAmerican studies Gorora
official website Gorora
official blog URLhttps://blog.usa.gov/ Gorora
privacy policy URLhttps://www.usa.gov/privacy-security Gorora
described at URLhttps://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/United_States, https://baike.sogou.com/v48184.htm Gorora
external data available at URLhttps://www.data.gov/ Gorora
top-level Internet domain.us Gorora
main regulatory textUnited States Constitution Gorora
flagflag of the United States of America Gorora
coat of armsGreat Seal of the United States of America Gorora
has seal, badge, or sigilGreat Seal of the United States of America Gorora
official symbolBald Eagle Gorora
geography of topicgeography of the United States Gorora
has characteristicfree country Gorora
history of topichistory of the United States Gorora
‎most populous urban areaNew York City Gorora
railway traffic sideright Gorora
maintained by WikiProjectWikiProject United States, WikiProject United States Government, WikiProject Countries, WikiProject North America Gorora
open data portaldata.gov Gorora
economy of topiceconomy of the United States Gorora
demographics of topicdemographics of the United States Gorora
contains the statistical territorial entityUnited States Minor Outlying Islands Gorora
Gregorian calendar start date15 October 1582, 20 December 1582, 14 September 1752, 18 October 1867 Gorora
WordLift URLhttp://data.thenextweb.com/tnw/entity/united_states_of_america Gorora
Toki Pona headnounL220703 Gorora
mobile country code310, 311, 312, 313, 316 Gorora
telephone country code+1 Gorora
emergency phone number911 Gorora
GS1 country code000-139 Gorora
licence plate codeUSA Gorora
maritime identification digits338, 366, 367, 368, 369 Gorora
NCI Thesaurus IDC17234 Gorora
Stack Exchange taghttps://travel.stackexchange.com/tags/usa, https://matheducators.stackexchange.com/tags/usa Gorora
Unicode character🇺🇸 Gorora
category for honorary citizens of entityCategory:Honorary citizens of the United States Gorora
category for maps or plansCategory:Maps of the United States Gorora
Map

United States of America (USA) nayo nemanywa nka United States (U. S.) na America, n'eihanga eririkukira kushangwa omumatemba ga America. N'eihanga ry'amahanga makumi ataano hamwe n'orurembo rwa Washington, D.C. Amahanga 48 agarikukwatanisa nigashangwa aha nsharo za Canada omu matemba ga Mexico omu mashuuma, hamwe na Alaska omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba hamwe na Hawaii omu nyanja ya Pacific. Eihanga rya Amerika nirigira ngu niryebembera ebizinga bitaano ebikuru hamwe n'ebizinga bitari bimwe na bimwe ebitarimu bantu omuri Oceania hamwe na Caribbean. N'eihanga ry'emiringo mingi, n'eihanga rya kashatu omunsi yoona kandi n'eihanga rya kashatu omubwingi, eririkuhingura obukaikuru 340.

Abahindi aba ira bakafuruka kuruga omumatemba ga Asia kuza omumatemba ga America emyaka erikurenga 12,000 enyima, batandikaho entunguuka nyingi. Obutegyeki bwa Spain bukataho Spanish Florida omuri 1513, obutegyeki bw'abajungu obw'okubanza omuri United States eya hati. Obutegyeki bwa Bungyereza bukakurataho n'okutuura omuri Virginia omuri 1607, obutegyeki bw'okubanza ahari ikumi n'eshatu. Okufuruka kw'abahuuku kuruga omuri Afirika kikareetaho abakozi b'okureeberera eby'obushubuzi by'amatware g'omu mashuuma. Entongane na Bungyereza ahabw'emishoro hamwe n'okuburwa abajwekyerwa omu ishengyero bikareetaho entaro omuri America, ekyarugiremu okurangirira okwetegyeka okwamushanju 4, 1776. Obusinguzi omu rutaro rw'okwetegyeka orwa 1775-1783 bukareeta okumanywa kwa Amerika omunsi yoona. S. okwetegyeka kukareetaho okujanjaara kw'amahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba, ekyarugiremu abatuuragye. Amahanga maingi ku gaikirizibwe, okwebaganisamu kw'omumatemba n'amashuuma ahabw'obushuma kukareetera amahanga ga Amerika agarikukwatanisa kugyezaho kwetantara kurwana n'amahanga ga Amerika omu rutaro rw'omunda kuruga omuri 1861-1865. Ahabw'obusinguzi bwa Amerika hamwe n'okugarukana, obuhuuku bukahwaho omunsi yoona. Omwaka gwa 1900 ,eihanga rikaba ryetsimbireho nk'eihanga ry'amaani, omwanya gukahamibwa bwanyima y'okwejumba omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orw'okubanza. Bwanyima ya Japan kutahirira Pearl Harbour omuri 1941, Amerika. S. akaza omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri. Ebyarugiremu bikaruga Amerika. S. hamwe na Soviet Union nka amahanga agarikuhakana, agarikuhakana ahabw'okugira ebiteekateeko n'obushoborozi omu nsi yoona omu rutaro rw'obunyogovu. Ekibiina kya Soviet Union kikagwa omuri 1991 kikamaraho orutaro rwa Cold War, Amerika ekasigaho. S. nk'eihanga ry'amaani omu nsi yoona.

Eihanga rya Amerika. S. gavumenti y'eihanga n'ey'omwebembezi w'eihanga, n'ey'oburingaaniza erimu ebitongore bishatu ebirikujwekyera eihanga, ekitongore ekirikujwekyera eihanga hamwe n'ekitongore ekirikujwekyera eihanga. Kiine eishengyero ry'eihanga eririmu ebishengye bibiri eririmu orukiiko rw'abajwekyerwa (orukiiko orwahansi kurugirira ahabantu) hamwe n'orukiiko rwa Senate (orw'ahaiguru kurugirira aha buringaniza bwa buri eihanga). Enkora ya federo neehereza amahanga makumi ataano obugabe. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, enganda z'abatuuragye ba America 574 ziine obugabe bw'okwetegyeka, kandi hariho 326 ez'abatuuragye ba America. Kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1850,ebibiina bya Democratic hamwe na Republican byebembeire eby'obutegyeki bwa Amerika, kandi emitwarize y'America eyegamire aha migyenzo ya demokurasiya eyateirweho ekibiina kya American Enlightenment movement.

Eihanga eririkutunguuka, Amerika, U.S. eri aha rurengo rw'ahaiguru omu by'entaasya, okujumbura hamwe n'obwegyese obwaheiguru. Ahabw'okukora ekicweka kimwe kya kana ky'eby'entaasya y'ensi yoona, eby'entaasya byayo nibyo birikukirayo obuhango kuruga omuri 1890. N'eihanga eririkusingayo obugaiga, n'entaasya y'amaka erikukirayo oburungi omu mahanga ga OCDE, n'obu obutaingana bw'obugaiga bw'eihanga eryo buri omu mahanga ago. Eby'obuhangwa bwa U.S. bikateebwaho ebyasha by'okufuruka. S. n'ey'omutaano kandi neekora munonga omunsi yoona. Ahabw'okushohoza kimwe kya kashatu ky'enshohoza y'ensi yoona ahaby'okwerinda, eihanga riine amahe g'amaani kandi n'eihanga eririkwikirizibwa kukoresa eby'okwerinda bya nukiriya. Omukibiina ky'amahanga goona ekya Amerika. S. nikikora omurimo muhango omu by'obutegyeki, eby'obuhangwa, eby'entaasya hamwe n'eby'amahe omunsi yoona.

Enkora y'ebigambo

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Okukoresa ekigambo "America" omu bihandiiko, kikaruga omu kwezi kw'okubanza okwakabiri, 1776. Aha eizooba eryo, Stephen Moylan, omuhwezi w'amahe ga Continental owa General George Washington, akahandiika ebaruha ahari Joseph Reed, omuhwezi wa Washington, arikugyezaho kugyenda "n'obushoborozi burikumara kuruga omuri United States of America kuza Spain" okuronda obuhwezi omu rutaro rw'okwetegyeka.[1][2] Okukoresibwa kw'abantu boona okw'okubanza, n'ekihandiiko ekitarikwetegyerezibwa ekyashohoziibwe omu rupapura rw'amakuru orwa The Virginia Gazette orwa Williamsburg, okwakana 6, 1776.[1] Obumwe aha kwezi kwa mukaaga 11, 1776 nainga bwanyima, Thomas Jefferson akahandiika "America" omu kihandiiko ky'okutangaza okwetegyeka,[1] ekyakirizibwa orukiiko rwa kabiri orwa Continental Congress okwamushanju 4, 1776.[3]

Ekigambo "America" hamwe n'entandikwa yaakyo "U.S.", ezirikukoresibwa nk'ebihangirwe nainga nk'ebihangirwe omu Rungyereza, n'amaziina makye g'eihanga.[4] Entandikwa "USA", eiziina, nayo neekira kukoresibwa munonga. "Eihanga rya Amerika" hamwe na "U. S. " nibyo biragiro ebiteirweho omuri U.S. yoona. S. gavumenti eya federo, eine ebiragiro ebirikuteebwaho. "Eihanga" n'ekicweka ky'eiziina, ekirikukoresibwa okukira munonga kuruga aheeru y'eihanga;[5] "eihanga" n'ekigambo ekirikukwataho.[6]

"America" nikyo kigambo ky'omukazi eky'okubanza ekya Americus Vespurius, eiziina ry'omutaano omuri Italy Amerigo Vespurius (14541512); kikatandika kukoresibwa nk'eiziina ry'omwanya abakugu omu by'empurizagana omuri Bugirimaani Martin Waldseemüller na Matthias Ringmann omuri 1507.[7] Vespuri akabanza yaagira ngu amahanga ga West Indies agajumbwirwe Christopher Columbus omuri 1492 gakaba gari ag'eitaka eryabaire ritarikumanywa kare, kutari ga India aha rubaju rw'oburugwa izooba bwa Asia.[8][9][10] Omu Rungyereza, ekigambo "America" buriijo tikirikumanyisa enshonga ezitarikukwata ahari United States, oihireho okukoresa "America" kushoboorora amahanga g'omumatemba n'amashuuma ga America.[11]

Ebyafaayo

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Abantu b'enzaarwa

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Abatuuragye b'okubanza omumatemba ga America bakafuruka kuruga Siberia emyaka erikurenga 12,000 enyima, barikubaasa kurabira aha rutindo rw'eitaka rya Bering nainga aha rubaju rw'enyanja orwa Ice Age obwahati orurimu amaizi.[12][13] Eby'obuhangwa bwa Clovis, ebyabonekire haihi 11,000 BC, nibiteekateekwaho kuba nibyo by'obuhangwa eby'okubanza omu America.[14][15] Bwanyima y'obwire, eby'obuhangwa by'abataka b'omumatemba ga America, bikaguma nibyeyongyera kuba eby'omutaano, kandi ebimwe, nk'eby'obuhangwa bwa Mississipi, bikatunguura eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, eby'okwombeka hamwe n'eby'obuhangwa.[16] Omu bwire bwanyima y'obuhangwa, eby'obuhangwa bwa Mississipi nibishangwa omu kicweka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba, eky'oburugwizooba, n'eky'amashuuma, hamwe n'eby'obuhangwa bwa Algonquian omu kicweka kya Great Lakes hamwe n'aha rubaju rw'enyanja y'oburugwa izoo[17] Okuteebereza kw'abantu b'obuhangwa omuri United States obwahati, abafuruki batakahikire, nikuruga ahari 500,000[18][19] kuhisya haihi obukaikuru 10.[19][20]

Okucondooza kw'abajungu, okutegyeka amatware hamwe n'obutabanguko (1513-1765)

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Christopher Columbus akatandika okucondooza Caribbean omuri Spain omuri 1492, ekyarugiremu abantu abarikugamba orurimi rwa Spanish hamwe n'oburambuzi kuruga omuri Puerto Rico na Florida kuza omuri New Mexico na California. Obutegyeki bwa Spain obw'okubanza omu kicweka kya United States ekya hati, n'obwa Spanish Florida, obwatandikirwe omuri 1513.[21][22][23][24] Bwanyima y'obutuura bwingi kuremwayo ahabw'enjara n'endwara, orurembo rwa Spain orw'okubanza, Saint Augustine, rukatandikwaho omuri 1565.[25]

Bufaransa ekatandikaho amatware gaayo omuri Florida ya Bufaransa omuri 1562, kwonka gakarugaho (Charlesfort, 1578) nainga gashishwa abaserukare ba Spain (Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebyaro bya Bufaransa eby'obutwire bikatandika bwanyima aha nyanja nkuru (Fort Detroit, 1701), omugyera gwa Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) hamwe na munonga omuri Gulf of Mexico (New Orleans, 1718).[26] Amatware g'abajungu agabandize gukaba garimu amatware ga Budaaki ga New Netherlands (gatandikirweho omuri 1626, obwahati New York) hamwe n'amatware makye ga Sweden ga New Sweden (gatandikirweho omuri 1638 omuri ekirikumanywa hati nk'eihanga rya Delaware). Obutegyeki bwa Bungyereza aha rubaju rw'oburugwizooba bukatandika n'obutegyeki bwa Virginia (1607) hamwe n'obutegyeki bwa Plymouth (Massachussets, 1620).[27][28]

Endagaano ya Mayflower omuri Massachusetts hamwe n'ebiragiro by'omutaano ebya Connecticut bikataho engyenderwaho y'okwetegyeka hamwe n'ebiragiro ebyabaire nibiija kutunguuka omu matware ga America.[29][30] Obwahati abajwekyerwa b'abajungu omuri United States bakabona entaro n'abataka b'omuri America, nabo bakejumba omu by'obushubuzi, barikugaba ebikwato by'abajungu ahabw'eby'okurya hamwe n'amahu g'amatungo.[31] Enkoragana ekaba neetandikira aha kukwatanisa kw'amaani kuhisya aha ntaro hamwe n'okwita abantu. Ab'obushoborozi b'amatware, bakaba bakuratira ebiragiro ebyabaire nibagyema abatuuragye b'omuri America okukoresa emitwarize y'abajungu, otwariiremu n'okuhindukira omu bukurisitaayo.[32][33] Aha rubaju rw'enyanja y'oburugwa eizooba, abatuuragye bakakoresa abahuuku kuruga Afirika kurabira omu by'obushubuzi bw'abahuuku omuri Atlantic.[34]

Obutegyeki ikumi na bushatu obw'okubanza obwabaire nibwija kushangwa United States bukategekwa nk'ebintu by'obugabe bwa Bungyereza, abagabe abaronzirwe ekirunga,[35] n'obu gavumenti z'ebyaro zaabaire nizikora akaruuru k'abajungu abashaija abaine ebintu.[36] [37] Abantu b'amatware bakakurakurana juba kuruga Maine kuhisya Georgia, barikusinga abantu b'omubyaro omuri America;[38] omu mwaka gwa 1770, okweyongyera kw'abantu kukaba kuri okw'omutaano kureeba ngu abantu bakye b'omuri America nibo baazairwe aheeru y'amayanja.[39] Oburengye bw'amatware kuruga Bungyereza bukareetaho okwetegyeka,[40] hamwe n'okugaruka kw'abakurisitaayo okw'okubanza, kukareetaho ekyetengo ky'amatware ahabw'obugabe bw'ediini.[41]

Okuhenda ebiragiro omuri America hamwe n'okubanza kwa repubulika (1765-1800)

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Bwanyima y'obusinguzi bwabo omu rutaro rwa Bufaransa na Buyindi, Bungyereza ekatandika kworeka obutegyeki bw'amaani aha nshonga z'amatware gaayo, ekyarugiremu okuhakanisa omu by'obutegyeki bw'amatware gaayo; kimwe aha bikwatiraine n'okwetantara obugabe bwabo nk'Abangyereza, namunonga obugabe bw'okujwek Kubaasa kworeka obutetegyerezibwa n'amaani gaabo, orukiiko orw'okubanza orwa Kontinenti rukabugana omuri 1774 kandi rushagika ekibiina ky'amatware ga Bungyereza ekyabaire nikikora gye. Enteekateeka ya Bungyereza y'okwihaho abatuuragye embundu ekarugwamu entaro za 1775 ezabaire omuri Lexington na Concord, ekyaretsireho orutaro rw'obusingye omuri America. Aha rukiiko rwa kabiri orwa Continental Congress, amatware gakatoorana George Washington nk'omuduumizi w'amahe ga Continental Army, kandi gatandikaho akakiiko akarikwetwa Thomas Jefferson kukora ekihandiiko kya Declaration of Independence. Ebiro bibiri bwanyima y'okuhikiiriza ekiteiso kya Lee eky'okureetaho okwetegyeka, ekirangiriro kikakorwa okwamushanju 4, 1776.[42] Emitwarize y'obutegyeki eya American Revolution ekaba erimu obusingye, obugabe bw'omuntu buntu obutahwaho; n'obutegyeki bw'abantu;[43]okuhagira eby'obutegyeki by'obutegyeki, eby'obutegyeki, n'obushoborozi bw'eby'obutegyeki obw'omutaano; emicwe y'obutegy.[44] Abajwekyerwa b'eihanga rya Amerika, otwariiremu Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abandi baingi, bakahuumurizibwa oburyo n'ebiteekateeko bya Classical, Renaissance, na Enlightenment.[45][46]

N'obu kiraabe kyabaire kiri eky'omugasho kuruga obu kyahandiikwa omuri 1777, ebyahandiikirwe bya Confederation bikahamibwa omuri 1781 kandi byatandikaho gavumenti eyabaire neekora kuhisya omuri 1789.[42] Bwanyima y'Abangyereza kwehayo omu kuzingiza Yorktown omuri 1781, obwebembezi bwa Amerika bukamanywa omunsi yoona omu ndagaano ya Paris (1783). S. akatunga eitaka eririkuhika omu burengyerwizooba aha mugyera gwa Mississippi, omu matemba ga Canada eya hati, hamwe n'omu mashuuma ga Florida eya Spain.[47] Ekiragiro kya Northwest Ordinance (1787) kikataho eky'okureeberaho obu eitaka ry'eihanga ryabaire niriza kushanjura n'okwikiriza amahanga masya, okukira okugaziya amahanga agariho.[48]

Eihanga rya Amerika. S. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ekatebwaho omu ruteerane rw'eihanga omuri 1787 okumaraho oburemeezi bw'ebiragiro. Kikatandika kukora omuri 1789, okureetaho eihanga eririkutegyekwa amataagi ashatu agatarikushushwana agarikureebeka ngu hariho enkora y'okureeberera hamwe n'okurwanisa oburemeezi.[49] George Washington akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga ow'okubanza ahansi y'engyenderwaho y'eihanga, kandi eiteeka ry'obugabe rikakorwaho omuri 1791 okumaraho okwerarikirira kw'abarikubangaanisa aha maani ga gavumenti eyahaiguru.[50] Okurekura kwe nk'omuduumizi omukuru bwanyima y'orutaro rw'okwetegyeka hamwe n'okwanga kwesimbaho omurundi gwa kashatu nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga ry'okubanza, bikataho eky'okureeberaho ky'obushoborozi bw'abantu omu United States hamwe n'okuhindura obutegyeki omu busingye.[51]

Okweyongyera kw'amahanga g'oburengyerwizooba hamwe n'orutaro rw'omunda (1800-1865)

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Aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 18, abatuuragye ba America bakatandika kujanjaara omuri burengye bw'eizooba omubwingi, baingi baine enteekateeka y'ebiro by'omumaisho.[52][53] Okugura kwa Louisiana kuruga Bufaransa omuri 1803 kwongyera emirundi ebiri omubwingi bwa United States.[54] Enshonga ezirikukizayo na Bungyereza zikagumaho, ekyarugiremu orutaro rw'omwaka 1812, orwarwaniirwe kuhisya ahamuheru.[55] Spain ekaheerezayo Florida hamwe n'ekicweka kyayo ekya Gulf Coast omuri 1819.[56]

Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyaikiriize Missouri nk'eihanga ry'abahuuku hamwe na Maine nk'eihanga ry'obusingye, ekagyezaho kutereeza ekyetengo ky'amahanga g'omumatemba okuzibira okujanjaara kw'obuhuuku omu byanga ebitsya n'ekya amahanga g'omumashuuma okugajanjaazayo. Okukira munonga, endagaano ekazibira obuhuuku omu mahanga agandi goona aga Louisiana Purchase omu matemba ga 36°30' parallel.[57]

Abamerika ku baayeyongyeire kushanjuura emyanya y'obutuura bw'abataka b'omuri America, gavumenti ekataho engyenderwaho y'okwihaho abahindi.[58][59] Eiteeka erikukirayo okuba ery'omugasho n'ekiragiro ky'okwihaho abahindi ekya 1830, ekiragiro kikuru ekya purezidenti Andrew Jackson. Kyarugiremu orugyendo rw'amaziga (18301850), ahu abantu abarikwingana 60,000 abarikutuura omu burugwa izooba bw'omugyera gwa Mississippi, bakagyemeserezibwa kutwarwa omu mahanga agari hare omu burengye bw'eizooba, ekyarugiremu okufa 13,200 kuhisya 16,700 omu kutambura okugyemesereziibwe.[60] Okweyongyera kw'abatuuragye hamwe n'okutaaha kw'abantu b'enzaarwa kuruga omu burugwa izooba, kikarugwamu entaro z'abahindi omuri Amerika omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa Mississipi.[61][62]

United States ekegaita ahari Republic ya Texas omuri 1845,[63] kandi endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 ekareetera U. S. obutegyeki bw'omumatemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa America obwahati.[64] Obutaikirizana na Mexico ahabwa Texas bukareetaho orutaro rwa Mexico na America (1846-1848). Bwanyima y'obusinguzi bwa Amerika. S. , Mexico ekeikiriza Amerika. Obwebembezi bwa Amerika ahari Texas, New Mexico, hamwe na California omu kuhayo obugabe bwa Mexico omuri 1848; eitaka ry'obwebembezi eryo rikaba niritwariramu n'amasaza ga Nevada, Colorado na Utah.[52][65] Okwerundaana kw'ezaabu omuri California okwabaireho omuri 1848-1849 kukareetaho okufuruka kw'abajungu aha rubaju rw'enyanja Pacific, ekyarugiremu okurwanagana kw'amaani n'abataka. Omwe aha butabanguko oburikukirayo, okwitwa kw'enkumi n'enkumi z'abataka omuri California, kukagumaho okuhisya ahagati y'emyaka ya 1870.[66] Ebyanga n'amahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba ebindi bikatandikwaho.[67]

Omu bwire bw'amatware, obuhuuku bukaba buri oburikwikirizibwa omu biragiro omu matware ga America, ekyarugiremu abakozi abakuru omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu matware g'amashuuma kuruga Maryland kuhisya Georgia. Enkora ekatandika kubuzibwaho munonga omu bwire bw'obutabanguko bwa Amerika,[68] kandi ehigirwe ekibiina ky'okwihaho obuhuuku ekyabaire kigarukireho omu myaka ya 1830, amahanga g'omumatemba gakataho ebiragiro by'okuzibira obuhuuku omu nsharo zaago.[69] Omu bwire bumwe,obuhwezi bw'obushuma bukongyera amaani omu mahanga g'omumashuuma, n'okukoresa munonga eby'okujumbura nka cotton gin (1793) kikareetera obuhuuku okuba obw'omugasho munonga aha bantu b'omumashuuma.[70][71][72]

Omu myaka yoona eya 1850, entaro ezirikukwata aha buhuuku zikongyerwaho ebiragiro by'eihanga omuri Amerika. S. Eishengyero hamwe n'ebiteiso bya kooti enkuru. Omu ishengyero, ekiragiro ky'abahuuku ekya 1850 kikaragiira okugarurwa kwa bakama baabo omu mashuuma g'abahuuku abarikutunga obuhungiro omu mahanga agatarimu abahuuku, kandi ekiragiro kya Kansas-Nebraska ekya 1854 kikashazamu ebyetengo by'okurwanisa obuhuuku ekya Missouri Compromise.[73] Omu kusharaho kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, kooti enkuru ekasharamu kurwanisa omuhuuku owareesirwe omu kicweka kitari ky'abahuuku, omu bwire bumwe ekarangirira ngu Missouri Compromise yoona ekaba etarikwikirizibwa omu mateeka. Ebi hamwe n'ebindi ebyabaireho bikayongyera obunkenke ahagati y'amatemba n'amashuuma, ekyabaire nikiija kuhika aha muheru gw'orutaro rw'omunda omuri America (1861-1865).[74][75]

Okutandika na Carolina y'amashuuma, amahanga 11 agaabaire garimu abahuuku gakateera akaruuru k'okwehayo kuruga omuri United States omuri 1861, kwegaita kukora eihanga rya Amerika eririkwetwa Confederate States of America. Gavumenti z'amahanga agandi zoona zikaguma nizirwanirira ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine. [q] [103] [104] Orutaro rukabarukaho omu kwakana 1861 bwanyima y'ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Confederacy okuteera bbomu omuri Fort Sumter. [105], [106], ahanyima y'ekirangiriro ky'obusingye ebiro 1, okwezi kw'okubanza, 1863, abahuuku baingi abaherize kurekurwa, bakegaita aha mahe g'amahanga geeteeraine. [107] Orutaro rukatandika kuhinduka omu migisha y'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine bwanyima y'okuzingiza Vicksburg omuri 1863 hamwe n'orutaro rwa Gettysburg, kandi aba Confederates bakeehayo omuri 1865, ahanyima y'obusinguzi bw'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine omu rutaro rwa Appomattox Court House. [108].

Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho

[edit | edit source]
  1. 1 2 3 https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer
  2. ↑ https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html
  3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#Davis96
  4. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/
  5. ↑ https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/the-states
  6. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside
  7. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci
  8. ↑ https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html
  9. ↑ https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html
  10. ↑ https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent
  11. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06989-2
  12. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFWatersStafford2007
  13. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFWatersStafford2007
  14. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFWatersStafford2007
  15. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFFlannery2015
  16. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFLockard2010
  17. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=yiKgBuSUPUIC&dq=native+american+history+archaic+period&pg=PA51
  18. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFThornton1998
  19. 1 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFPerdueGreen2005
  20. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFHainesHainesSteckel2000
  21. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=zzGphaI83EUC&pg=PA329
  22. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=eapFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130
  23. ↑ http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A21231
  24. ↑ https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm
  25. ↑ https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first
  26. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZiaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125
  27. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=5DQHmykT6u4C&pg=PA220
  28. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=5DQHmykT6u4C&pg=PA220
  29. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFRemini2007
  30. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFJohnson1997
  31. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#Ripper2008
  32. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#Ripper2008
  33. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#Calloway1998
  34. ↑ https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom/page/516
  35. ↑ https://archive.org/details/currentsinameric0000bilh
  36. ↑ https://archive.org/details/creationofameric0000wood_r7v4
  37. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjer.2013.0033
  38. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#Walton
  39. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#Walton
  40. ↑ https://archive.org/details/cihm_52678
  41. ↑ https://archive.org/details/storyofamericanf00fone
  42. 1 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QEzaLJ4u_MEC&pg=PA4
  43. ↑ Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370
  44. ↑ Richard Buel, Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (1972)
  45. ↑ Becker et al (2002), ch 1
  46. ↑ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/
  47. ↑ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp
  48. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=PY0VAAAAYAAJ
  49. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFFoner2020, p. 524.
  50. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFFoner2020, pp. 538–540.
  51. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#Boyer, pp. 192–193
  52. 1 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-834-7 Carlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey (2007). Manifest destiny and the expansion of America. Turning Points in History Series. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 238.
  53. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFMcPherson1988, p. 41–46.
  54. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf(PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  55. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=puuQ30N0EsIC&pg=PA78
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  61. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-468-9 Michno, Gregory (2003). Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890. Mountain Press Publishing
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  66. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States#CITEREFMeyerSnowSnowCohen2001
  67. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&pg=PA20
  68. ↑ Walker Howe 2007, p. 52–54; Wright 2022.
  69. ↑ Walker Howe 2007, p. 52–54; Rodriguez 2015, p. XXXIV; Wright 2022.
  70. ↑ Walton, 2009, p. 43
  71. ↑ Gordon, 2004, pp. 27, 29
  72. ↑ Walker Howe 2007, p. 478, 481–482, 587–588.
  73. ↑ "Milestone documents: Kansas–Missouri Act (1854)". National Archives (Washington, D.C.). July 12, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2025.
  74. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76
  75. ↑ Woods, Michael E. (2012). "What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature". The Journal of American History. 99 (2): 415–439. doi:10.1093/jahist/jas272. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 44306803.
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