Wp/nyn/Afirika

Continent

Africa

continent, geographic location, region

part of	Ostfeste, Earth, Afro-Eurasia, Afro-Asia
native label	Africa
located in/on physical feature	Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere
coordinate location	0°0′0″N 15°0′0″E
geoshape	Data:Africa Flickr.map
highest point	Mount Kibo
lowest point	Afar Triangle
owner of	International Council of African Museums
shares border with	Eurasia, Asia
has boundary	boundary between Africa and Asia, boundary between Africa and Europe
studied by	African studies, African studies
hashtag	africa
depicted by	Study with Allegories of Europe and Africa
geography of topic	geography of Africa
history of topic	history of Africa
‎most populous urban area	Lagos
maintained by WikiProject	WikiProject Africa
related category	Category:Explorers of Africa
economy of topic	economy of Africa
demographics of topic	demographics of Africa
NCI Thesaurus ID	C26272
category for maps or plans	Category:Maps of Africa

Afirika niryo eihanga rya kabiri eririkusingayo obuhango omu nsi yoona kandi erya kabiri eririmu abantu baingi continent aha nyima Asiaaha kiromita ezirikwingana obukaikuru 30.3² (11.7million sq miles) otwariiremu n'ebirwa ebirikwetorwaire, nikitwariramu ebicweka 20% by'eihanga Eartheitaka rye'ihanga hamwe n'obucweeka 6 ahari igana obw'eitaka ryona. Na haihi obuhumbi bw'abantu kuruga Template:Wp/nyn/UN Population, nikitwariramu ebirikuhika nka Template:Wp/nyn/Percent omu nsi yoona human population. Africa's population nikyo kicweka kikye munonga omu mahanga g'ensi eby'obutegyeki median emyaka omuri 2012 ekaba eri 19.7, kwonka emyaka y'ensi yoona ekaba eri 30.4. Kurugiirira aha kuteebereza kwa 2024, omubare gw'abantu omuri Afirika niguza kuba gurengire obuhumbi 3.8 omwaka 2100. Afirika nikyo kicweka ekirimu abantu bakye omu by'obugaiga per capita kandi n'omugabe wa kabiri omu by'obugaiga, arikwebembera OceaniaAbeegi bagambire ngu eki kikareetwa enshonga nyingi otwariiremu geography, climate, corruption, colonialism, aba Cold War, kandi neocolonialism. natural resources.

Afirika neetwarira hamwe equator na prime meridianKontinenti eyehinguririize Mediterranean Sea omu matemba, Arabian Plate hamwe na Gulf of Aqaba omu matemba g'oburugwa-eizooba, Indian Ocean omu mashuuma g'oburugwa-izooba hamwe na Atlantic Ocean omu burengyerwa-eizooba. France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, kandi Yemen baine ebicweka byabo territories located on African geographical soil, okukira munonga omu muringo gw'ebirwa.

Kontinenti erimu Madagascar n'ebindi bingi archipelagoes. Erimu 54 fully recognised sovereign statesh, munaana cities and islands that are part of non-African states, hamwe n'ebindi bibiri ebirikwetegyeka states with limited or no recognitionOkubara oku tikurimu Malta kandi Sicily, ebirikukwata aha by'obuhangwa, n'ekicweka ky'ekicweka kya Afirika. Algeria niyo eihanga eririkusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika, kandi Nigeria niyo erikukirayo obwingi kurugirira ahabantu baayo. Amahanga ga Afirika nigakorengana kurabira omu kutandikaho African Union, eyine ekitebe kikuru omuri Addis Ababa.

Afirika eri ahaiguru biodiverse; nikyo kicweka ekirimu abantu baingi munonga megafauna ebihangirwe, ahabw'okugira ngu bikaba bitarateganisiibwe extinction of the Pleistocene megafaunaKwonka,Afirika nayo heavily affected by a wide range of environmental issues, otwariiremu okuhindura eihamba, okutema emiti water scarcity, kandi pollutionOkwerarikirira kw'obuhangwa bw'ensi nikwija kweyongyera. climate change impacts AfricaEkibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change akashoborora Africa nk'ensi erikukirayo vulnerable to climate change.

Ekibiina kya history of Africa nimpango, egumire, kandi etarikushushana, kandi buriijo ekaba etarikusiimwa ensi yoona historical community. Omu African societies eby'obutegyeki oral word naheebwa ekitiinisa, kandi buriijo bahandiikire ebyafaayo byabo kurabira omu oral tradition, ekirikureetaho anthropologists okubeeta "emitwarize y'abantu ey'omu kanwa," nikitaana n'emitwarize y'abantu abashomire, ekirikworeka ngu written word.Template:Wp/nyn/Rp African culture n'eky'omuhendo kandi n'eky'omutaano omu bicweka bya Afirika hamwe n'omu bicweka ebindi. art, cuisine, music kandi dance, religion, kandi dress.

Afirika, okukira munonga Eastern Africa, nikikirizibwa munonga nk'omwanya ogurikutandikirwamu abantu n'ensi. Hominidae clade, naamanya nka great apeS. Owabandize hominids kandi baishenkuru baabo bakabaho emyaka miriyoni mushanju enyimaho, kandi Homo sapiens (omuntu w'obunaku obu) nikiteekateekwaho kuba yaatandikira omuri Afirika emyaka 350,000 kuhika 260,000 enyima. Omu rukumi orwa kana n'orwa kashatu BCE Ancient Egypt, Kerma, Punt, hamwe na Tichitt Tradition ekarugaho omuri North, East kandi West Africa, obwe kuruga omuri 3000 BCE kuhisya 500 CE Bantu expansion kikaruga omuri Cameroon eya hati kurabira omuri Central, East, kandi Southern Africa, okubingura nainga okukoresa guruupu nka Khoisan kandi PygmiesEbimwe. African empires harimu Wagadu, Mali, Songhai, Sokoto, Ife, Benin, Asante, aba Fatimids, Almoravids, Almohads, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Kongo, Mwene Muji, Luba, Lunda, Kitara, Aksum, Ethiopia, Adal, Ajuran, Kilwa, Sakalava, Imerina, Maravi, Mutapa, Rozvi, Mthwakazi, kandi ZuluN'obu haraabe hariho amahanga maingi, abantu baingi bakaba bari heterarchical kandi stateless. Slave trades akahanga ebintu bitari bimwe na bimwe diasporasokukira munonga in the AmericasKuruga aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19 kuhisya aha ntandikwa y'ekyasha kya 20. Second Industrial Revolution, Afirika erikukira obwingi ekaba eri rapidly conquered and colonised bya European nations, okwihaho Ethiopia na Liberia. Obutegyeki bwa Buraaya bukaba buine significant impacts on Africa's societies, hamwe n'amatware bikagumaho n'ekigyendererwa ky'okukozesa abantu omu by'entaasya. extraction eby'obugaiga eby'obuhangwa. Amahanga maingi agariho hati gakaruga omu a process of decolonisation okukuratira World War II, reero yatandikaho Organisation of African Unity omuri 1963, ekibiina ekyatandikireho ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika. Amahanga agatakatandikire kusharaho kurinda ensharo zaago z'amatware. traditional power structures nizikoresibwa omu bwebembezi omumiringo etarikushushana.

Enkora y'ebigambo

akaba ari Latin eiziina eririkukoresibwa kumanyisa abatuuragye b'omwanya ogwabaire nigumanywa nka northern Africa, eshangwa omu burengyerwizooba bwa Nile omugyera, kandi omumugasho gwayo, nigumanyisa amahanga goona agari omu mashuuma ga Uganda. Mediterranean, naamanya nka Ancient Libya. Eiziina eri niribaasa kuba ryabaire nirigamba aha nganda z'aba Libya, bakareeberezi b'abantu b'obunaku obu Berbers; reeba Terence okuhanuura. Eiziina rikaba rikira kukwatanisibwa na Phoenician ekigambo ekirikumanyisa "omucuucu", kwonka ekiteekateeko ky'omwaka gwa 1981 agyizire ngu nikuruga omu Berber ekigambo (obwingi) ) ekirikumanyisa "empuku", erikworeka abatuuragye b'empuku. Ekigambo kimwe nikibaasa kushangwa omu maziina ga Banu Ifran kuruga Algeria kandi Tripolitania, oruganda rwa Berber orurikuruga omuri Yafran (ekirikumanywa nka 'Ifrane) omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba Libya, hamwe n'orurembo rwa Ifrane omu Morocco.

Ahansi Roman ebiragiro, Carthage kikahinduka orurembo rukuru rw'eihanga eryo, bwanyima rikatirirwa Africa Proconsularis, ahanyima y'obusinguzi bw'abarooma ahari Carthaginians omu Third Punic War omuri 146 BC, ekyabaire nikitwariramu n'ekicweka ky'enyanja ekya hati Libya. Enkomerero y'ekilatini obumwe nikibaasa kukoresibwa kumanyisa eitaka (nk'okureeberaho, omu kuruga , nk'oku kirikukoresibwa Julius Caesar) Ekicweka ky'abasiraamu ekyanyima ekya Ifriqiya, ahanyima y'okusingura Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Obugabe bwa Exarchatus Africae, ekarinda n'omuringo gw'eiziina.

Kurugirira ahari Abarooma, Afirika eri omu burengyerwizooba bwa Egypt, kandi "Asia" ekakoresiibwe kumanyisa Anatolia n'eitaka omuri burugw'izooba. Omushwijumi w'eby'obuhangwa akakora engyenderwaho nungi ahagati y'amahanga abiri Ptolemy (85165 CE), ekirikworeka Alexandria aha rubaju rw'enyanja Prime Meridian n'okukora isthmus eya Suez hamwe n'eya Red Sea ensharo ahagati ya Asia na Africa. Abajungu ku baizire kwetegyereza obuhango bwa Africa, ekiteekateeko kya "Africa" kikaguza n'obwengye bwabo.

Hariho enshonga ezindi ezirikuteekwateekwaho ahabw'eiziina rya "Africa" ery'obukuru:

• Omuhandiiki w'ebyafaayo omu kyasha ky'okubanza Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) zikagira ngu zikahebwa eiziina rya Epher, mwijukuru wa Abraham kurugirira ahari Gen. 25:4 abaijukuru be, akagira ngu bakaba batahiriire Libya.
• Isidore of Seville omu kitabo kye eky'ekyasha kya mushanjuEtymologiae XVI.5.2 nikyoreka ngu "Afirika" neruga omu Rulatini Template:Wp/nyn/Lang, ekirikumanyisa "omushana".
• Massey, omuri 1881, akagira ngu Afirika neetandikira aha kigambo ky'Abamisiri af-rui-ka, ekirikumanyisa "okuhindukira okuigura Ka." Ka n'ekicweka ky'amaani ky'omuntu weena kandi "okwiguraho Ka" nikimanyisa enda y'omukazi nainga omwanya gw'okuzaarwa. Afirika ekaba eri, aha Banyamisri, "omwanya gw'okuza
• Micheal Fruit omuri 1976 akataho ekiteiso okugaita ekigambo ky'orulatini Template:Wp/nyn/Lang "omuyaga gw'amashuuma", ogurikubaasa kuba niguruga omuri umbria kandi nigumanyisa "omuyaga gw'enjura".
• Robert R. Stieglitz owa Rutgers University omuri 1984 bakatebeekanisa bati: "Eiziina Africa, eririkuruga omu kigambo ky'Orulatini Aphir-ic-a, nirikushushana n'orur Ophir ['mugaiga'].
• Ibn Khallikan kandi ab'ebyafaayo abamwe nibagira ngu eiziina rya Afirika rikaruga aha Himyarite omugabe akeeta Afrikin ibn Kais ibn Saifi ("Afrika omutabani wa Ibrahimu") owaasingire Ifriqiya.
• Orurimi rwa 'afrîqâ' (ekigambo ky'omukazi) hamwe na 'ifrîqiyâ' (ekigambo ky'omukazi), obwahati nikimanywa nka 'afrîqiy [' = '], ti ] 'okugira omucuucu' kuruga 'enfuufu, obufumbi' na 'okoma, okoma omushana, okoma' na ' 'okwoma omu mushana aha musheenyi ogurikwosya' nari 'okufuuhirira omucuucu'.
• Nikibaasa kuba kyabaire nikimanyisa obutegyeki, okwebaganisamu.

Ebigambo "Afirika y'amatemba" hamwe na "Afirika eri ahansi ya Sahara" bitwire nibihakanisibwa abacondooza abamwe ahabw'ebyafaayo ebirikukwata ahari colonialist discourse ekyabaganisemu Afirika omu bicweka bibiri, omujungu "omumatemba ga Afirika" hamwe n'omwiraguju "omumashuuma ga Afirika" common genetic links n'ebyanga diversity okwetoroora ensi yoona.

Ebyafaayo

Ebyafaayo omuri Afirika

Kurugirira ahari African cosmology, Ebyafaayo bya Afirika bikareeba empindahinduka n'okugumizamu, entebekanisa n'ekigyendererwa omu muringo gw'omuntu n'obuhangwa bwe, ruhanga hamwe na baishenkuru be, kandi akeyikiriza nk'ekicweka kya holistic omuntu w'omwoyo. Omu byanga bya Afirika, ebyafaayo nibikira kukorwa communal omwe, aine ebi yaagambire hearsay, okwijuka, hamwe n'obumwe visions, ebirooto, hamwe n'okureeba ebitarikushushana, bikateebwa omu nshonga oral traditions ebirikukorwa n'okujanjazibwa kurabira omu mirembe. Omu migyenzo y'omunwa, obwire obumwe nibubaho mythical n'abantu, hamwe na baishenkurubo bakaba nibatwarwa nk'abantu b'ebyafaayo. Ebiteekateeko n'ebiijusyo nibitereeza eby'obuhangwa, ahabw'okuba ebyabaireho bikakorwa omu bwire bukye clichés. Enkora y'omunwa neebaasa kuba exoteric nari esotericNikigamba n'abantu kurugiirira aha ku barikwetegyereza, nikyeyoreka kurugiirira aha myoga yaabo. Omu African epistemology, omuntu orikumanya ebirikugyenda omu maisho "naamanya ebirikugyenda omu maisho omu muringo ogurikwetegyerezibwa, ogurikwetegyerezibwa, ogurikwetegyerezibwa, kutari kurab Western epistemology"okutunga "obwengye burikumara", kandi nk'ebyo ebirikugambwa omu kanwa, music, proverbs, hamwe n'ebindi ebirikushushana nabyo bikakoresibwa omu kurinda n'okujanjaaza obwengye.

Ebyabaireho kare

Abantu baingi nibatwara Afirika nka paleoanthropologists okuba omuntu oldest inhabited territory aha nsi, abantu nibaruga omu kicweka ekyo. Ahagati y'ekyasha kya 20, anthropologists akajumbura bingi. fossils n'obuhame oburikworeka ngu abantu bakaba nibatuura omu myanya egi emyaka miriyoni mushanju enyima ("Before Present; BP). Ebisigaire by'ebika by'abantu eby'okubanza nibiteekateekwaho kuba biine evolved omu bantu ab'omurembe, nka Australopithecus afarensis radiometrically dated emyaka nka obukaikuru 3.93.0  BP, Paranthropus boisei (c. 2.31.4 million years BP) hamwe na Homo ergaster (c. 1,9 million600,000 years BP) zijumbwirwe.

Ahanyima y'entunguuka ya Homo sapiens emyaka nka 350,000 kuhika 260,000 enyima omuri Afirika, ensi ekaba erimu abantu baingi hunter-gatherers. Abantu aba ab'omurembe ogu, bakaruga omuri Afirika batandika kutuura omunsi yoona. globe omu bwire bwa Out of Africa II okufuruka kukabaho emyaka nka 50,000 enyima, kuruga omu kicweka kimwe kuza omu kindi Bab-el-Mandeb ahaiguru ya Red Sea, eby'obutegyeki Strait of Gibraltar omuri Morocco, nari Isthmus of Suez omuri Egypt.

Okufuruka kw'abantu ab'omurembe gw'obwahati omu kicweka kya Afirika nikukorwa omu bwire obwo, n'obuhame oburikworeka ngu abantu bakaba nibatuura omu mashuuma ga Africa, omu burugwa izooba bwa Africa, omumatemba ga Sahara. Aha muheru gwa Ice ages, nikiteeberezibwa kuba kyabaire kiri nka 10,500 K.A.K., Sahara ekaba egarukire kuba ekicweka ky'obuhangwa, kandi abantu baayo aba Africa bakagaruka kuruga omunda hamwe n'aheiguru aha rubaju rw' Africa, na rock art paintings ekirikworeka obugimu bwa Sahara hamwe n'abantu baingi abarikushangwa omuri Tassili n'Ajjer nikitandika emyaka nk'enkumi ikumi enyimaho. Kwonka, embeera y'obwire erikwombeka n'okwomya ekaba neemanyisa ngu enkumi itaanoK.A.K., omwanya gwa Sahara gukaba nigweyongyera kwoma n'okuba ogw'akabi munonga. Omuri 3500 BC, ahabw'okwetomboita kw'ensi orbit, Sahara ekatunga obwire bw'okugira eihamba. Okutwara ente omuka omuri Afirika kukareetaho eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa kandi nikireebeka kikaba kiriho hamwe n'eby'obuhangwa by'abahigi n'abate Omurembe gwa Yesu gutakahikire, ente zikaba ziri ezomuka omumatemba ga Africa.

Omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Afirika, omwanya gw'obufukiire gukareetaho okujanjaara rainforest n'ebibira kuruga Senegal kuhisya Cameroon. Ahagati ya 9,000 na 5,000 BC, Niger–Congo speakers ekatandika kukorera omuka oil palm kandi raffia palm. Black-eyed peas kandi voandzeia (African groundnuts), zikakorwa omu maka gaabo, zaakuratiirwa okra kandi kola nutsAhabw'okugira ngu ebimera ebirikukira obwingi bikakurira omu kibira, aba Niger-Congo bakajumbura amabaare g'amabaare g'okucendeeza ebibira. Pygmies nibateekwateekwa kuba batwire omuri Afirika eya rwagati kumara enkumi n'enkumi z'emyaka, barikubaganisamu omu guruupu z'oburugwizooba n'ez'obur BP. Omubwire oburikuhingura 150,000 B.C., hakabaho okujanjaara kw'abantu anatomically modern humans omu mashuuma ga Africa, nikigyeragyeranisibwa n'obwahati Khoisan abakuumiire eby'obuhangwa bwabo hunter-gatherer omuringo gw'amagara.

4th millennium BC Ekyasha kya mukaaga AD

Ekicweka ky'oburugwa izooba bwa Afirika

Map of Ancient Egypt, showing its major cities and sites, Template:Wp/nyn/Circa

Kuruga omuri 3500 BC, nomes (ekirikutegyekwa nomarchs) zikakwatanisa kukora obugabe bwa Lower Egypt kandi Upper Egypt omu northeast AfricaHaihi 3100 B.C., Egypt eyahaiguru ekasinga Egypt eyahansi kugira ngu ekwatanise Egypt ahansi ya 1st dynasty, omuringo gw'okugarukanisa hamwe n'okwikiriza gukaba gwahwaire 3rd dynasty n'oha owatandikireho Old Kingdom of Egypt omuri 2686 BC. Ekibiina kya Kingdom of Kerma kikabaho omu bwire obu kuhinduka amaani agarikukizayo omuri Nubia, okutegyeka eitaka rihango nka Egypt ahagati y'ekyasha ky'okubanza n'ekya kana cataracts of the Nile. Ahaiguru y'obugabe obwa ira, abantu baingi bakombekwa. great pyramids, nobu haraabe hariho 6th dynasty obutegyeki bukagyenda nibujanjaara mporampora omu mikono y'abanyamahe, ekyarugiremu disintegration of the kingdom, ekyasiisikara ahabw'ekyanda n'enjara omu mwaka gwa 2015 BC, 11th dynasty, erikutuura omuri Thebes, akasingura abandi yaakora Middle Kingdom of Egypt, hamwe na 12th dynasty yaayongyerwamu Lower Nubia aha nshohoza ya Kerma. Haihi omwaka 1700 BC, obugabe bwa Middle Kingdom fractured in two, hamwe na Hyksos (abantu b'amahe kuruga Palestine) ekatahirira kandi yahangura Egypt eyahansi, kandi Kerma ekakwatanisa n'okutahirira Egypt kuhika aha rurengo rwayo. Omuri 1550 BC, 18th dynasty akabinga aba Hyksos, yaataho New Kingdom of Egypt Obukama obusya bukasinga Levant kuruga omu Canaanites, Mittani, Amorites, kandi Hittites, kandi yaahezaho Kerma, yaata Nubia omu butegyeki, yaayohereza obutegyeki bwa Egypt omu myaka yaayo eya zaabu. Entaro z'omunda, omushana, enjara, n'okutahirirwa confederation of seafaring peoples akahayo esente z'obugabe obusya. collapse omuri 1069 BC.

Okugwa kw'obugabe obusya, kukareetaho obugabe. Kingdom of Kush omuri Nubia, ekatandika kutegyeka omuri Egypt eyahaiguru kandi yahangura Egypt eyahansi omuri 754 BC kutandikaho obugabe bwa Kushite. Aba Kushite bakategyeka kumara ekyasha kandi bakareeberera revival in pyramid building, kuhisya obu baabaire bari driven out of Egypt by the Assyrians omuri 63Template:Wp/nyn/NbspB.C. nk'okwihorera ahabw'okushanjuura amahanga gaayo Assyrian Empire. Abaasiria bakataho puppet dynasty ekyo bwanyima kikatunga okwetegyeka kandi kyongyera unified Egypt, kuhisya obu kyasingwa aba Achaemenid Empire omuri 525Template:Wp/nyn/NbspBC.Template:Wp/nyn/Rp Egypt ekagaruka yaatunga okwetegyeka omu bwire bukye kuruga ahari Achemenids ahansi y'obutegyeki bwa 28th dynasty kuruga ahari 404 kuhika ahari 343Template:Wp/nyn/NbspBC. Okuhangura Achaemenid Egypt bya Alexander the Great omuri 32 BC niyo yatandikireho Hellenistic rule n'okutaho Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty omuri Egypt.Template:Wp/nyn/Rp Aba Ptolemaic bakafeerwa eitaka ryabo aheeru ya Africa ahabwa Seleucids omu Syrian Wars, yaayongyerwamu Cyrenaica, kandi bakakoresa obwire bukye part of Kush omu kyasha kya kashatu BC.Template:Wp/nyn/Reference page Omu kyasha ky'okubanza BC, Egypt eya Ptolemaic eketabwamu Roman civil war, ekyarugiremu okuhangurwa aba Romans omuri 30Template:Wp/nyn/NbspBC. Eihanga rya kush rikaguma nk'eihanga ry'amaani omu kicweka ekyo kuhisya obu ryabaire ritaine maani ahabw'obwesharingo bw'omunda omu bwire bw' Aksum hamwe na Noba kikareetaho okushenyuka kwabo Makuria, Alodia, kandi Nobatia omu kyasha kya kataanoTemplate:Wp/nyn/NbspAD.

Enjuma ya Afirika

Omu Horn of Africa, hakaba hariho Land of Punt, obugabe aha Red Sea ekyabaire kiri enkoragana y'amaani omu by'obushuubuzi omuri Egypt eya ira omu mwaka gw'enkumi ya kashatu n'eyakabiri BC. Rodolfo Fattovich akakigyeragyeranisa na Gash Group omu myanya ya Sudan-Eritrea eri ahansi, kandi abacondooza abamwe bateekateekire ngu Somalia eriho hati, n'obu Kenneth Kitchen kandi Felix Chami shanga ahari Zanzibar Island. Omu Eritrean-Ethiopian Highlands, obugabe bwa kikarugaho omuri 980 BC, obu ekyanga kyabaire kiri omu by'obushubuzi by'ensi yoona kandi kikoreka Sabaean ebiteekateeko ebi abacondooza abingi barikugira ngu bikaruga aha kutahuka kw'abantu bakye kuruga omuri Saba n'okwegata kwabo. Abeegi baingi nibateekateeka ngu hakaba hariho amahanga agandi agabaire gariho omu bwire obwoTemplate:Wp/nyn/Rp kandi kw'ekyasha ky'okubanza omu kyasha ky'okubanza, kikareetera abantu bakye kutuura omu kyanga ekyo polities. Somalia ey'obwahati ekaba erimu abantu nomadic pastoralists, kandi aha rubaju rw'enyanja ya horn hakaba harimu enyonyi nyingi ancient Somali city-states ekyo kikaruga omu wider Red Sea trade, kandi yaashemererwa munonga monopoly ahari sinemoni kuruga Ancient India ahabw'obusingye bwabo kuruga omu kutahirira kw'abarooma.Template:Wp/nyn/Reference page Omu kyasha ky'okubanza AD, Kingdom of Aksum ekaruga omu rurembo-eihanga kutegyeka ebyaro bya Ethiopia-Eritrea eby'omumatemba hamwe na Red Sea omwanya gw'omwanya AdulisAksum ekashoboororwaho nk'emwe ahari ina great powers kuruga aha nabi w'abaperesi Mani omu kyasha kya kashatu. Aksum's king kihindwirwe kuruga traditional religion kuhika Christianity omu kyasha kya kana, hakakurataho omuhendo gw'abantu. Omu kyasha kya mukaaga, Aksum conquered South Arabia, nobu kyabaire nikigyezaho kurinda obutegyeki bwakyo, kandi kikatandika kufeerwa obutegyeki bwakyo aha by'obushubuzi bw'enyanja erikutukura ahabwa abaper

Amambuka g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Afirika

Amambuka g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Africa (the Maghreb) ekaba erimu abantu Berber ekicweka-nomadic pastoralistsOmu rukumi rw'okubanza BC, Phoenician migration and settlement akaija kuronda ebyoma by'omuhendo omu Gulf of Tunis. Eki kikahinduka Ancient Carthage bwanyima y'okutunga okwetegyeka Phoenicia omu kyasha kya mukaaga BC, bakombeka extensive trading empire n'ebiragiro by'amaani mercantile neetiwaaka. Okugwa kwa Carthage n'okusingurwa Rooma omu Punic Wars (3rd and 2nd centuries BC) ekareeba Numidia kandi Mauretania bahinduka amahanga ag'amaani omuri Maghreb. Ahamuheru gw'ekyasha kya kabiri BC, Mauritania ekarwana hamwe na Numidia. Jugurtha kurwanisa abarooma omuri Jugurthine War ahanyima y'okwihaho entebe y'obugabe bwa Numidia kuruga omu banyamahanga ba Rooma. Boona hamwe bakafeerwa abantu baingi, orutaro rukahwa obu Mauritania Bocchus I akaguza jugurtha omu mikono y'abarooma. aha nshonga y'emyaka rukumi, byombi bikaza ahansi y'obutegyeki bw'abarooma. Obwahati traditional religion abantu abamwe bakahinduka abakurisitaayo omu kyasha kya kataano. Vandals conquered Roman Africa atakatandikire fall of Rome, n'obu ekicweka kyabaire kiri reconquered kuruga omu Byzantines bwanyima y'ekyasha kimwe, abantu baingi bakagaruka beetegyeka Masuna hamwe n'ekyaayo numerous successor polities omuri Maghreb, otwariiremu n'obugabe bwa Ouarsenis, Aurès, kandi Altava.

Afirika y'oburengyerwizooba

The Ghana Empire

Omu burengyerwizooba Sahel okweyongyera kw'abantu abarikutuura omu byaro, kikareetwa okutwarwa omu maka gaabo. millet hamwe na sorghum, n'ente pastoralism kikatandika haihi n'omwaka 2500 BC. deserts, grasslands, kandi forests okuruga omu matemba kuza omu mashuuma kikaba kiri eky'omugasho munonga omu kukora ebyanga byabo kandi kikamanyisa ngu enkoragana y'ebyobushubuzi ekatandika ahabw'embeera ezitarikushushana.Template:Wp/nyn/Reference page Okutandika nk'omwaka 4000Template:Wp/nyn/NbspBC, Tichitt culture omuri Mauritania na Mali eya hati, niyo erikukirayo obukuru complexly organised society omuri burengyerwizooba bwa Africa, kandi abandi harimu Kintampo culture omuri Ghana eya hati, Nok culture omu Nigeria eya hati, hamwe na Daima culture okwetoroora Lake Chad.Template:Wp/nyn/Reference page Aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya kashatu AD, wet period omu kicweka kya Sahel, bakatandikaho emyanya y'okutuuramu abantu n'okubakoresa ebintu ebyabaire bitarikubaasika kumara emyaka rukumi. Ghana Empire (ekirikumanywa nka Template:Wp/nyn/Lang) akaruga omu buhangwa bw'abachitti, yaaba omugaiga bwanyima y'okureeta camel omuri Sahel y'oburengyerwa-izooba, ekireesireho empindahinduka trans-Saharan trade ekyo kikagaita orurembo rwabo orukuru Aoudaghost na Tahert kandi Sijilmasa omu matemba ga Africa. Soninke Eby'obuhangwa nibigira ngu okutandika kwa Wagadu kukabaho bwanyima ya Dinga akakora endagaano na , ruhanga w'enjoka owabaire nareeberera eiziba, okuhayo omwishiki omwe buri mwaka, kugira ngu abaase kuhamya ngu enjura neeza kugwa munonga hamwe n'ezaabu. Kurugirira ahari large tumuli okujanjaara omuri West Africa kuruga omu bwire obu, abacondooza baingi bateekateekire ngu hakaba hariho amahanga agandi agarikugyenda omu maisho na Wagadu.

Afirika eya rwagati, ey'oburugwa izooba n'ey'amashuuma

Omu Grasslands omu matemba g'oburengyerwa izooba bwa Cameroon Bantuabahingi n'abariisa abarikugamba, bakatandika kukora mporampora migrate omu mashuuma ahagati ya 5000 BC na 3000 BC. Oihireho okucondooza kw'amaani, ekyaretsire okufuruka, hamwe n'oburugo obu batwairemu, tikikamanyirwe n'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, hariho okukirizana ngu hakabaho okujanjaara kwingi. Omuri 1500 BC, aba Bantu bakahika ahagati ya Cameroon. Congo engyenderwaho omu mashuuma kuhika aha rubaju rw'amashuuma. Congolian Rainforest ahagati ya 500 BC (abamwe nibabaasa kuba bakoresize enyanja okwetantara ekibira ky'enjura). Okuhika kwabo kukakwatana n'okujanjaara kwa iron metallurgy kurabira omuri Afirika eya rwagati. Obwahati, 'Eastern stream' ekagyenda omu matemba g'ekibira ky'enjura nainga Ubangi River omu burugw'izooba, reero bahika omu burengyerwizooba bwa Lake Victoria haihi n'omwaka gwa 500 BC. Obu baabaire bariyo, ababantu bakakoresa ebyoma kuruga omuri Cushitic aboogezi babaire bariho, kandi bakaba bari nabo. Okujanjaara kuruga omu kicweka kya Great Lakes kukabaho omu migyera endiijo ebiri. Omwe akaza omu burengyerwizooba kubugana omugyera gw'oburengyerwizooba omuri DR Congo na Angola, kandi ogundi gukagyenda omu mashuuma g'eizooba gukajanjaara omuri burugwa Aha ntandikwa y'enkumi n'enkumi, aba Bantu bakahika ahagati y'eihanga eriho hati erya Tanzania hamwe na haihi. Dar es Salaam, batakagyendeire omu mashuuma kurabira aha rubaju rw'enyanja kuhika aha bunaku obu Kwazulu Natal omuri South Africa omu kyasha kya kashatu AD. Omu bwire obu bwona, aba Bantu bakafuruka, bakaza omu myanya yaabo, nari bashwerana nabo, reero baaboona hunter-gatherer n'ebibiina by'obuhingi n'oburiisa.

ekyasa kya mushanju kuhisya ekya ikumi na munaana

The intricate 9th century bronzes from Igbo-Ukwu, in Nigeria displayed a level of technical accomplishment that was notably more advanced than European bronze casting of the same period.

Afirika etakatandikire kutegyekwa amatware, ekaba eine amahanga n'eby'obutegyeki ebitarikushushana nka 10,000. Ebi bikaba birimu guruupu z'amaka nk'abahigi b'enyamaishwa. San people omu mashuuma ga Africa; guruupu empango, ezitebekanisiibwe kurungi nka guruupu z'amaka Bantu peoples omuri Afirika eya rwagati, ey'amashuuma, hamwe n'ey'oburugwa izooba, hariho guruupu z'enganda ezitebekanisiibwe kurungi Horn of Africa; ekikuru Sahelian kingdoms; hamwe n'ebibuga ebirikwetegyeka hamwe n'obugabe, nk'obw'amahanga ga Amerika Akan; Edo, Yoruba, kandi Igbo people omuri burengye bw'eizooba bwa Africa; hamwe na Swahili endembo z'abashuubuzi eziri aha rubaju rw'enyanja omuri burugwa izooba bwa Africa.

Omu kyasha kya mwenda, amahanga maingi gakabaho, otwariiremu n'ag'okubanza Hausa amahanga agabaire garikwetoroora ekicweka kya sub-Saharan savannah kuruga omu burengye bw'eizooba kuhisya ahagati ya Sudan. Amahanga agarikukirayo Ghana, Gao, hamwe na Kanem-Bornu Empire. Ghana kikakyendeera omu kyasha kya ikumi na kimwe, kwonka kikasikirwa Mali Empire, ekyatungire amahanga maingi g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Sudan omu kyasha kya ikumi n'eshatu. Kanem akaikiriza obusiraamu omu kyasha kya ikumi na kimwe

Omu myanya y'ebibira aha rubaju rw'enyanja omuri burengye bw'eizooba bwa Afirika, obugabe bw'okwetegyeka bukakura butarikukwatwaho munonga kuruga Kingdom of Nri, ekyabaire nikitegyekwa Eze Nri, kikatebwaho omu kyasha kya mwenda, ekirikugihindura obukama oburikukirayo obukuru omuri Nigeria obwahati. Obukama bwa Nri nibumanywa ahabw'obutegyeki bwabwo bronzes, eshangwa omu rurembo rwa Igbo-Ukwu.

Ruins of Great Zimbabwe, which flourished in the eleventh to fifteenth centuries

Ekibiina kya Kingdom of Ife, ebyafaayo nibyoreka ngu orurembo rwa Yoruba nirwo rwabandize kutaho obutegyeki ahansi y'obwebembezi bw'abahure oba ('kabaka' nainga 'omutegyeki' omu Yoruba language), erikwetwa 'Ooni of Ife'. Ife ekaba nemanywa nk'omwanya gw'eby'ediini n'eby'obuhangwa omuri West Africa hamwe n'obuhangwa bwayo obw'omutaano obw'ebishushani by'ekikomo Oyo Empire, abagabe baabo, abarikwetwa 'Abaalafiini ba Oyo', bakategyeka endembo n'obugabe bwingi obwa Yoruba n'obutari Yoruba otwariiremu n' Fon Obukama bwa Dahomey.

Ekibiina kya Almoravids tukaba turi Berber obutegyeki kuruga omuri sahara obwajanjaire omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Africa hamwe n'ekicweka kya Iberian omu kyasha kya ikumi na kimwe. Ekibiina kya Banu Hilal kandi Banu Ma'qil zikaba ziri orukungano rwa Arab Bedouin enganda kuruga omu Arabian Peninsula abafurukiire burengyerwizooba barikurabira omuri Egypt ahagati y'ekyasha kya ikumi na kimwe n'ekya ikumi na ishatu. migration kikarugwamu okukwatanisa kw'abaharabu n'ababerber, ahu abatuuragye baabaire bari arabised, kandi Arab eby'obuhangwa bikatwariramu eby'obuhangwa bwa buriijo, omu nkora y'obusiraamu erikukwatanisa.

Ahanyima y'okushenyuka kwa Mali, omwebembezi w'ekyaro orikwetwa Sonni Ali (14641492) akatandikaho Songhai Empire omu kicweka kya rwagati Niger hamwe n'amahanga g'oburengyerwizooba Sudan Soni Ali akatwara obutegyeki bw'ebyobushubuzi kuruga omuri Sahara Timbuktu omuri 1468 na Jenne omuri 1473, akombeka obutegyeki bwe ahaby'obushubuzi hamwe n'okukwatanisa kw'abashuubuzi abasiraamu. Askia Mohammad I (14931528) akahindura obusiraamu ediini y'obutegyeki, yaayombeka emizigiti, kandi yaareeta abashaija b'abasiraamu omuri Gao, otwariiremu al-Maghili (1504 Omu kyasha kya ikumi na kimwe, bamwe Hausa amahanga nka Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, kandi Gobir zikaba zitandikire kukora nk'endembo ezirikuzingirwe ebisiika, zirikwetabamu eby'obushuubuzi n'obuheereza caravans, hamwe n'okukora ebintu. Okuhisya omu kyasha kya ikumi na itaano, amahanga makye gakaba gari aheeru y'obugabe bwa Sudan obw'omurembe ogwo, nigashagika Songhai omuri burengyerwa-izooba hamwe na Kanem-Borno omuri burugwa izooba.

Okweyongyera kw'obushubuzi bw'abahuuku

Major slave trading regions of Africa between the 15th and 19th centuries

Slavery kitwire nikikorwa omuri Afirika. Ahagati y'ekyasha kya 15 na 19,obushubuzi bw'abahuuku omuri Atlantic bukatwara abahuuku abarikwingana obukaikuru 7-12 omu nsi ensya. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, abajungu abarikurenga akakaikuru kamwe bakakwatwa Barbary pirates bakaguzibwa nk'abahuuku omumatemba ga Africa ahagati y'ekyasha kya 16 n'ekya 19.

Ekibiina kya Trans-Saharan slave trade kikareetaho entambura y'abantu baingi kuruga omuri Afirika y'amatemba n'okuruga omuri burugwa izooba kumara emyaka mingi. Obusiraamu caliphs abarikuruga omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Sahara harimu Abu al-Misk Kafur Al-Mustansir Billah, Yaqub al-Mansur, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, Sultani wa Marinid dynasty kandi Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif.

Omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Africa, okukyendeera kw'obushubuzi bw'abahuuku omuri Atlantic omu myaka ya 1820 kikareetaho empindahinduka y'amaani omu by New World, okweyongyera anti-slavery ebiragiro omuri Buraaya na America, hamwe na British Royal Navyokweyongyera kw'amahe ga bungyereza aha rubaju rw'enyanja omuri burengye bw'eizooba bwa Africa, kikagyema amahanga ga Afirika kutandika kukoresa eby'enta West Africa Squadron bakakwata amaato g'abahuuku agarikuhika nka 1,600 kandi baacungura abafirika 150,000 abaabaire barimu.

Ekikorwa kikakorwa aha beebembezi ba Afirika abaayangire kwikiriza endagaano za Bungyereza kuzibira eby'obushubuzi, nk'eky'okureeberaho, "omugabe wa Lagosendagaano z'okurwanisa obuhuuku zikateebwaho omukono n'abagabe ba Afirika abarikurenga 50. Amahanga agarikukirayo obuhango omuri burengye bw'eizooba bwa Africa (the Asante Confederacy, aba Kingdom of Dahomey, hamwe na Oyo Empirebakakoresa emiringo etari emwe n'emwe kuhikaana n'empindahinduka. Asante na Dahomey bakata amaani omu kutunguura eby'obushuubuzi ebirikwikirizibwa omu biragiro palm oil, cocoa, embaaho hamwe na zaabu, bikakora omusingi gw'obushubuzi bw'amahanga ga burengyerwizooba omuri West Africa. Obukama bwa Oyo, obutabaasa kwetegyereza, bukagwa omu

Entaro z'okwetegyeka

European colonial presence in Africa as of 1939

Obutegyeki bw'abajungu bukagumizamu kuhisya ahamuheru gwa World War II, obu ebicweka by'amatware ebyasigaireyo bikatunga okwetegyeka. Independence movements in Africa kikongyera amaani ahanyima y'orutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, oruretsire amahanga ga buraaya amabi. Omuri 1951, Libya, eyabaire eri amatware ga Italy, ekat Tunisia kandi Morocco bakatunga okwetegyeka kuruga omuri Bufaransa. Ghana kikakurataho omwaka ogwakuratsireho (okwakashatu 1957), okuhinduka eihanga ry'okubanza kuruga omu matware ga sub-Saharan Africa okutunga okwetegyeka. Omu myaka ikumi eyaakuratsireho, amaizi g'abantu decolonisation kikabaho okwetoroora ensi yoona, kyahika aha muheru gwa 1960. Year of Africa n'okutandikaho Organisation of African Unity omuri 1963.

Portugal eri aheeru y'enyanja omuri sub-Saharan Africa (okukira munonga omuri Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, hamwe na São Tomé na Principe) bikagumaho kuruga omu kyasha kya 16 kuhisya omuri 1975 bwanyima ya Estado Novo obutegyeki bukagwaho omuri a military coup in Lisbon. Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence kuruga United Kingdom omuri 1965, ahansi y'obwebembezi bwa white minority gavumenti ya Ian Smith, kwonka omunsi yoona ekaba etarikwikirizibwa nk'eihanga eryetongoire (nk'oku Zimbabwe) kuhisya omuri 1980, obu abairaguju batungire obutegyeki bwanyima ya bitter guerrilla war. racial segregation nikimanywa nka apartheid, mpaka 1994.

Afirika y'enyima y'amatware

Okuruga omwaka gwa 2025, Africa eine amahanga 54 againe obugabe. Kuruga okwetegyeka, amahanga ga Afirika gatwire nigateganisibwa obutabanguko, obushomankuzi, obwimukiriro, hamwe n'obutegyeki. Amahanga maingi ga Afirika n'amahanga agarikukorera ahansi y'obutegy presidential system y'obutegyeki. Kwonka, bakye aharibo nibo babaasize kugumizamu n'obutegyeki bwa demokurasiya obw'ebiro byona, kurugiirira aha bigyendererwa bya Lürmann et al. (2018), Botswana kandi Mauritius zitwire nizikuratira obutegyeki bwa demokurasiya kuruga obu amatware g'abajwekyerwa gakatandika. Amahanga maingi ga Afirika gatungire obutegyeki bwingi coups obwire bwingi military dictatorshipKwonka, ahagati ya 1990 na 2018, ensi yoona eretsireho obwebembezi bwa demokurasiya.

Omu bwire bw'okwetegyeka, Abafirika abaingi bakaba nibatuura omuri extreme povertyKontinenti ekatunga oburemeezi ahabw'eibura ry'entunguuka y'ebyombeko n'amakorero. colonial obutebenkevu omu by'obutegyeki, hamwe n'obutabanguko omu by'obutegyeki. Ahabw'obushoboorozi bukye omu by'empiiha n'okutunga obut Kenya n'obwahati, entunguuka omu by'entatsya ekaba eri mpora mpora. Amahanga makye g'omuri Afirika, nigwo gaatungire entunguuka y'amaani omu by'entatsya etakahikire. Okwihaho Libya na Equatorial Guinea, byombi biine amajuta maingi

Obutabanguko omuri Afirika yoona bwanyima y'okwihaho obutegyeki bw'amatware bukaruga aha marginalisation of ethnic groups, kandi corruptionOmu kuronda ebyetengo by'omuntu. political gain, abebembezi baingi bakareetaho entaro z'enganda nkana, ezimwe aharizo zikaba zitandikire omu bwire bw'amatware, nk'okukwatanisa kw'enganda nyingi ezitarikukwatanisa, okwebaganisamu kw'enganda ezitarikushushana ahagati y'amatware maingi, nainga entaro ezaabaire ziriho ezaayongyera ahabw'obutegyeki bw'amatware (nk'okureeberaho, okutwarira abantu b'enganda ezitar Hutukihwaireho Tutsiomu Rwanda omu bwire bw'obutegyeki bwa Bugirimaani na Bubirigi.

Ahabw'obutabanguko obweyongyeire, abantu b'amahanga maingi bakaikiriza obutegyeki bw'amahe nk'omuringo gw'okurinda obusingye, kandi omu myaka ya 1970 na 1980 amahanga maingi ga Afirika gakaba nigategyekwa military dictatorshipsEntongane z'ebyanga ahagati y'amahanga hamwe n'obwesharingo bw'ebibiina ebirikwetenga okwetegyeka, nabyo bikaba nibikira kubaho omu mahanga ga Afirika agetongoire. Nigerian Civil War, akarwanagana ahagati y'amahe ga gavumenti na Igbo separatist republic, ekyarugiremu enjara eyitsire abantu miriyoni 122. civil waromuri Sudan, the first okuruga 1955 kuhisya 1972 the second kuruga omuri 1983 kuhisya omuri 2005, boona hamwe bakaita abantu miriyoni ishatu. Bombi bakaba nibarwana kurugirira aha nganda hamwe n'ediini.

Cold War entaro ahagati ya United States na Soviet Union nakyo kikareetaho obutabanguko. Soviet Union na United States zikaheereza ebirikuhiga abebembezi b'eby'obutegyeki hamwe n'amahe omuri Afirika abaabaire nibakwatanisa n'enkora y'amahanga agaheiguru. Angolan Civil War, aba soviet na Cuba bakakoragana MPLA hamwe n'abanyamerika, bakakoragana UNITA bakatunga obuhwezi bw'amahe n'eby'obutegyeki kuruga omu mahanga aga. Amahanga maingi ga Afirika gakatandika kwesiga obuhwezi kuruga aheeru y'eihanga. fall of the USSR kikarugwamu akaimukiriro k'eby'entaasya n'eby'obutegyeki omu mahanga agabaire nigakoresa obuhwezi kuruga aheeru.

Hakabaho major famine in Ethiopia ahagati ya 1983 na 1985, abantu miriyoni 1.2 bakaitwa, abarikukira obwingi historianekirikukirayo oburungi nikireetwa okufururwa kw'abakozi b'omu faamu hamwe n'okwibwa kw'ebihingirwe abakomunisiti Derg gavumenti, eyeyongyeire kwerarikirira ahabwa civil war. Omuri 1994 genocide in Rwanda kikarugwamu okufa kw'abantu 800,000. a severe refugee crisis kandi kikareetaho okweyongyera kw'ebibiina by'abaheekyera omu mahanga agatuherereire. Eki kikareetaho okubarukaho kw'endwano first kandi second Entaro za Congo, zikaba ziri entaro z'amahe ez'akabi munonga omuri Afirika eya hati, n'okufa kw'abantu miriyoni 5.5. ekirikubaasa kukureetera kuba entaro y'akabi munonga omu byafaayo bya Afirika eby'omurembe n'emwe aha costliest wars in human history.

Entaro ezitarikushushana ahagati y'ebibiina by'abahekyera hamwe na gavumenti nizigumizamu. Okuruga 2003, hatwireho entaro conflict in Darfur (Sudan), ekyabaire eky'amaani kuruga 2003 kuhisya 2005 hamwe n'obutabanguko obweyongyeire omu 2007 na 2013-2015, kikaita abantu 300,000. Boko Haram Insurgency okukira munonga omuri Nigeria (n'okurwana kw'amaani omuri Niger, Chad, hamwe na Cameroon) kwitsire abantu 350,000 kuruga 2009. entaro za Afirika ezirikukira obwingi zikyendeirwe aha ntaro z'amaani makye kuruga omuri 2022. Tigray War kuruga 2020 kuhisya 2022 kikaita abantu abarikwingana 300,000-500,000, okukira munonga ahabwa famine.

Kwonka okutwarira hamwe, obwimukiriro omuri Afirika bukyendeire munonga omu kyasha kya 21, obu entaro z'omunda omuri Angola zahwaire. Sierra Leone, kandi Algeria omuri 2002, Liberia omuri 2003, kandi Sudan kandi Burundi omu 2005. Orutaro rwa Congo orwa kabiri, orwabaire rurimu amahanga mwenda hamwe n'ebibiina by'abahekyera bingi, rukahwa omu 2003. Capitalist peace).

Okutereera hamwe n'okutereeza eby'entaasya, bireesire okweyongyera kw'abashubuzi kuruga aheeru y'eihanga omu mahanga ga Afirika, okukira munonga kuruga China ekyayongyeire kureetaho entunguuka omu by'entaasya. Ahagati ya 2000 na 2014, entunguuka ya GDP eya buri mwaka omuri sub-Saharan Africa ekaba erikwingana obucweka 5.02%, okukubisa emirundi ebiri GDP yaayo kuruga USD). Amahanga g'omumatemba ga Africa gakatunguuka omuringo nigwo gumwe. Ekicweka kihango ky'entunguuka egi nikibaasa kureetwa okujanjaara kwa tekinorogye y'ebyempurizagana okukira munonga esimu. N'obu amahanga maingi gatungire entunguuka y'amaani, okuruga omwaka 2014 entunguuka yoona ekakyendeera, okukira munonga ahabw'emihendo y'ebintu okukyendera, n'eibura ry' industrialisation, hamwe n'endwara z'oburwaire Ebola kandi COVID-19.

Eby'obuhangwa

Topography of Africa

Afirika niyo erikukirayo obuhango omu mahanga ashatu amahango kuruga omu mahanga agarikukirayo obuhango landmass omu nsi yoona. Kikaba kitarikushushana na Buraaya ahabwa Mediterranean Sea, neegaitwa ahari Asia omu kicweka kyayo eky'amatemba g'oburugwa izooba. Isthmus of Suez (kikozirwe Suez Canal), buringwa. Geopolitically, Egypt. Sinai Peninsula ekicweka ky'oburugwa izooba bw'omukutu gwa Suez nikitwarwa nk'ekicweka kya Africa.

Omwanya oguri aha rubaju rw'enyanja ni oburaingwa, hamwe n'obutabaho bw'oburugo bw'enyanja, nikyerekwa ahabw'okugira ngu Buraaya, erikwetwariramu kimwe kya kashatu ky'eitaka rya Afirika, kiine enyanja ya . Okuruga omu mwanya ogurikukirayo oburugwa izooba, Ras ben Sakka omuri Tunisia (37°21' N), aha mwanya ogurikukirayo oburugwa izooba Cape Agulhas omuri Afirika y'amashuuma (34°51'15" S), n'oburaaro bwa. Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W, omwanya ogurikukirayo oburengyerwa eizooba, n'oburaaro bwa Template:Wp/nyn/Convert kuhika Ras Hafun, 51°27'52" E, okuteebereza okw'oburugwa eizooba okuri haihi Cape Guardafui, enkombe y'eihembe rya Afirika.

Eihanga eririkusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika ni Algeria, kandi eihanga eririkusingayo obutono ni Seychelles, kandi archipelago aha rubaju rw'enyanja rwa burugwa izooba. Eihanga erikukirayo obuto aharurengo rw'eihanga ni The Gambia.

Eshande ya Afirika

Today, the African Plate is moving over Earth's surface at a speed of 0.292° ± 0.007° per million years, relative to the "average" Earth (NNR-MORVEL56).

Eby'obuhangwa

Embeera y'obwire omuri Afirika neetandukira ahari tropical kuhika subarctic aha nshozi zaayo ezirikukirayo oburungi. Ekicweka kyayo eky'amatemba, nikyo kikuru munonga desert, nari arid, kandi ekicweka kyayo ekya rwagati n'ekya mashuuma birimu byombi savanna ebisharara hamwe n'ebihango jungle ebyanga. Ahagati yaabo, hariho okukwatanisa, ahu ebimera nka sahel kandi steppe Africa niyo kicweka ekirikusingayo okutagata omunsi kandi ebicweka 60% by'eitaka ryona, n'ebyoma hamwe n'eihamba. Ekyafaayo ky'obutagasi oburikukirayo obwingi, omu Libya omuri 1922, kikarugaho omu 2013.

Eby'obuhangwa n'obuhangwa bw'ensi

The main biomes in Africa

Afirika eine abantu abarikuhingura 3,000 protected areaUganda, eine emyanya y'enyanja ey'oburinzi 198, 50 ey'ebiramu, hamwe n'ebisharara 80. Okucwekyereza eby'obuhangwa, okweyongyera kw'abantu hamwe n'okuhiiga enyamaishwa omu buryo butah arable landOkutaahirira kw'abantu, obutabanguko hamwe n'okureeta eby'obuhangwa ebitari bya butoosha nibiteganisa eby'obuhangwa omuri Afirika. Eki kyongyeirwemu oburemeezi bw'obwebembezi, abakozi

Deforestation nikiteganisa Afirika emirundi ebiri okukira ensi yoona, kurugirira aha kitongore ky'amahanga agetereine eky'obuhangwa bw'ensi.UNEP). Kurugirira ahari Yunivasite ya Pennsylvania African Studies Center, ebicweka 31 ahari igana by'amatungo ga Afirika hamwe n'ebicweka 19 ahari igana by'ebibira n'amahamba g'eihanga bikashishwa, kandi Africa nefeerwa obuhumbi buna bw'amahamba buri mwaka, ekirikusinga emirundi ebiri omuhendo gw'okutema emiti omu nsi yoona. Oburugo obumwe nibugira ngu ebicweka 90 ahari igana by'ebibira ebyabaire biriho omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Africa byacwekyerezibwa. Ebicweka ebirikuhingura 90% Madagascarebibira ebyabaireho bikashishwa kuruga obu abantu baizire emyaka 2000 enyima. Ebicweka nkaaga ahari igana eby'eitaka ry'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Afirika nibibonabonesibwa soil degradation.

Enyamiishwa

The savanna of Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania

Afirika, obundi niyo erikukirayo obwingi n'obugabe omu nsi yoona. wild animal abantu n'ebintu ebitarikushushana, n'abantu b'omumarindiro baingi carnivore(nk'entare, hyenan'enseenene) herbivores (nk'oku buffalo, enjojo, engamiya, hamwe n'empunu) nizitamburira omu busingye, okukira munonga zitari z'abantu buntu. N'amaka g'enyamaishwa nyingi "ez'omu kibira" otwariiremu enj primatehamwe aquatic life nk'engo n'enjoka amphibianOkwongyera ahari ekyo, Afirika niyo eine omuhendo gw'abantu abarikukira obwingi megafauna ebihangirwe, ahabw'okugira ngu bikaba bitarateganisiibwe extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna.

Eby'obutegyeki

Ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika

Regions of the African Union:Template:Wp/nyn/Infobox/Columns

Democracy in Africa according to 2026 V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index

Ekibiina kya African Union (AU) n'ekitongore continental union erimu abantu 55 member statesEkibiina kikatebwaho, n'ekya Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, nk'ekitebe kikuru kyayo, ebiro 26 okwa mukaaga 2001. Ekibiina kikatandikwaho omu butongore ebiro 9 okwa mushanju 2002 nk'orikwija omu bigyere bya Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Omu kwezi kwa mushanju 2004, ekibiina ky'amahanga ga Afirika Pan-African Parliament (PAP) akatwarwa omuri Midrand, omuri South Africa, kwonka African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights akaguma omuri Addis Ababa.

Ekibiina ekigaita amahanga ga Afirika, tikishemereire kutabuzibwabuzibwa n'ekya AU Commission, ekakorwaho Constitutive Act of the African Union, ekirikugyenderera kuhindura African Economic Community, eihanga rya commonwealth, omu mahanga agatarikushushana. Ekibiina kya African Union kiine gavumenti y'eishengyero erikwetwa African Union Government, erimu ebitongore by'eby'obutegyeki, eby'oburamuzi hamwe n'eby'obutegyeki. Ekitongore nikyebemberwa omwebembezi w'eihanga rya African Union kandi omwebembezi w'eih Pan-African ParliamentOmuntu naaba omwebembezi w'eihanga rya AU ku arikutooranwa omu kibiina kya PAP, reero yaatunga obushagiki bwingi omu kibiina kya PAP. Protocol of the Pan-African Parliament, hamwe n'obushoborozi bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga nk'oku kirikworekwa endagano za Afirika n'endagano z'amahanga goona, otwariiremu n'ezo ezirikworeka OAU Ekitongore ky'eby'obuhereza ekya PAP. Gavumenti ya AU erimu ab'eby'obutegyeki, ab'ebyanga, ab'ebyanga, hamwe n'ebitongore bingi, ebirikukora aha nshonga z'eizooba.

Kikaba kihango human rights abuses nibikira kubaho omu bicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe omuri Afirika, buriijo biri ahansi y'obwebembezi bw'eihanga. Ebikorwa by'okuhenda ebiragiro ebirikukira obwingi nibibaho ahabw'eshonga z'eby'obutegyeki, buriijo Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, kandi Ivory Coast.

Orunyiriri rw'amahanga n'ebyanga

Amahanga agari omu kimeeza eki gatandikirwe kurugiirira aha scheme for geographic subregions ekikozesibwa ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine, hamwe n'ebihandiiko ebirimu n'oburugo bwabyo omu bihandiiko ebirikugambwaho. Ahatarikushushana, ebir

Arms	Flag	Name of region and territory, with flag	Area (km2)	Population	Year	Density (per km2)	Capital	Name(s) in official language(s)	ISO 3166-1
North Africa
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Algeria	2,381,740	46,731,000	2022	17.7	Algiers	الجزائر (al-Jazāʾir)/Algérie	DZA
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Egypt	1,001,450	82,868,000	2012	83	Cairo	مِصر (Miṣr)	EGY
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Libya	1,759,540	6,310,434	2009	4	Tripoli	ليبيا (Lībiyā)	LBY
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Morocco	446,550	35,740,000	2017	78	Rabat	المغرب (al-maḡrib)/ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (lmeɣrib)/Maroc	MAR
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Sudan	1,861,484	30,894,000	2008	17	Khartoum	Sudan/السودان (as-Sūdān)	SDN
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Tunisia	163,610	10,486,339	2009	64	Tunis	تونس (Tūnis)/Tunest/Tunisie	TUN
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Western Sahara	266,000	405,210	2009	2	El Aaiún	الصحراء الغربية (aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah)/Taneẓroft Tutrimt/Sáhara Occidental	ESH
East Africa
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Burundi	27,830	8,988,091	2009	323	Gitega	Uburundi/Burundi/Burundi	BDI
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Comoros	2,170	752,438	2009	347	Moroni	Komori/Comores/جزر القمر (Juzur al-Qumur)	COM
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Djibouti	23,000	828,324	2015	22	Djibouti	Yibuuti/جيبوتي (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti	DJI
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Eritrea	121,320	5,647,168	2009	47	Asmara	Eritrea	ERI
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Ethiopia	1,127,127	84,320,987	2012	75	Addis Ababa	ኢትዮጵያ (Ītyōṗṗyā)/Itiyoophiyaa/ኢትዮጵያ/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/ኢትዮጵያ	ETH
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	French Southern Territories (France)	439,781	100	2019	—	Saint Pierre	Terres australes et antarctiques françaises	FRA-TF
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Kenya	582,650	39,002,772	2009	66	Nairobi	Kenya	KEN
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Madagascar	587,040	20,653,556	2009	35	Antananarivo	Madagasikara/Madagascar	MDG
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Malawi	118,480	14,268,711	2009	120	Lilongwe	Malaŵi/Malaŵi	MWI
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Mauritius	2,040	1,284,264	2009	630	Port Louis	Mauritius/Maurice/Moris	MUS
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Mayotte (France)	374	223,765	2009	490	Mamoudzou	Mayotte/Maore/Maiôty	MYT
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Mozambique	801,590	21,669,278	2009	27	Maputo	Moçambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki	MOZ
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Réunion (France)	2,512	743,981	2002	296	Saint Denis	La Réunion	FRA-RE
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Rwanda	26,338	10,473,282	2009	398	Kigali	Rwanda	RWA
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Seychelles	455	87,476	2009	192	Victoria	Seychelles/Sesel	SYC
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Somalia	637,657	9,832,017	2009	15	Mogadishu	𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖 (Soomaaliya) /الصومال (aṣ-Ṣūmāl)	SOM
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Somaliland	176,120	5,708,180	2021	25	Hargeisa	Soomaaliland/صوماليلاند (Ṣūmālīlānd)
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	South Sudan	619,745	8,260,490	2008	13	Juba	South Sudan	SSD
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Tanzania	945,087	44,929,002	2009	43	Dodoma	Tanzania/Tanzania	TZA
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Uganda	236,040	32,369,558	2009	137	Kampala	Uganda/Yuganda	UGA
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Zambia	752,614	11,862,740	2009	16	Lusaka	Zambia	ZMB
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Zimbabwe	390,580	11,392,629	2009	29	Harare	Zimbabwe	ZWE
Central Africa
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Angola	1,246,700	12,799,293	2009	10	Luanda	Angola	AGO
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Cameroon	475,440	18,879,301	2009	40	Yaoundé	Cameroun/Kamerun	CMR
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Central African Republic	622,984	4,511,488	2009	7	Bangui	Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka/République centrafricaine	CAF
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Chad	1,284,000	10,329,208	2009	8	N'Djamena	تشاد (Tšād)/Tchad	TCD
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Republic of the Congo	342,000	4,012,809	2009	12	Brazzaville	Congo/Kôngo/Kongó	COG
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Democratic Republic of the Congo	2,345,410	69,575,000	2012	30	Kinshasa	République démocratique du Congo	COD
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Equatorial Guinea	28,051	633,441	2009	23	Ciudad de la Paz	Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée Équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial	GNQ
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Gabon	267,667	1,514,993	2009	6	Libreville	Gabon	GAB
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	São Tomé and Príncipe	1,001	212,679	2009	212	São Tomé	São Tomé e Príncipe	STP
Southern Africa
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Botswana	600,370	1,990,876	2009	3	Gaborone	Botswana/Botswana	BWA
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Eswatini	17,363	1,123,913	2009	65	Mbabane	eSwatini/Eswatini	SWZ
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Lesotho	30,355	2,130,819	2009	70	Maseru	Lesotho/Lesotho	LSO
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Namibia	825,418	2,108,665	2009	3	Windhoek	Namibia	NAM
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	South Africa	1,219,912	51,770,560	2011	42	Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pretoria	yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika	ZAF
West Africa
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Benin	112,620	8,791,832	2009	78	Porto-Novo	Bénin	BEN
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Burkina Faso	274,200	15,746,232	2009	57	Ouagadougou	Burkina Faso	BFA
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Cape Verde	4,033	429,474	2009	107	Praia	Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi	CPV
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	The Gambia	11,300	1,782,893	2009	158	Banjul	The Gambia	GMB
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Ghana	239,460	23,832,495	2009	100	Accra	Ghana	GHA
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Guinea	245,857	10,057,975	2009	41	Conakry	Guinée	GIN
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Guinea-Bissau	36,120	1,533,964	2009	43	Bissau	Guiné-Bissau	GNB
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Ivory Coast	322,460	20,617,068	2009	64	Abidjan, Yamoussoukro	Côte d'Ivoire	CIV
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Liberia	111,370	3,441,790	2009	31	Monrovia	Liberia	LBR
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Mali	1,240,000	12,666,987	2009	10	Bamako	Mali/Maali/مالي (Mālī)/𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Maali)/ߡߊߟߌ (Mali)	MLI
	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Mauritania	1,030,700	3,129,486	2009	3	Nouakchott	موريتانيا (Mūrītānyā)	MRT
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Niger	1,267,000	15,306,252	2009	12	Niamey	Niger	NER
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Nigeria	923,768	166,629,000	2012	180	Abuja	Nigeria	NGA
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)	420	7,728	2012	13	Jamestown	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	SHN
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Senegal	196,190	13,711,597	2009	70	Dakar	Sénégal	SEN
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Sierra Leone	71,740	6,440,053	2009	90	Freetown	Sierra Leone	SLE
Template:Wp/nyn/Coat of arms	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagicon	Togo	56,785	6,019,877	2009	106	Lomé	Togo	TGO
Africa Total			30,368,609	1,001,320,281	2009	33

Ebyanga ebindi

Orukarara oru rurimu ebicweka mwenda ebirikutegyekwa nk'ebicweka by'amahanga agatarikuruga Afirika, kwonka omu by'obuhangwa n'eby'obuhangwa n'eby'ek

Flag	Map	English short, formal names, and ISO	Ruling power	Status	Domestic short name(s) and formal name(s)	Capital	Population	Area	Currency
		Canary Islands Autonomous Region of the Canary Islands ES-CN	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagcountry	Autonomous community of Spain	Spanish: Islas Canarias	Santa Cruz and Las Palmas Spanish: Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria	2,207,225	Template:Wp/nyn/Convert	euro
		Ceuta Autonomous City of Ceuta ES-CE		Autonomous city of Spain	Spanish: Ceuta - Ciudad autónoma de Ceuta	Ceuta Spanish: Ceuta	84,843	Template:Wp/nyn/Convert	euro
		Madeira Autonomous Region of Madeira PT-30	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagcountry	Autonomous Region of Portugal	Portuguese: Madeira - Região Autónoma da Madeira	Funchal Portuguese: Funchal	267,785	Template:Wp/nyn/Convert	euro
		Mayotte Mayotte Region YT	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagcountry	Overseas region and constituent part of the French Republic	French: Mayotte - Région Mayotte	Mamoudzou French: Mamoudzou	266,380	Template:Wp/nyn/Convert	euro
		Melilla Autonomous City of Melilla ES-ML	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagcountry	Autonomous city of Spain	Spanish: Melilla - Ciudad autónoma de Melilla	Melilla Spanish: Melilla	84,714	Template:Wp/nyn/Convert	euro
		Pelagie Islands	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagcountry	Archipelago of Italy	Italian: Isole Pelagie Sicilian: Ìsuli Pilaggî	Lampedusa e Linosa Italian: Lampedusa e Linosa Sicilian: Lampidusa e Linusa	6,304	Template:Wp/nyn/Convert	euro
		Plazas de soberanía	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagcountry	Overseas territory of Spain	Spanish: Plazas de soberanía	N/A	74	0.59 km2 (0.23 sq mi)	euro
		Réunion Réunion Region RE	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagcountry	Overseas region and constituent part of the French Republic	French: Réunion - Région Réunion	Saint-Denis French: Saint-Denis	889,918	Template:Wp/nyn/Convert	euro
		Socotra Archipelago	Template:Wp/nyn/Flagcountry	Governorate of Yemen	Template:Wp/nyn/Langx (ʾArḫabīl Suquṭrā)	Hadibu Arabic: اديبو (Ḥādībū)	60,550	Template:Wp/nyn/Convert	Yemeni rial

Eby'entaasya

Map of the African Economic Community Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend

African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2023

N'obu kiraabe kiine ebintu bingi natural resourceObwahati, Afirika niyo erikusingayo obworo omunsi yoona. least-developed ensi (okwihaho Antarcticanikirugirira aha bintu bitari bimwe na bimwe ebirikubaasa kuba birimu corrupt governments abo bakira kukora ebibi by'amaani human rights violations, kiremirwe central planning, omutindo gw'amaani illiteracy, okwetwaza kubi, obutashanga sente kuruga aheeru y'eihanga, ebyafaayo by'obutegyeki bw'amatware, slave eby'obushubuzi, orutaro rw'omunda, hamwe n'obutabanguko bw'enganda n'amahe (okuruga ahari guerrilla warfare kuhika genocide). Omuhendo gw'abantu boona omu kicweka ekyo nominal GDP ekasigara enyima y'amahanga maingi, otwariiremu United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, India na France. Kurugirira aha ripoti y'ekibiina ky'amahanga agetereine ey'entunguuka y'abantu omu 2003, amahanga 24 agabaire gari ahansi (151st to 175th) gaabaire ga Afirika.

Poverty, obutashoma, malnutrition, tikirikumara water supply and sanitation, n'eby'amagara mabi nibiteganisa abantu baingi abarikutuura omuri Afirika. Omu kwezi kwamunaana 2008, World Bank akarangirira enteebereza y'obworo omu nsi yoona erikugyendera ahari doora 1.25 buri eizooba. sub-Saharan AfricaAbantu bakaba nibatuura aha sente ezitakahikire doora 2.50 (PPP) buri eizooba omuri 2005, waagyeragyeranisa n'obucweeka 86% omuri Buyindi.

Sub-Saharan Africa niyo kicweka ky'ensi ekirikukirayo oburungi omu kukyendeeza obworo (doora 1.25 buri eizooba); nka 50% the population living in poverty omuri 1981 (abantu miriyoni 200), omuhendo gukeyongyera kuhika aha bicweka 58 ahari igana omuri 1996 gutakahikire aha bicweka ataano ahari igana omuri 2005 (abantu miriyoni ekirikworeka obworo obweyongyeire omu myanya emwe. Ebimwe aharibyo nibirugirira aha nteekateeka y'okutongoza eby'entaasya etarikubaasa kwebemberwa kampuni z'aheeru hamwe na gavumenti, kwonka okucondooza okundi kurugiremu enkora mbi ya gavumenti

Afirika obwahatiTemplate:Wp/nyn/When bari omu kabi k'okugaruka batunga amabanja, okukira munonga omu mahanga g'omumatemba ga Sahara. crisis omuri 2005 hakakorwaho n'obuhwezi kuruga omu kitongore ky'amahanga againe amabanja maingi ekya HIPC. HIPC ekareetaho ebirungi n'ebibi ahaby'entaasya omuri Afirika. Emyaka ikumi bwanyima y'oburemeezi bw'amabanja omuri Sub-Saharan Africa kukorwaho, Zambia ekagaruka omu mabanja. Enshonga nkye ekaba eri ahabwa okugwa kw'emihendo y'ekikomo omuri 2011, kwonka enshonga enkuru ekaba eri ngu esente nyingi ezi Zambia yaagurize zikashiishwa nainga zaatwarwa abantu b'amaani.

Kuruga 1995 kuhisya 2005, entunguuka y'eby'entaasya omuri Afirika ekeyongyera, erikwingana ebicweka ataano ahari igana omuri 2005. Amahanga agamwe gakatunga entunguuka Angola, Sudan kandi Equatorial Guinea, ebyo byona bikaba bihererukire kubahoTemplate:Wp/nyn/When bakaba batandikire kushohoza amaju g'amajuta gaabo, nainga bakaguza. oil extraction obushoboorozi.

Tabule erikukurataho neeyoreka GDP erikuteekwateekwaho n'omuhendo gwa GDP ogurikuteekwateekwa kubaho buri muntu. purchasing power parity) omuri 2025 IMF.

Rank	Country	GDP (nominal, in 2025) millions of USD	GDP per capita (PPP, in 2025) in international dollars
—	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	3,057,762	7,858
1	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	426,383	16,050
2	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	349,264	21,759
3	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	288,013	18,509
4	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	285,003	9,488
5	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	179,612	11,437
6	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	136,014	7,556
7	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	115,167	10,217
8	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	111,963	8,410
9	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	109,492	4,420
10	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	99,207	8,113
11	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	87,444	4,371
12	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	82,262	1,975
13	Template:Wp/nyn/Flag	64,993	3,904

Kontinenti neebaasa kuba eine obucweeka 90 ahari igana bw'abantu omu nsi yoona cobalt, ebicweka 90 ahari igana platinum, ebicweka ataano ahari igana ebya zaabu, ebicweka 98 ahari igana ebya zaabu chromium, ebicweka 70 ahari igana tantalite, ebicweka 64 ahari igana manganese hamwe n'ekicweka kimwe kya kashatu uranium. Ekibiina kya Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) eine ebicweka 70 ahari igana by'abantu omu nsi yoona coltan, eky'obugaiga ekirikukoresibwa omu kukora tantalum capacitorDRC nayo eine ebicweka bishatu ahari igana eby'amabaare ga dayimanda omu nsi yoona. Guinea niryo eihanga eririkusingayo kutwara ebikwaijo aheeru omunsi yoona. bauxite. Nk'oku entunguuka omuri Afirika etandikirweho obuheereza, kutari by'amakorero nainga eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, n'entunguuka etarimu mirimo hamwe n'okutuubya obworo. food security crisis of 2008, ekyabaireho ahanyima y'oburemeezi bw'esente omu nsi yoona, kikareetera abantu obukaikuru 100 obutaine by'okurya.

Omu myaka egi,Template:Wp/nyn/When China Yombekire enkoragana nungi n'amahanga ga Afirika kandi niyo erikukirayo obuhango omu by'obushubuzi omuri Afirika. Omuri 2007, kampuni za China zikashohoza obuhumbi bwa doora omu Africa.

A Harvard University okucondooza kukakorwa purofeesa Calestous Juma akooreka ngu Afirika neebaasa kwegaburira kurabira omu kuhinduka okuruga omu kugura ebintu kuruga aheeru y'eihanga kuza omu kwebaisaho. "Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Afirika biri aha nsharo; tuhikire aha muheru gw'ekyasha ky'ebiragiro ebyabaire nibihwera Afirika okutwara ebintu aheeru y'eihanga hamwe n'okutwara eby'okurya aheeru y'eihanga. Afirika eriyo netandika kuta amaani aha buhingi n'oburiisa nk'

Okukora amashanyarazi

Oburugo oburikukirayo obwa electricity nikyo kiri hydropower, ekirikureetaho amaani maingi omu by'amashanyarazi ebiriho hati. Ekibiina kya Kainji Dam n'oburugo bw'amashanyarazi kuruga omu maizi oburikukora amashanyarazi omu ndembo empango zoona omunsi yoona Nigeria hamwe n'eihanga eryabaherereire Niger. N'ahabw'ekyo, okuta sente omu by'obushubuzi omu myaka ikumi ehwaire, kweyongyeire omuhendo gw'amashanyarazi agakozirwe.

Ebyombeko

Eby'obugaiga by'amaizi

Entunguuka y'amaizi management eby'amaizi omuri Afirika bigumire ahabw'oburungi bw'amaizi agarikuruga omu mahanga agandi.rivers, lakehamwe aquifers). Ebicweka nka makumi ataano ahari makumi ataano eby'amahanga ga Afirika agari ahansi ya Sahara nigatwarwa omu mahanga 53 river basin emyanya y'okwihiramu amaizi erikurabira aha nsharo nyingi. Oburemeezi obu nibubaasa kuhindurwa omugisha, abantu baakubaasa kukwatanisa omu kutunguura eby'amaizi. Okushwijuma ebintu ebirikukwata aha Zambezi River, nk'eky'okureeberaho, nikyoreka ngu riparian okukwatanisa nikubaasa kureetaho okweyongyera kw'amashanyarazi agarikwetengwa ebicweka 23 ahari igana hatariho kwongyerwamu sente. Ebitongore bingi n'ebiragiro by'okukwatanisa ahagati y'amahanga biriho, nk'ekitongore kya Zambezi River Authority, Southern African Development Community (SADC) Endagano Volta River Authority hamwe n'ekitongore kya Nile Basin Commission. Kwonka, amaani agandi nigetengwa kwenda kwongyera kutunguura eby'obutegyeki, hamwe n'obushoboorozi bw'esente hamwe n'ebitongore ebirikwetengwa kukora emirimo y'okukwatanisa erikureetaho obusinguzi hamwe n'

Ebibaro by'abantu

Abahangu omu by'emitwarize y'abantu nibatwara Afirika nk'ensi erikukirayo okuba ey'omutaano ahabw'okugira ngu niyo erikumara obwire buraingwa erimu abantu. Omuhendo gw'abantu omuri Afirika gweyongyeire munonga omu myaka 40 ehwaire, n'ahabw'ekyo bakiri bato. Omu mahanga agamwe, kimwe kya kabiri ky'abantu bari ahansi y'emyaka 25. Omuhendo gw'abantu boona omuri Afirika gukeyongyera kuruga aha bukaikuru 229 omuri 1950 kuhisya obukaikuru 630 omuri 1990. Okuruga Template:Wp/nyn/UN Population, omuhendo gw'abantu omuri Afirika nigubarirwa ahari obuhumbi.Template:Wp/nyn/UN Population Omuhendo gw'abantu omuri Afirika ogurikusinga amahanga agandi, n'ogw'obwahati; omuhendo gw'abantu omuri Afirika gukasinga Europe omu myaka ya 1990, kandi America ekasinga omwaka 2000. Okweyongyera kw'omuhendo gw'abaana abarikuzaarwa omuri Afirika wagyeragyeranisa n'ensi yoona, nikuteekateekwa kuba nikwija kuhika ebicweka 37 ahari igana omwaka 2050; kandi omuri 1990 Afirika eyabaire eri ahansi ya Sahara ekaba neekora ebicweka 16 ahari igana by'abaana abarikuza

Ekibiina kya total fertility rate (abaana ahari buri mukazi) omuri Sub-Saharan Africa ni 4.7 kuruga omuri 2018, nikyo kirikukirayo omu nsi yoona. Amahanga goona agari ahansi ya Sahara gaine TFRs (omuhendo gw'abaana) oguri ahaiguru y'omuhendo gw'abaana abarikuzaarwa omuri 2019 kandi gukaba nigukora ebicweka 27.1 ahari igana global abaana nibazaarwa baine amagara marungi. Omuri 2021, Afirika eri ahansi y'eiguru rya Sahara ekakora ebicweka 29 ahari igana by'abaana abazairwe omunsi yoona.

Ba sipiika ba Bantu languages (kimwe aha Niger–Congo abantu abarikugamba orurimi rwa Bantu, nibo barikukira obwingi omu mashuuma, ahagati n'oburugwa izooba bwa Africa. the Sahel bukye bukye, eihanga rikagumizamu n'okujanjaara omu mahanga ga Afirika agari ahansi ya sahara. Kwonka hariho bingi Nilotic guruupu omuri South Sudan hamwe n'amahanga g'oburugwa izooba bwa Africa Swahili people ahari Swahili Coast, hamwe n'ebikye ebisigaireho indigenous Hoisan ("San" or "Bushmen") hamwe Pygmy peoples omu mashuuma ga Afirika hamwe na Afirika eya rwagati. Abanya Afirika abarikugamba orurimi rwa Bantu nabo nibakira kubaho omuri Gabon na Equatorial Guinea, kandi nibashangwa omu bicweka by'amashuuma ga Cam Kalahari Desert omu mashuuma ga Africa, abantu abatarikushushana abarikumanywa nka Bushmen (kandi "San"), nibakwatanisa munonga, kwonka batarikushushana na "Hottentotsaba San batwireho kumara obwire buraingwa. Omubiri gwabo nigutaanira kimwe n'aba Africa abandi kandi nibo bantu b'obuhangwa b'omu mashuuma ga Africa.Template:Wp/nyn/Citation needed Pygmies n'abantu abatakabaireho bantu omuri Afirika eya rwagati.

Abantu b'omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Africa, nibakira kugamba Niger–Congo languages, erikukira obwingi n'ey'amataagi gaayo agatari ga bantu, n'obu agamwe garikubaasa kuba garimu Nilo-Saharan n'ebibiina ebirikugamba orurimi rwa Afro-Asia nabyo nibishangwa. Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan, kandi Wolof enganda nizo zirikukirayo obuhango kandi ezirikukirayo amaani omuri Sahara eya rwagati Mandinka nari Mande guruupu nizikuru munonga. guruupu ezirikugamba orurimi rwa Chad otwariiremu Hausa, nizishangwa omu bicweka by'omumatemba g'ekicweka ekiri haihi na Sahara, hamwe na Nilo-Sahara, nk'eya Songhai, Kanuri, kandi Zarma, nizishangwa omu kicweka ky'oburugwa izooba bwa West Africa ekiri aha nsharo za Afirika eya rwagati.

Map of Africa indicating Human Development Index (2018).

Template:Wp/nyn/Col-begin Template:Wp/nyn/Col-break Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Col-break Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Col-end

Abantu b'omumatemba ga Africa, baine guruupu ishatu enkuru: Ababerber omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba, Abanyamisri omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba, hamwe n'abantu abarikugamba orurimi rwa Nile-Saharan omu burugw'izooba. Abaarabu abaizire omu kyasha kya mushanju Phoenicians (owatandikireho Carthage) hamwe Hyksos, abahindi n'abairani Alans, abahindi-abazungu Greeks, Abarooma, na Vandals bakatuura omu matemba ga Africa. Abantu baingi aba Berber bakaguma omuri Africa Morocco kandi Algeria omu kyasha kya 21, n'obu abarikugamba orurimi rwa Berber barikuba bariho omu bicweka ebimwe omuri Tunisia na Libya. Orikugamba orurimi rwa Berber Tuareg hamwe n'ebindi ebirikukira kubaho-nomadAbantu b'omunda nibo barikukirayo kutuura omunda ya Sahara omumatemba ga Africa. Omuri Mauritania, harimu abantu bakye abarikugamba orurimi rwa Berber omu matemba ga Africa hamwe n'abantu abarikugamba orurimi rwa Niger-Congo omu mashuuma, n'obu haraabe hariho eby'obuhangwa by'abaharabu n'abaharabu. Omuri Sudan, nobu eby'obuhangwa by'abaharabu n'abaharabu biri ahaiguru, nikituurwamu abantu abarikugamba orurimi rwa Nilo-Saharan, nk'aba Nubians, Fur, Masalit hamwe na Zaghawa, abamazire ebyasha bingi, bakwatanisa n'abafuruki kuruga omu kicweka kya Arabia. Abantu bakye abarikugamba orurimi rwa Afro-Asia nibashangwa omuri Egypt na Sudan.

Omu Horn of Africa, guruupu za Ethiopia na Eritrea (nk'eya Amhara kandi Tigrayans, abarikumanywa nka Habesha) nibagamba endimi kuruga omu Semitic eitaagi rya Afro-Asiatic amaka g'endimi, kandi Oromo kandi Somali kagamba endimi kuruga omu Cushitic eitaagi rya Afro-Asia.

Atakatandikire decolonisation entambura z'ahanyima y'orutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri Europeans bakaba nibajwekyerwa omuri buri kicweka kya Africa. Okwihaho obutegyeki omu myaka ya 1960 na 1970 kikareetaho okufuruka kw'abajungu, okukira munonga kuruga omuri Algeria na Morocco (obukaikuru 1.6)pieds-noir omu matemba ga Africa), Kenya, Congo Rhodezia, Mozambique na Angola. Ahagati ya 1975 na 1977, abantu abarikurenga akakaikuru bakagaruka omuri Portugal yonka. N'obu kiraabe kiri kityo white Africans nibakiri abantu bakye munonga omu mahanga maingi omuri Afirika namunonga Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, kandi South Africa. Eihanga eririmu abajungu baingi munonga omuri Afirika n'erya South Africa. Dutch kandi British diasporanitujwekyera abantu abarikukirayo obuhango kuruga omu mahanga ga buraaya.

Obutegyeki bw'abajungu bukareeta sizable groups ahari Asiansokukira munonga from eby'obutegyeki Indian subcontinent, omu matware ga Bungyereza. Indian communities nizishangwa omuri Afirika y'amashuuma, hamwe n'endala nkye nizishangwa omuri Kenya,Tanzania, hamwe n'amahanga agandi omu mashuuma n'oburugwa izooba bwa Indian community in Uganda akaba ari expelled ekyakozirwe omwebembezi w'eihanga Idi Amin omuri 1972, n'obu baingi baaherize kugaruka. Ebizinga ebiri omuri Indian Ocean nabyo nibituurwamu munonga abantu abarikuruga omuri Asia, abarikukwatanisa n'abafirika hamwe n'abazungu. Malagasy people abantu ba Madagascar n'abantu Austronesian people, kwonka abo abari aha rubaju rw'enyanja tibarimu bantu, abaharabu, abahindi hamwe n'abazungu. Cape Coloureds omu kyasha kya 20, abantu bakye kwonka ab'omugasho omu by'entaasya Lebanese nazo zitunguukire omu ndembo empango eziri aha rubaju rw'enyanja West hamwe na burugwa izooba bwa Africa.

Enteebereza endiijo y'omuhendo gw'abantu omuri Afirika, 2018 AD (omu nkumi)

Oburugo: Maddison n'abandi (Univaasite ya Groningen)

Year	1	1000	1500	1600	1700	1820	1870	1913	1950	1973	1998	2018	2100 (projected)
Africa	16 500	33 000	46 000	55 000	61 000	74 208	90 466	124 697	228 342	387 645	759 954	1 321 000	3 924 421
World	230 820	268 273	437 818	555 828	603 410	1 041 092	1 270 014	1 791 020	2 524 531	3 913 482	5 907 680	7 500 000	10 349 323

Emigabo ya Afirika n'abantu omu nsi yoona, 2020 (% y'abantu boona omu nsi yoona)

Oburugo: Maddison n'abandi (Univaasite ya Groningen)

Year	1	1000	1500	1600	1700	1820	1870	1913	1950	1973	1998	2020	2100 (projected)
Africa	7.1	12.3	10.5	9.9	10.1	7.1	7.1	7.0	9.0	9.9	12.9	18.2	39.4

Ebyafaayo by'obuhangwa

E1b1b is the most common paternal haplogroup across Africa, including Egypt, with modern genetic studies rooting the origin of the E haplogroup in East Africa.

Ekibiina kya Sahara kikakora nk'omuhanda ogurikutamburira omu byanga hamwe n'omwanya gw'okutuuramu abantu omuri Afirika omu bwire butari bumwe na bumwe humid phases n'ebiro byona omu history of Africa. Emyaka 11,000 enyimaho, Sub-Saharan West Africans, bearing macrohaplogroup L (nk'okureeberaho, L1b1a11, L1b1a6a, L1b1a8, L1b1a9a1, L2a1k, L3d1b1a), nibabaasa kuba bafurukiire omu North Africa kandi omu Europe, okukira munonga omu southern Europe (nk'okureeberaho, Iberia).

Akabonero k'obuhangwa E1b1 kikashangwa nk'ekishangwa munonga omuri Egypt, n'ekya "P2/215/M35.1 (E1b1b), omu bwiire bukye M35, nikibaasa kuba nikitandikira omuri burugwa eizooba bwa Africa, kandi nikijanjaara munonga kuruga omu eihembe rya Africa kurabira omuri Egypt. Ekibiina kya R haplogroup nikishangwa ngu kiine obwire bwingi omu masekati ga Sahara, hamwe n'ebindi Afro-Asiatic kandi Nilo-Saharan guruupu ezirikugamba endimi.

Obujurizi oburikukwata aha buhangwa bw'omuntu, nibworeka Horn of Africa kuba oburugo bw'akamanyiso k'obuhangwaM35/215" Y-chromosome lineage for a significant population component that moved north from that region into Egypt and the Levant. Christopher Ehret akahakanisa ngu okujanjaara kw'ebirikukwata aha buhangwa kukakwatanisa n'okujanjaara kw'enganda z'endimi za Afirika hamwe n'okutambura kw'abantu kuruga omukona rya Africa kuza omuri Egypt kandi kyongyera aha bantu abarikukwata aha bantu omuri Egypt emyaka 17,000 enyimaho.

Kurugirira aha kucondooza okwakozirwe juba, Arab migrations to the Maghreb kikaba kiri omuringo gw'okureeberaho omubare gw'abantu ogwabaire nigugyenda omu maisho n'okuhindura engyenderwaho y'obuhangwa bw'abantu Maghreb ekicweka ky'omumatemba ga Africa, omu mwanya gw'okugaruraho eby'obuhangwa nk'oku eby'okucondooza ebya ira birikugira. Okucondooza okundi kukashanga ngu abantu baingi J-M267 (Eu 10) chromosomes omuri Maghreb, nizirugirira aha kujanjaara kw'obuhangwa oburikureetwa abaharabu abafurukiire omuri Maghreb omu mwaka rukumi gw'okubanza CE nk'oburengyerwa-iz Qahtanite n'omumatemba ga uganda Adnanite Abaarabu bakongyera ahabantu abatarikushushana. Maghrebn'ekihome ky'okugaita amahanga. Ekicweka kya Eu10 omuri Maghreb tikirikuruga omu bantu ba kare bonka Neolithic okujanjaara kw'amahanga kuruga omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Asia, kwonka n'okukira munonga kuruga omu kujanjaara kw'amahanga ga Asia. Arab enganda kuruga omu Arabian Peninsula. N'obu barikwikiriza ngu abaharabu bakahindura amahanga ga Afirika omu bwire bw'obusiraamu, abahandiiki abamwe nibagira ngu okufuruka kw'abaharabu okwabaireho kare, nk'okwija kwa Neolithic Revolution abahingi n'abariisa kuruga Western Asia kandi Southern Europe hamwe na Bronze Age kandi Iron Age eby'okureeta kuruga Mesopotamia hamwe na Levant kikaba kiri eky'omugasho munonga aha magara gaabo.

David Schoenbrun, Christopher Ehret, Steven A. Brandt na Shomarka Keita (2025) boorekire oburemeezi bw'okushoroora guruupu z'obuhangwa ezirikumanywa nkaEurasian' omu kucondooza aha nkora y'omubiri omuri Afirika y'amatemba. Kurugirira aha kucondooza okwakozirwe van de Loosdrecht et al. omuri 2018 okurikuk Morocco, ekyamanyire EM35 (okukira munonga EM78) nizikira kureebeka omu matemba g'oburugwizooba bwa Africa kwonka zikaba nizimanywa mtDNA (female lineage haplogroups) ahari U6 kandi M1 nk'ekya 'Eurasia', abahandiiki bakabuzabuza okutebekanisibwa kw'ebibiina by'abazaire ebi, oihireho okubaho kwabo omu bantu ba Afirika aba ira. Omu kiteekateeko kyabo, okureeba abantu baingi omuri Afirika nikibaasa kuguma kiri ekizibu, ahabw'okuba enteekateeka y'abafirika neetwarwa nk'ey'omutaano. southwestern Asian/Levantine okugyenda omu maisho n'Afirika, nikimaraho oburemeezi oburikukwata aha miteekateekyere y'enganda, ekirikwikiriza Africasian construct nikishushana n'ekya Eurasia.) .

Ediini

A map showing religious distribution in Africa

N'obu Abafirika barikworeka enzikiriza z'ediini nyingi, abantu baingi nibaheereza ekitiinisa ediini za Afirika nainga ebicweka byazo. Kwonka, omu kucondooza nainga okubara abantu, abantu baingi nibaija kwetegyereza n'amadiini amahango agaarugire aheeru y'ekicweka, okukira munonga kurabira omu bufuzi bw'amatware. Hariho enshonga nyingi ahabw'ekyo, ekikuru n'ekiteekateeko ky'amatware ngu enzikiriza n'emitwarize y'ediini ya Afirika tibirungi. Enzikiriza z'ediini hamwe n'ebihandiiko ebirikukwata aha kukwatanisa kw'ediini, bigumire kutunga, ahabw'okuba n'eshonga y'amaani ahari gavumenti eziine ediini ezitari zimwe. Kurugirira ahari World Book Encyclopedia, Islam kandi Christianity nizo diini ibiri ezirikukirayo obuhango omuri Afirika. Obusiraamu nibukizayo omu matemba ga Africa, kandi nirwo diini y'eihanga omu mahanga maingi g'omumatemba ga Africa, nka Algeria, ahu ebicweka 99% by'abantu barikukoresa obusiraamu. Abantu abarikukira obwingi omu gavumenti ezirikukira obwingi omuri Afirika y'amashuuma, ey'oburugwa izooba, hamwe n'eya rwagati hamwe n'omuri Afirika y'oburengyerwa-izooba, nibegambaho nka ChristiansAba. Coptic Christians n'abantu bakye munonga omuri Egypt, hamwe na Ethiopian Orthodox Church niryo ekanisa erikukirayo obuhango omuri Ethiopia, erimu abantu miriyoni 36 na miriyoni 51. Kurugirira ahari Encyclopædia Britannica, abantu 45 ahari igana n'abakristaayo, 40 ahari igana n'abasiraamu, kandi 10 ahari igana nibakuratira traditional religions.Template:Wp/nyn/Citation needed Abafirika bakye nibo bari Hindu, Buddhist, Confucianist, Baháʼí, nari JewishHariho n'abantu bakye omuri Afirika. irreligious.

Endimi

A simplistic view of language families spoken in Africa

Kurugirira aha kuteebereza okurikukira obwingi, abarikuhingura rukumi languages (UNESCO nikiteeberezibwa ngu enkumi ibiri nizigambwa omuri Afirika. Abaingi nibaruga omuri Afirika, n'obu abamwe baruga omuri Buraaya nari Asia. Afirika niyo erikukirayo oburungi multilingual akazinga k'ensi yoona, kandi tikiri kya butoosha abantu kugamba kurungi endimi nyingi nz'abafirika, hamwe n'ez'abazungu.Template:Wp/nyn/Explain Hariho guruupu ina enkuru omuri Afirika:

• Ekibiina kya Afroasiatic endimi n'ekika ky'endimi kirimu endimi nka 240 n'abantu obukaikuru 285 abarikugambwa omu mahanga ga Afirika, omumatemba ga Africa, Sahel, hamwe n'amashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Asia.
• Ekibiina kya Nilo-Saharan endimi zirimu guruupu y'endimi nyingi ezirikubaasa kuba ziine akakwate families, nizigambwa abantu miriyoni 30 omu ndimi 100. Endimi za Nilo-Sahara nizigambwa amahanga g'omu Africa Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, hamwe n'omumatemba ga Uganda Tanzania.
• Ekibiina kya Niger-Congo amaka g'endimi nigashangwa omuri Afirika eri ahansi ya sahara. Kurugirira ahamuhendo gw'endimi, nigwo maka g'endimi agarikukirayo obuhango omuri Afirika, kandi obundi nigwo gumwe aha mahanga agarikukirayo obuhango
• Ekibiina kya Khoisan endimi nizikora guruupu y'endimi ishatu ezitarikukwatanisa amaka n'abantu babiri isolates kandi zirimu abantu nka makumi ataano. Zirikukira kugambwa abantu 400,000 omu mashuuma ga Africa. Endimi nyingi ez'abahoisa ni endangeredAba. Khoi kandi San abantu nibatwarwa nk'abatuuragye b'okubanza omu kicweka eki ekya Africa.

Okukuratira okuhendera kwa colonialism, haihi amahanga ga Afirika goona gakakuratira official languagen'obu haraabe hariho amahanga maingi agarikwikiriza endimi z'enzaarwa nka Swahili, Yoruba, Igbo kandi Hausa) Omu mahanga maingi, Orungyereza n'Orufaransa ('reeba African French) nizikoresibwa omu by'empurizagana omu bantu baingi nka gavumenti, eby'obushubuzi, eby'obwegyese hamwe n'eby'amahurire. Portuguese, Afrikaans n'oruspanish n'eby'okureeberaho by'endimi ezirikutandikira aheeru ya Africa, kandi ezirikukoresibwa obukaikuru bw'abafirika ebiro ebi, omu mirimo ya boona hamwe n'eyabo. Italian colonies omuri Afirika, Orugyamani nirugambwa Namibia, nk'oku kyabaire kiri obutegyeki bwa Bugirimaani obwa ira. Okutwarira hamwe, haakiri kimwe kya kataano ky'abantu omuri Afirika nibagamba endimi ezaabaire Okwongyera ahari ekyo, omu myaka egi, amahanga ga Afirika gatwire nigateekateeka kwihaho endimi zaago ezaabaire nizikoresibwa abafuzi b'amatware, nka Mali, Burkina Faso na Niger, ezaihireho orufaransa nk'orurimi rw'obutegyeki omu mwaka gwa 2020 zaataho endimi z'enzaarwa kandi bakahindura amaziina g'enguuto omu maziina g'amatware.

Eby'amagara

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2011 (World Bank)

Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend Template:Wp/nyn/Legend

Abantu abarikuhingura ebicweka 85 ahari igana omuri Afirika, nibakoresa emibazi y'enzaarwa, nk'omuringo ogundi ogw'okureeberera eby'amagara g'abantu boona n'okugura Organization of African Unity (OAU) Bakuru b'amahanga hamwe na Gavumenti, bakarangirira emyaka ikumi ya 2000 nk'emyaka ikumi ya Afirika African traditional medicine omu kaweefube w'okutunguura ekiteiso ky'ekitongore ky'eby'amagara ekya WHO ekya Afirika eky'okureetaho emibazi y'enzaarwa omu by'amagara omuri Afirika. Abarikukora ebiragiro by'abantu omu kicweka eki baine oburemeezi bw'okureeba omugasho gw'eby'amagara eby'enzaarwa hamwe n'okumanya yaaba okukorera hamwe n'eby'amagara eby'omurembe nikibaasa kutunguura oburinganiza n'okutunga obuheereza bw'eby'amagara, amagara g'abantu, hamwe n'entunguuka omu by'entaasya n'embeera y'abantu omu mahanga g'omumatemba ga Sahara.

AIDS in post-colonial Africa n'eshonga y'amaani munonga. N'obu ensi yoona erimu abantu 15.2 ahari igana ebicweka bibiri na bishatu by'abantu abakwasirwe akakooko omunsi yoona, obukaikuru nka 35 bakaba bari aba Africa, kandi obukaikuru 15 aharibo bakafa. Sub-Saharan Africa abantu 69 ahari igana abaine akakooko ka siriimu, nibo baabaire baine akakooko ka siriimu kandi ebicweka 70 ahari igana by'abantu boona abaisirwe akakooko ka mukenenya omuri 2011. Omu mahanga g'omu mashuuma ga Sahara agarikuteganisibwa munonga, akakooko ka siriimu keyongyeire omuhendo gw'abantu abarikufa kandi kakyendeza amagara g'abantu abakuru abari ahagati y'emyaka 20 na 49 emyaka makumi abiri. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, amagara g'abantu omu bicweka bingi omuri Afirika gakyendiire, okukira munonga ahabw'oburwaire bwa siriimu, kandi amagara g'abantu omu mahanga agamwe nigahika ahansi y'emyaka ashatu n'ena. Template:Wp/nyn/Clear

Eby'obuhangwa

The Senegambian stone circles, lying in The Gambia and Senegal, are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ebintu ebimwe ebirikukwata aha buhangwa bwa Afirika bikyendeire kukorwa omu myaka egi, ahabw'okunagaijura n'okunyangarazibwa obutegyeki bw'amatware. Nk'eky'okureeberaho, emigyenzo ya Afirika ekahwa amaani, kandi n'endimi za Afirika zikazibirwa omu mashomero g' Leopold II owa Bubirigi, akagyezaho kutunguura abafirika obwo arikuzibira abakazi baingi n'oburogo.

Obidoh Freeborn naagira ngu obutegyeki bw'amatware ni kimwe aha bintu ebireteire ebishushani bya Afirika eby'omurembe. Kurugirira aha bahandiiki Douglas Fraser na Herbert M. Cole, "empindahinduka y'amaani eyabaireho ahabw'obutegyeki bw'amatware ekakuratirwa empindahinduka y'amaani omu by'emikono." Fraser na Cole bakahamya ngu, omuri Igboland, ebintu ebimwe eby'emikono "tibiine maani n'obwegyendesereza bw'okukora eby'emikono eby'enyima ebyabaire nibikora Omuhandiiki Chika Okeke-Agulu naagira ngu "oburingaaniza bw'obuhangwa bw'eihanga rya Bungyereza bukagyema ab'eby'obutegyeki n'eby'obuhangwa okuhakanisa n'okuzibira Afirika eyabaire neetandika kwebembera n' Abahandiiki F. Abiola Irele na Simon Gikandi nibagira ngu ebitabo bya Afirika ebirikuhandiikwa hati, bikatandikira omu kubugana kw'amaani ahagati ya Afirika na Buraaya Aha rubaju orundi, Mhoze Chikowero naikiriza ngu abafirika bakakoresa ebyeshongoro, amazina, eby'omwoyo hamwe n'eby'obuhangwa ebindi, kugira ngu bagarukye bakoresa amaani gaabo nk'abajwekyerwa, kugira ngu bagarukye aha rubaju rw'amat

Obwahati hariho okugarukaho omu kugyezaho kw'okugaruka kushanga n'okugaruka kutwara eby'obuhangwa bwa Afirika nk'eky'omugasho, ahansi y'ebibiina nka African Renaissance, erikwebemberwa Thabo Mbeki, Afrocentrism, barikwebemberwa guruupu y'abeegi, otwariiremu Molefi Asante, hamwe n'okwongyera kwemanywa kw'eby'obushuubuzi kurabira omukwihaho ebihagaro Vodou hamwe n'emiringo endiijo y'eby'omwoyo.

Okuruga omu kwezi kwa kashatu omwaka 2023, ebintu 98 omuri Afirika bikahandiikwa UNESCO nk'oku World Heritage SiteOmu bintu ebi, 54 n'eby'obuhangwa, 39 n'eby'obuhangwa kandi 5 n'eby'emiringo etari emwe. List of World Heritage in Danger harimu emyanya 15 omuri Afirika.

Ebishushani ebirikworekwa

Nok figure, Nigeria (5th century BCE–5th century CE)

Rock art at the Laas Geel complex in Somalia, 3,500–2,500 BCE

Two Benin Bronzes from the 18th century

Eby'emizaano

Best results of African men's national football teams at the FIFA World Cup

Amahanga makumi ataano na ana ga Afirika gaine football tiimu eziri omu Confederation of African FootballEgypt esingire ekikopo kya Afirika emirundi mushanju, hamwe n'okukora rikodi emirundi eshatu erikukuratana. FIFA World Cups. Morocco, ahari 2022 World Cup in Qatar niryo eihanga rya Afirika ery'okubanza kuhika ahakamaririzo g'ekikopo ky'ensi yoona ekya FIFA. 2010 World Cup tournament, okuhinduka eihanga rya Afirika ery'okubanza kukikora. Kiraabu ezirikusinga oburungi omuri buri riigi y'omupiira gw'ebigyere nizizaana CAF Champions League, kandi za kiraabu eziri ahansi nizihayahayana CAF Confederation Cup.

Omu myaka etakahwireho, Afirika etunguukire omu by'entunguuka basketball ebyombeko, ebyombekirwe omu ndembo nka Cairo, Dakar, Johannesburg, Kigali, Luanda, kandi Rades. Omuhendo gw'abazaani b'omupiira gw'enseru kuruga Afirika abaayehandikiise omuri U.S. NBA etungire entunguuka omu mwaka gwa 2010.

Cricket nikimanyibwa munonga omu mahanga ga Afirika agamwe. South Africa kandi Zimbabwe baine Test omutindo, obwe Kenya niyo tiimu erikwebembera etarikukyeberwa kandi ekaba eriho One-Day International cricket (ODI) embeera (okuruga 10 October 1997, okuhisya 30 January 2014) Amahanga ashatu gakakwatanisa 2003 Cricket World Cup. Namibia niryo eihanga rya Afirika erindi eryazaaniire omu kikopo ky'ensi yoona. Morocco, omu matemba ga Africa, nikyo kitongoreire 2002 Morocco Cup, kwonka tiimu y'eihanga terarabiremu kuza omu mpaka z'amaani.

Rugby nikiranganwa omu mahanga maingi g'omu mashuuma ga Afirika. Namibia kandi Zimbabwe niinyejumbire emirundi mingi aha Rugby World Cup, kandi South Africa niyo tiimu y'eihanga erikusingayo obusinguzi omu kikopo ky'ensi yoona ekya Rugby, ahanyima y'okusingura empaka emirundi ena, omuri 1995, 2007, 2019, na 2023.

Traditional sports bakabingwa munonga omu bwire bwa colonial era, kandi baingi bariyo nibafa nainga tibakiriho ahabw'oburemeezi bwa modernisation, n'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, abantu baingi nibamanywa n'obu gavumenti yaaba etarikubashagika.Template:Wp/nyn/Rp Eby'okureeberaho ebimwe ni Senegalese wrestling, Dambe, Nguni stick-fighting, kandi Savika. Template:Wp/nyn/Clear

Reeba n'eki

• Index of Africa-related articles
• Outline of Africa

Eby'okureeberaho

Oburugo

• Template:Wp/nyn/Cite journal
• Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68708-9.
• European Investment Bank (6 July 2022c). EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5237-5.
• Malone, Jacqui (1996). Steppin' on the Blues: the Visible Rhythms of African American Dance. University of Illinois Press. OCLC 891842452.
• Robinson, Ronald; Gallagher, John; Denny, Alice (1978) [1961]. Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism (2 ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-31006-9. OL 17989466M.
• Shillington, Kevin (2005). History of Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-59957-0.
• Southall, Roger; Melber, Henning (2009). A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
• Welsh-Asante, Kariamu (2009). African Dance. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-2427-8.

Okushoma ebirikukiraho

• Asante, Molefi (2007). The History of Africa. US: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77139-9.
• Clark, J. Desmond (1970). The Prehistory of Africa. London, England: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-02069-2.
• Crowder, Michael (1978). The Story of Nigeria. London, England: Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-04947-9.
• Davidson, Basil (1966). The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times. Harmondsworth: Penguin. OCLC 2016817.
• Gordon, April A.; Gordon, Donald L. (1996). Understanding Contemporary Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-547-3.
• Khapoya, Vincent B. (1998). The African experience: an introduction. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-745852-3.
• Moore, Clark D., na Ann Dunbar (1968), Africa nyomwebazyo na hati, omu runyiriri, The George School Readings on Developing Lands. New York: Preger Publishers.
• Naipaul, V.S. 'The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief. Template:Wp/nyn/ISBN
• Template:Wp/nyn/Cite journal

Enkwatanisa y'aheeru

Amahurire ga boona'

• Africa: Human Geography ahari National Geographic Society
• African & Middle Eastern Reading Room kuruga omuri United States Library of Congress
• Africa South of the Sahara kuruga Stanford University
• Aluka eibikiro ry'ebitabo eririmu eby'okushoma kuruga omuri Afirika hamwe n'ebirikukwata ahari Afirika

Ebyafaayo

• The Story of Africa kuruga BBC World Service