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Soya

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Kasoya, A. mellifera

Kasoya[1][2][3] hem (Sisam Itak: 蜂、ハチ), Kasoyakamuy[1] hem, Moyuksoya[1][2] hem, Soya[1][2][3] hem, Soyay[4] hem, Sisoya (Sísoya)[1][2] hem, Poysoyakamuy[1][2] hem, Toysoya[1][2][3] hem ka (Katakana ekanpinuye: カソヤ / カソヤカムイ / モユㇰソヤ / ソヤ / ソヤイ / シソヤ / ポイソヤカムイ / トイソヤ) (Kiriru ekanpinuye: Касоя / Касоякамуй / Мойуксоя / Соя / Сояй / Щисоя / Ройсоякамуй / Тойсоя) nonnotoycariki tekkup’an kikir. Ni hem nonno hem ka nonnotoycariki kusu, kasoya anak mosir eun sonno pase siknup ne.[5] Rupusmosir mosma, mosir peka an-an.

Aynu usa soya otta kar topenpe e wa kusu soya a-respa; tanpe re soyape ne. Icotcakikitcise ta soyatur wa kar nimane puy onnay tum i-eumsu wa i-eakur. Cotcasak soya anak unkotuk puy onnay hem ka soyape eumsu’ranke.[6][7][8][9] Aynu otta ikkewe ta soyape kar kusu resu kasoya anak Apis mellifera ne. Korka, Samormosir peka, toysoya i-koyki kusu, oya kasoya p a-resu: A. cerana sekor pe ne.

Soyape kor soyatur nimane puy
Soyape kor soyatur nimane puy

Iki

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Kasoya ta saye ne hem an sinep ne hem ka an ruwe ne.[10] Saye ne an kor, pasesoya tura soyacise ta saye an. Yakun, soya pisno nepki an wa iki; pasesoya asir picirpe kor wa iki’easirki hine oya soya nonnotoy kar wa picirpe paroosuke wa pasesoya nunuke wa soyacise kar wa utapke’easirki.[11] Emosma, soya emkosama matne hine pinne soya kemian. Hikusu, pinne soya pasesoya unupure hi mosma yaku isam.[12]

Kasoya anak nonno eoya wa eramuan.[13][14] Konrusuy pe ani nonno eoya wa hopuni — ne kusu, ipe kusu nonno pehe konrusuy wa kanrusuy yakka, picirpe kusu nonnotoy kanrusuy yakka, nonno iporo hem kera hem ka inan nonno hunara’rusuy wa eramuan.[13][14] Emosma, nonno pehe kera ruy an yakun, ne nonno, ne ipor an nonno ka hunara’etunne siri an.[13]

Sinot hem Pakasnu

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An kampi ani ruwe ne, katak esinot wa eramasu. Ep an uske pakno sirnoski katak an wa a-anu kor, pehe kar wa i-e etoko kasoya ta katak ka rew wa esinot siri an.[15] Hem ka, onne soya akkari pewre hine pinne soya na katak esinot wa eramasu siri.[15] Ekotama, oyap mak ani nepki uepakasnu wa ehonokka.[15][16][17] Ne kampi ta, soya nuye karip un katak rutu yak, pene topenpe a-kore wa oya kasoya tan iki nukar hi ani topenpe a-kore kusu nea ne iki’oasi wa yayhonokka.[16] Ecutkonno ne, hokampa yaku a-ki hi nukar ani, iki wa epakasnu’easkay.[16][17]

Kewkampi

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Kasoya kewkampi nuye
Kasoya kewkampi
Kasoya Kewkampi (Esimonsamnata nuye nukar)
1 — Etupsi (Parunpe)
2 — Par (Car)
3 — Poknasikite (Notkew)
4 — Kannasikite (Nikotor)
5 — Kannapatoy
6 — Poknapatoy
7 — Kotcanasikitepise
8 — Osmaknasikitepise
9 — Parpuy (Carpuy)
10 — Penrekutpise
11 — Noype
12 — Sik
13 — Nonpise
14 — Penram Rici
15 — Hopunirit
16 — Kotcanatekkup
17 — Osmaknatekkup
18 — Sanpe
19 — Puy
20 — Yukram
21 — Kankan
22 — Sanpesirinki
23 — Anekankan
24 — Malpighi Sirinki
25 — Ruwekankan
26 — Rupise
27 — Osorpuy
28 — Cotcapuy
29 — Surkupise
30 — Surkupise
31 — Cotcarit
32 — Ponpise
33 — Otetteppise
34 — Turpise
35 — Cupkespise
36 — Kankan Sirinki
37 — Anekankan
38 — Kankanpuy
39 — Soyapepise
40 — Kemorit
41 — Ici Sirinki
42 — Noypeat
43 — Panrap (Canrap)
44 — Cikir Kenuma (Cikinrap)
An kotcanata soya nanu
An soya nanu

Poronesik hem Sik

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Nanuhu tu poronesik an. Akkari pon sik samaha ta an hine ocelli rehe wa re ne an.[18] Hopuni an kor, inkar ani an pe sittoo yakka, sirhanke yakka, eramuan.[19] Poronesik ipor, moymoyke, nipek ka nu’easkay. Korka, pon sik anak nipek mosma nep ka nu’eaykap.[20]

Kenuma (Rap / Rus)

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Hopuni kor an kasoya nonnotoy kotakmane cikir an
Hopuni kor an kasoya nonnotoy kotakmane cikir an

Nonnotoykar, nonnotoycari kusu kenumaha (rapuhu / rusihi) sipase ruwe. Ne ani, hopuni an kor, imeru (Sisam Itak: 電気) kar wa ne ani nonno pa’easkay wa nonno eoya’easkay. Kasoya otta akar imeru an kusu, nonnotoy tunasno atte wa cikirihi kenuma kotakmane.[21][22]

Cotca (Kem / Surkukem)

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Hempakpe ka an kasoya ka cotca’easkay wa surkukem an.

Siknukampi

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Nepki kor matne soya nonnotoycariki.
Nepki kor matne soya

Kew

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Hempakpe ka an kikir neno kewehe sap, penram, cupkes, iwan cikir, tu saprap an.[23][24][18] Kasoya kewe kenumaus wa tu tekkup an’ranke. An soya cikir kenuma ani nonnotoy kar’easkay.[25] Caroho anak sikite ani ikupa’easkay wa etupsi ani nonno pehe ni’easkay.[26] Sapkotoroho ta tu poronesik an wa samaha ta re sik an (ocelli).[26] An soya surkune wa cotca (kem hem, surkukem hem ka) kor kikir ne kusu, oya cikoykip i-e’koyaykus hi epirma kusu kewehe tomne wa ipor’an.[27] Inekus, surkusak kikir soya ne isinere’ranke.[28]

Soyacise ka pinne soya an.
Pinne soya

Pinne soya cotca isam wa sinepan ne sie’eaykap wa nimaraha otta ipere-an. Matne soya akkari kewehe poro siri ne.[12] Pinne soya akkari ka pasesoya kewe poro siri ne. Ne yakka, ikankikitcise poro-an kusu, inne soyarespakur penramuhu tom ani i-usire.[29]

Ici

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Ruhure usi pasesoya soyacise tum an.
Ruhure usi pasesoya

Honihi pakteria an kusu, kasoya nonno pehe hem nonnotoy hem e’ranke. Nonno pehe topen pene ne an kor, ci’easkay wa iki’enitan ruwe ne.[30] Asikne topa ka kasoya ci wa epuriwen. Re topa yayan topenpe ci wa epuriwen (Snodgrassella sine topa an wa Lactobacillus tu topa an) hine tu topa ukopoyke topenpe ci wa epuriwen (Gilliamella an wa Bifidobacterium an).[31]

Hempakpe ka an soya nonno pehe hem nonnotoy ka patek e[32] korka, an soya (Trigona) horse kam e wa ani soyape kar.[33]

Motonuye

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 https://ainugo.nam.go.jp/
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 https://web.archive.org/web/20250526121531/https://tommy1949.world.coocan.jp/aynudictionary.htm
  3. 1 2 3 https://ia801608.us.archive.org/18/items/ainuenglishjapan00batcuoft/ainuenglishjapan00batcuoft.pdf
  4. ↑ https://ainu.ninjal.ac.jp/topic/dictionary/en/
  5. ↑ https://rid.unrn.edu.ar/handle/20.500.12049/2934
  6. ↑ Crane, Eva (1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 3 (sup1): 100–105. doi:10.1080/03949370.1991.10721919. ISSN 0394-9370.
  7. ↑ Grüter, Christoph (2020). Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7. ISBN 978-3-030-60089-1. S2CID 227250633. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  8. ↑ Crane, Eva; Walker, P.; Day, R. (1984). Directory of important world honey sources. International Bee Research Association. ISBN 978-0-86098-141-1. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  9. ↑ Grüter, Christoph (2020). Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7. ISBN 978-3-030-60089-1. S2CID 227250633. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  10. ↑ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1634925/
  11. ↑ Wilson, Edward O (1971). The Insect Societies. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  12. 1 2 https://www.cpt.com.br/artigos/abelhas-funcoes-do-zangao-e-das-operarias
  13. 1 2 3 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4971173/
  14. 1 2 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4614436/
  15. 1 2 3 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347222002366
  16. 1 2 3 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aag2360?casa_token=hlIUsL-p2wQAAAAA%3A08gs3WGxOyud_yHFzMWEj_r2hBGTIAe21HzAccEJaVZfuzTcEysMf-7To9c4O19j8YymKJZrQUJf0UmQ
  17. 1 2 Alem S, Perry CJ, Zhu X, Loukola OJ, Ingraham T, Søvik E, Chittka L. Associative Mechanisms Allow for Social Learning and Cultural Transmission of String Pulling in an Insect. PLoS Biol. 2016 Oct 4;14(10):e1002564. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002564. Erratum in: PLoS Biol. 2016 Dec 29;14 (12 ):e1002589.
  18. 1 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20120721132333/http://ciencia.hsw.uol.com.br/abelha1.htm
  19. ↑ Harald E. Esch, John E. Burns; Distance Estimation by Foraging Honeybees. J Exp Biol 1 January 1996; 199 (1): 155–162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.155
  20. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20111127174439/http://www.saudeanimal.com.br/abelha6.htm
  21. ↑ Clarke D, Morley E, Robert D. The bee, the flower, and the electric field: electric ecology and aerial electroreception. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2017 Sep;203(9):737-748. doi: 10.1007/s00359-017-1176-6. Epub 2017 Jun 24. PMID: 28647753; PMCID: PMC5599473.
  22. ↑ Sutton GP, Clarke D, Morley EL, Robert D. Mechanosensory hairs in bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) detect weak electric fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Jun 28;113(26):7261-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1601624113. Epub 2016 May 31. PMID: 27247399; PMCID: PMC4932954.
  23. ↑ R. G. Beutel, Frank Friedrich, Si-Qin Ge, Xing-Ke Yang — Insect Morphology and Phylogeny: A Textbook for Students of Entomology. p. 38, sec. 1.3.4.
  24. ↑ R. G. Beutel, Frank Friedrich, Si-Qin Ge, Xing-Ke Yang — Insect Morphology and Phylogeny: A Textbook for Students of Entomology. p. 29, sec. 1.3.1.
  25. ↑ https://www.kqed.org/science/1940898/honey-bees-make-honey-and-bread
  26. 1 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20150701141426/http://www.extension.org/pages/21754/anatomy-of-the-honey-bee
  27. ↑ Ruxton, Graeme D.; Sherratt, T. N.; Speed, M. P. (2018). Avoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals, and Mimicry (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968867-8.
  28. ↑ Penney, H. D.; Hassall, C.; Hadfield, J.D.; Sherratt, T.N. (2012). "Therelationship between morphological and behavioral mimicry in hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)". The American Naturalist. 179 (2): 281–295. arXiv:1102.2634. doi:10.1086/663196. PMID 22173467.
  29. ↑ Waring, Adrian; Waring, Claire (26 March 2010). Get Started in Beekeeping: A practical, illustrated guide to running hives of all sizes in any location. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9781444129304. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  30. ↑ https://phys.org/news/2019-12-bee-gut-microbes-division-labor.html
  31. ↑ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6926048/
  32. ↑ Chadwick, Fergus (et al) (2016). The Bee Book. [S.l.]: DK Publishing.
  33. ↑ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-003-0497-1

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