Wp/nyn/Algeria
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| part of | North Africa, Muslim world, Arab world  |
|---|---|
| inception | 3 July 1962 |
| name | الجزائر, Algeria, Algeria |
| official name | اَلْجُمهُورِيَّة اَلْجَزَائِرِيَّة اَلدِّيمُقرَاطِيَّة اَلشَّعبِيَّة |
| native label | الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, الجزائر |
| participant in | Sand War |
| official language | Arabic, Standard Algerian Berber |
| anthem | Kassaman |
| culture | culture of Algeria |
| motto | By the people and for the people |
| motto text | بالشّعب وللشّعب |
| continent | Africa |
| country | Algeria |
| capital | Algiers |
| located in time zone | UTC+01:00 |
| located in or next to body of water | Mediterranean Sea |
| coordinate location | 28°0′0″N 1°0′0″E |
| coordinates of easternmost point | 23°30′0″N 12°0′0″E |
| coordinates of northernmost point | 37°5′40″N 7°12′14″E |
| coordinates of southernmost point | 18°58′6″N 3°21′28″E |
| coordinates of westernmost point | 27°18′55″N 8°40′1″W |
| geoshape | Data:Algeria.map |
| highest point | Mount Tahat |
| lowest point | Chott Melrhir |
| basic form of government | semi-presidential system |
| office held by head of state | President of Algeria |
| head of state | Abdelmadjid Tebboune |
| office held by head of government | Prime Minister of Algeria |
| head of government | Sifi Ghrieb |
| executive body | Government of Algeria |
| legislative body | Parliament of Algeria |
| highest judicial authority | Supreme Court of Algeria |
| central bank | Bank of Algeria |
| currency | Algerian dinar |
| owner of | El Mouradia Palace |
| coextensive with | Africa/Algiers |
| driving side | right |
| electrical plug type | Type E, Schuko, Europlug |
| significant event | Algerian War, Sand War, Algerian Civil War, Evian Accords |
| studied by | Algerian studies |
| official website | https://www.el-mouradia.dz/ar/home |
| hashtag | Algeria |
| top-level Internet domain | .dz |
| main regulatory text | Constitution of Algeria |
| flag | flag of Algeria |
| coat of arms | Emblem of Algeria |
| geography of topic | geography of Algeria |
| has characteristic | not-free country |
| history of topic | history of Algeria |
| official religion | Islam |
| railway traffic side | left |
| economy of topic | economy of Algeria |
| demographics of topic | demographics of Algeria |
| madhhab | Malikism |
| mobile country code | 603 |
| telephone country code | +213 |
| emergency phone number | 14, 17, 1548, 1055 |
| GS1 country code | 613 |
| licence plate code | DZ |
| maritime identification digits | 605 |
| Stack Exchange tag | https://travel.stackexchange.com/tags/algeria |
| Unicode character | 🇩🇿 |
| category for maps or plans | Category:Maps of Algeria |
Algeria, omu butongore ni People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, n'ihanga eriri omu kicweka kya Maghreb omumatemba ga Africa. Ekateerwa Tunisia omu matemba ga burugwa-izooba; Libya omu burugwa-izooba; Niger omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba; Mali, Mauritania, hamwe na Sahara y'oburengyerwa-izooba; Morocco omu burengyerwa-izooba; hamwe n'enyanja ya Mediterranean omu matemba. Orurembo rukuru kandi orurikukirayo obuhango ni Algiers, orushangwa omu matemba ga Mediterranean.
Algeria etwire eri aha rubaju rw'obuhangwa bwingi n'obuhangwa bw'abantu kumara emyaka mingi, otwariiremu Abafoenike, Abanumidia, Abarooma, Abavandali, hamwe n'Abagriika ba Bizanti. Obumanyiso bwayo obw'omurembe bukaruga omu byasha by'okufuruka kw'abasiraamu kuruga omu kyasha kya mushanju hamwe n'okufuruka kw'abasiraamu omu bantu ba Berber. Bwanyima y'okukuratana kw'obutegyeki bw'Abasiraamu, Abaharabu hamwe n'Ababerberi ahagati y'ekyasha kya munaana na ikumi na itaano, obutegyeki bwa Algeria bukatandikwaho omuri 1516 nk'eihanga eririkwetegyeka kandi eririkushashura omushoro omu butegyeki bwa Ottoman Empire. Bwanyima y'emyaka nka magana ashatu nk'amaani omu Mediterranean, eihanga rikatahirirwa Bufaransa omuri 1830 kandi rikatwarwa omu butongore omuri 1848, n'obu ritarasingwirwe kimwe kandi rikatereera kuhisya omuri 1903. Obutegyeki bw'Abafaransa bukareeta okutuura kw'Abajungu okw'amaani okwabinga abantu b'enzaarwa, abaakyendeera ebicweka makumi ashatu ahabw'entaro, endwara hamwe n'enjara. Okwitwa kwa Sétif na Guelma omuri 1945 kukareetaho okurwanisa kw'omunda okwarugiremu okubarukaho kw'orutaro rwa Algeria omuri 1954.Algeria ekatunga okwetegyeka omuri 1962. Ekagwa omu rutaro rw'omunda kuruga omuri 1992 kuhisya omuri 2002, yaaguma omu mbeera y'akabi kuhisya obwesharingo bwa Algeria obwa 2010–2012 omu bwire bwa Arab Spring.
Algeria eine obuhango bwa square kilometres 2,381,741 (919,595 sq mi), niyo y'ikumi omu mahanga agarikukirayo obuhango omunsi yoona kandi niyo erikukirayo obuhango omuri Afirika. Erimu embeera y'eihamba, kandi eihamba rya Sahara niritegyeka ebicweka bingi okwihaho oburengyerwa-izooba bwayo oburimu enshozi n'ebitaka birungi, ahu abantu baingi barikutuura. Ahabantu miriyoni 47, Algeria niyo n'eihanga rya 32 omu mahanaga agarikukizayo abantu baingi omu nsi yoona, kandi niyo ya 10 omu mahanga agarikukizayo abantu baingi omu Afrika. Endimi za Algeria ezirikwetegyerezibwa ni Oruharabu hamwe na Tamazight; abantu baingi nibagamba oruharabu rwa Algeria. Orufaransa nirukoresibwa omu by'amahurire, eby'obwegyese, hamwe n'enshonga z'obwebembezi ezimwe, kwonka tirurikwikirizibwa. Aba Algeria abarikukira obwingi n'Abaharabu, kandi Ababerber n'abakye munonga. Obusiraamu oburikumanywa nka Sunni nibwo diini y'obutegyeki kandi nibukoresibwa abantu 99 ahari igana.
Algeria n'eihanga eririmu obutegyeki bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga hamwe n'obw'omujwekyerwa w'eishengyero. Erimu ebicweka 58 (wilayas) hamwe n'ebicweka 1,541. N'obutegyeki bw'omutaano omu matemba ga Afirika kandi n'obutegyeki bw'amaani garinganaire omu nshonga z'ensi yoona. Nk'oku kirikubaasa kuba omuri 2025, eihanga riine omuhendo gw'entunguuka y'abantu ogurikukirayo omuri Afirika, kandi n'eihanga rya kashatu eririkukirayo omu ntaatsya y'abantu baayo omuri Afirika, ahabw'okugira ngu riine amajuta maingi hamwe n'omwika gw'obuhangwa, ebirikukirayo omu nsi yoona omu mwanya gwa ikumi na mukaaga hamwe n'ogwa mwenda.. Ekitongore ky'amajuta ekya Sonatrach, nikyo kikuru munonga omuri Afirika kandi nikyo kirikukirayo kuhitsya omwika gwa nayiturogyeni omuri Buraaya.Omuri 2013, rikaba riine embaririra y'amahe erikukirayo omuri Afirika. Algeria n'omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya African Union, Arab League, OIC, OPEC, United Nations, hamwe n'ekibiina kya Arab Maghreb Union, ekyatandikirweho.
Eiziina
[edit | edit source]Amaziina gatari gamwe na gamwe ga Algeria garimu: Oruharabu: الجزائر, Orurooma: al-Jazāʾir, Oruharabu rwa Algeria: دزاير, orurooma orundi: dzāyer, Orufaransa: l'Algérie.
Eiziina ry'eihanga omu butongore n'erya People's Democratic Republic of Algeria. (Oruharabu: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, Eryórurooma: al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah; Omurufaransa: République algérienne démocratique et populaire, obugufu. RADP; Berber Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, Abeberi Latin alphabet: Tagduda tazzayrit tamagdayt taɣerfant).
Okuruga
[edit | edit source]Eiziina rya Algeria niriruga omu rurembo Algiers, orurikuruga omu kigambo ky'orurabu al-Jazā'ir. (الجزائر, 'ebirwa'), okugamba aha bizinga bina ebikye aha rubaju rw'enyanja yaayo, ekigambo ekirikukyendeza aha kya Jazā̀r Banī Mazghanna Jazār bēnī mazghanna, (جزائر بني مزغنة, 'ebizinga bya Bani Mazghanna'). Eiziina rikaheebwa Buluggin ibn Ziri bwanyima y'okutandikaho orurembo aha bishushani by'orurembo rwa Phoenician orwa Icosium omuri 950. Kikakoresibwa abahandiiki b'ensi ab'omu bwire bwa ira nka Muhammad al-Idrisi na Yaqut al-Hamawi.
Algeria ekatunga eiziina ryayo kuruga omu butegyeki bwa Algeria obw'oburengyerwa-izooba, obu obutegyeki bwa Ottoman bwatandika omu kicweka kya Maghreb omu kyasha kya 16. Obwire obu bukareetaho enteekateeka y'eby'obutegyeki hamwe n'obwebembezi obwabaire burimu omu kutandikaho ekibiina kya Watan el djazâïr (وطن الجزائر, 'Eihanga rya Algeria') kandi n'okushoborora ensharo zaaryo n'ebihangirwe ebyetorwaire omu burugwa izooba n'oburengyerwa izooba. Abaturuki aba Ottoman abaabaire nibatuura omuri Algeria, bakaba beeyeta "Abaturuki" kandi abantu b'omuri Algeria bakaba beeyeta "Abaturuki". Abaruturuki bakakora nk'abebembezi b'amahe n'eby'obutegyeki omu butegyeki bwa Ottoman, bakakora kihango omu by'obutegyeki bwa Algeria obwa hati. nk'eihanga eririkubaasa kwetegyeka, nobu riraabe rikiri ahansi y'obutegyeki bwa sultani wa Ottoman. Omukugu omu by'obutegyeki, ebyafaayo hamwe n'omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Algeria Ahmed Tewfik El Madani akareeba obutegyeki bwa Algeria nk'eihanga ry'okubanza erya Algeria hamwe na "Algerian Ottoman republic".
Ebyafaayo
[edit | edit source]Ekihandiiko ekikuru: ebyafayo bya Algeria
Ebyafaayo bya ira
Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Ebyafaayo bya Africa y'amatemba na Africa y'amatemba omu bwire bwa ira
Ebyoma by'amabaare ebirikwingana emyaka miriyoni 1.8 kuruga omuri Ain Hanech (Algeria) bikaba nibiteekateekwaho kuba nibyo byabaire biri eby'omugasho omu byafaayo by'okubanza omuri North Africa. Ebyoma ebirikukorwa omu mabaare hamwe n'amagufa agarikusharwamu ebicweka ebyatimbwirwe kuruga omu myanya ebiri eri haihi na Ain Boucherit nibiteekateekwaho kuba biine emyaka miriyoni 1.9, kandi n'ebintu ebyabaire birikukorwa omu mabaare ebirikukira obukuru kuba biine emyaka miriyoni 2.4. N'ahabw'ekyo, obuhame bwa Ain Boucherit nibworeka ngu abantu b'omu maka g'abantu bakatuura aha rubaju rwa Mediterranean omu matemba ga Africa kare munonga kukira oku kyabaire nikiteekateekwaho. Obuhame nibworeka ngu abantu bakaba nibakora ebikwato by'amabaare kare munonga kuruga omuri burugwa izooba bwa Africa, nari obuhame oburikworeka ngu abantu bakaba nibakora ebikwato by'amabaare kare munonga kuruga omuri burugwa izooba bwa Africa hamwe na North Africa.
Abakozi b'ebyoma bya Neanderthal bakakora ebikondo by'omungaro omu muringo gwa Levalloisian na Mousterian (43,000 BC) ebirikushushana n'ebyo omuri Levant. Algeria niyo yaabaire erimu entunguuka y'amaani omu kukora ebikwato by'omu itaka. Ebyoma by'obwire obu, okutandika nka 30,000 BC, nibyetwa Aterian (ahanyima y'omwanya gw'ebya ira ogwa Bir el Ater, omu mashuuma ga Tebessa).
Ebyoma by'okubanza byamajirita omu matemba ga Africa nibyetwa Iberomaurusian (ebirikushangwa omu kicweka kya Oran). Ebyoma ebi bikajanjaara omu myanya y'aha rubaju rw'enyanja omuri Maghreb ahagati y'emyaka 15,000 na 10,000 BC. Obuhangwa bw'abantu (okutunga amatungo n'obuhingi) bukatandika omuri Saharan na Mediterranean Maghreb obundi nk'omuri 11,000 BC[44] nari nk'omuri 6000 na 2000 BC. Amagara aga, agarikworekwa omu bishushani bya Tassili n'Ajjer, gakaba gari omuri Algeria kuhisya omu bwire bw'obuhangwa. Abantu b'omu matemba ga Africa bakahika aha kugira oruganda rwabo. Abo bakahika aha kugira oruganda rwabo orw'Ababerberi, abantu b'enzaarwa b'omumatemba ga Africa.
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Okuruga omu mwanya gwabo mukuru gw'obutegyeki omuri Carthage, Abakaritagiya bakajanjaara kandi baatandikaho obutuuro bukye aha rubaju rw'amayanja g'omumatemba ga Afirika; Omu mwaka gwa 600 BC, Abakaritagiya bakaba bari omuri Tipasa, oburugwa izooba bwa Cherchell, Hippo Regius (omu bunaku obu ni Annaba) hamwe na Rusicade (omu bunaku obu ni Skikda). Ebyaro ebi bikaba biri eby'obushubuzi hamwe n'emyanya y'okwemerera.
Obushoborozi bwa Carthage ku bwayeyongyeire, n'oburemeezi bwabwo aha bantu b'enzaarwa bukongyera munonga. Obuhangwa bwa Berber bukaba buri aha rurengo ahu eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, eby'okukora, eby'obushubuzi hamwe n'obwebembezi bw'eby'obutegyeki byabaire nibishagika amahanga maingi. Enkoragana y'eby'obushubuzi ahagati ya Carthage hamwe n'Ababerber omu byaro ekatandika kukura, kwonka okuhangusya ensharo kikarugamu okuhindura Ababerber abahuuku nari okubata omu mahe hamwe n'okubaihaho ebintu.
Omu kutandika kw'ekyasha kya kana, obukiizi bwa bumosho bukaba bwabaganisibwemu obugabe bubiri, obwa Masaesyli omu burengyerwa-izooba obwabaire nibwebemberwa Syphax hamwe n'obwa Massylii omu burugwa-izooba. Ababeri bakaba bari abantu abarikukirayo obwingi omu mahe ga Karithage. Omu kwesharinga kw'abaserukare, abaserukare Ababereberi bakeesharinga kuruga omu gwa 241 kuhisya omu gwa 238 BC. Bwanyima y'okuremwa kushashurwa ahanyima y'okusingurwa kwa Carthage omu rutaro rw'okubanza orwa Punic. Bakasingura omu kutunga obutegyeki bwa Carthage omu kicweka kya North Africa, Kandi bakakora ebinushu bihandikirweho eiziina Libyan, omurugriika eriri kushoboorora enzaarwa z'ekicweka kya North Africa. Eihanga rya Carthage rikagwa ahabw'okusingwa Abarooma omu ntaro za Punic.
Omu mwaka gwa 146 BC, orurembo rwa Carthage rukacwekyerezibwa. Obushoborozi bwa Carthage ku bwagumire nibukyendeera, obushoborozi bw'abeebembezi ba Berber omu byaro bukaguma nibweyongyera. Omukyasha kya kabiri B.C, obugabe bwingi bwa Aba Berber bukaba bwatandikire kubaho. Bubiri ahari bwo bukaba butandikire kubaho omuri Numidia, enyima y'emyanya y'aha rubaju rw'enyanja eyabaire neetegyekwa Carthage. Oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Numidia hakaba hariho Mauretania, eyaabaire eri aha rubaju rw'omugyera Moulouya omuri Morocco eya hati kuhika aha nyanja ya Atlantic. Obusingye bwa Berber, obwabaire butarikushushana n'obundi bwona kuhisya obu aba Almohads na Almoravids baizire emyaka erikurenga omu rukumi bwanyima, bukaba buriho omu butegyeki bwa Masinissa omu kyasha kya kabiri Yesu atakazairwe.
Bwanyima y'okufa kwa Masinissa omu gwa 148 Yesu atakazairwe, obugabe bwa Berber bukaba bwabaganisibwemu kandi bwagarukamu kugarukana emirundi mingi. Omuzaaro gwa Masinissa gukagumaho kuhisya omu gwa 24 AD, obu eitaka rya Berber eryabaire ritsigaire rikagaitwa aha butegyeki bwa Rooma.