Wp/aig/Langwij
Langwij (/laŋgwɪdʒ/) a de bild-up sist'm a komyuunikieshan dat mek up a grama an vokabyuulieri. E a de mien wie dat yuuman dem sie wat die meen, eena taak an sain fuom dem, an somtaim raitin tuu. Yuuman langwij nuo fu karamchael an istorikal divasi, wid siynifikant veriashan obsavd bitwin kaalcha dem an kruis taim. Yuuman langwij dem hab de ting dem a produktiviti an displiesment, weh gee um de abiliti fu yuus infinit numba een sentens dem, an de abiliti fu taak bout objek dem, invenchan dem, an aidiya dem weh na een diskors. De yuus a yuuman langwij need soshul konvenchan an um lern chruu lernin.[1]
Estimayshan a de nombah a yuuman langwij eena di worl vari bitwin 5,000 an 7,000. Prisaestimayshan depen pan wan arbitrari distinshen (daikotomi) set bitwin langwij dem an dialekts. Natral langwij dem spouk, sign, ar bot; howeva, eni langwij kin ba enkodid infu sekundari media yujin awditori, vijual, ar taktil stimyuli – laik raitin, wistlin, signin, ar Brail. In odda wodz, yuuman langwij a modality-indipendant, bot raitn ar sign langwij a di we fu inskrieb ar enkod de natral yuuman spich ar jestcha dem.[2]
Dipendin pan filosafikal perspektivs reagardin di definishan a langwij an minin, wen yuuz az a jenral konsept, “langwij” me refer fu di kagnitiv abiliti fu lern an yuus sistam dem a kompleks komunikayshan, ar fu diskraib de set a rul dem weh mek ap deez sistam dem, ar de set a uttaans dem weh kin bi praduus fram dos rul dem. Aal langwij dem rely pan di prokses a semiozis fu relaysn sain dem fu patikular minin dem. Oral, manual an taktil langwij dem contain wan fonologikal sistam weh gavn ow simbals dem yuuz fu form sikens dem naan wordz ar morfeemz, an wan sintaktik sistam weh gavn ow wordz an morfeemz dem kombin fu form freiziz an uttaans.
De saientifik stadi a langwij kaal langwistik. Kridis al eksaminayshan a langwij dem, laik filosofija a langwij, di rileyshans bitwin langwij an thaot, ow word dem represent ekspriyens, etc., gwan bin deterbaat at leest sensit Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) argu seh langwij origineit fram emoshan, wail odda laik Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argu seh langwij originet fram raznal an lojikal thaot. Twenti senfuri filosofaz laik Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) argu seh filosofi a truli de stadi a langwij itself. Mejah figyaz eena kontemporaari langwistik inkluud Ferdinand de Saussure an Noam Chomsky.[3]
Langwij unaafraidli divadj an diversifi ova taim, an di istorikal evoluayshan a dem kin rekonstrok bai komperin modan langwij dem fu determin hoo traits dem antenstorl langwij mus hav had so dat delevalapment staj dem kin gwen hapi. Wan grup a langwij weh disend fram a koman antensta a kaal a langwij famili; een kontrast, wan langwij weh dem show seh nawt hav eni living ar non-living rileyshans wid odda langwij a kaal a langwij aislait. De aarplenti unklasifaid langwij dem wes rileyshans nawt stablish, an spyoorse langwij mebi nawt exisit at aal. Akademikal konsensus hold seh bitwin 50 persen' an 90 persen' a langwij spouk at di biginin a di 21st senfuri gwan prabaabli hav becaam exstingt bai di yia 2100.[4]
Refrens dem
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- ↑ Nicholas Evans & Stephen Levinson (2009) 'The Myth of Language Universals: Language Diversity and Its Importance for Cognitive Science'. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, 429–492.
- ↑ Kamusella, Tomasz (2016). "The History of the Normative Opposition of 'Language versus Dialect': From Its Graeco-Latin Origin to Central Europe's Ethnolinguistic Nation-States". Colloquia Humanistica. 5 (5): 189–198. doi:10.11649/ch.2016.011.
- ↑ Tomasello, Michael (1996). "The Cultural Roots of Language". In B. Velichkovsky and D. Rumbaugh (ed.). Communicating Meaning: The Evolution and Development of Language. Psychology Press. pp. 275–308. ISBN 978-0-8058-2118-5.
- ↑ Austin, Peter K; Sallabank, Julia (2011). "Introduction". In Austin, Peter K; Sallabank, Julia (eds.). Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88215-6.