Wp/cop/ⲭⲏⲙⲓ

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< Wp‎ | cop
Wp > cop > ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ
جمهورية مصر العربية

Ⲡⲓⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ

Ⲡⲓⲥⲓⲅⲛⲟⲛ
Ⲡⲓϩⲱⲥ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲃⲁⲕⲓ:
Ϯⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ Ϯⲕⲉϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ
Ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ Ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ (ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩⲑⲉⲛⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ)
ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
ⲠⲓϩⲩⲅⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥⲀⲡⲧⲉⲗϥⲉⲑⲁϩ ⲁⲥⲓⲥⲓ
Ⲡⲓⲛⲟϫ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛϫⲟⲙⲘⲟⲥⲧⲁϥⲁ ⲙⲉⲧⲫⲱⲗⲓ
Ⲡⲓϣⲁⲩ 1,010,407.87 km2[1]
Ⲡⲓⲇⲉⲙⲟⲥ 96,146,000[2]
Ⲡⲓϧⲓⲥⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲏⲓ ⲉⲧϫⲏⲕ (GDP) $1.809 ϩⲁϩ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ[3]
Ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥϯⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡϫⲓⲛⲁⲓⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ (HDI) 0.731[4]
Ⲡⲓⲗⲟⲩⲕⲟϫⲓ ϯⲖⲓⲧⲣⲁ `ⲛⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ
Ⲡⲓϣⲱⲗϩ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ISO 3166 EG
Ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲧ ⲛ̀ⲥⲧⲁϫⲟⲩⲗ TLD .eg
Ⲡⲓϣⲱⲗϩ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲑⲓⲗⲓϥⲱⲛ+20

Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ: مِصر ⲙⲓⲥⲣ) ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲉⲥⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲁ̀ⲫⲣⲓⲕⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲁ̀ⲥⲓⲁ̀. Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲣⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ ⲧⲉ ⲉ̀ⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲁⲥ ⲟⲩϭⲓⲏ̀ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲧⲉⲃⲓ ⲛ̀ⲅⲁⲍⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲥⲣⲁⲏⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲙϩⲓⲧⲓⲉⲃⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲗⲡⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲁⲗⲁ̀ⲭⲁⲡⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲓⲉⲃⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲣⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲛϩⲱⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲏⲥ (ⲡⲓϣⲟⲙⲧ ⲛ̀ⲭⲟϩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲁⲩϫⲁⲗ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲛ̀ⲧⲱⲛ) ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲗⲩⲃⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧ. Ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲓⲟⲣⲇⲁⲛⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ⲥⲁⲩⲟⲩⲧ ⲟⲩϭⲓⲏ̀ ⲙ̀ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲉ ϯⲉⲗⲗⲁⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲟⲩⲣⲕⲓⲁ̀ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲕⲩⲡⲣⲟⲥ ⲟⲩϭⲓⲏ̀ ⲙ̀ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛⲑⲙⲏϯ. Ϣⲉ ⲙ̀ⲙⲓⲗⲓⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲥⲉϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ. Ϯⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲧⲉ ϯⲕⲉϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ. Ⲡⲓϩⲩⲅⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲡⲧⲉⲗϥⲉⲑⲁϩ ⲁⲥⲓⲥⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥϭⲓⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲱϧⲧ ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ 2013.

Ϯⲥⲧⲟⲣⲓⲁ̀ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲓⲙⲁ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲛϩⲗⲟⲗⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲱⲛϧ. Ϥⲱⲗⲓ ⲛⲓⲕⲱⲧ ⲛ̀ⲥⲱⲓⲧ ϩⲱⲥ ⲛⲓⲡⲩⲣⲁⲙⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓoⲥ, ⲡⲉⲗϩⲱⲛ, ⲛⲉⲛⲱⲛⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲙⲉⲛϥⲓ, ⲫⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ, ϯϧⲉⲗⲗⲟⲧ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ. Ⲛⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲙ̀ⲙⲏϯ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲭⲣⲓⲥϯⲁ̀ⲛⲟⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲙⲱⲥⲗⲏⲙ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲉⲧϣⲉ ⲍ̅ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩⲑⲉⲛⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̀ⲑⲣⲉⲥⲕⲓⲁ̀ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲥⲗⲁⲙ.

Ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ[edit | edit source]

Ϯⲉ̀ⲧⲩⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲁ̀ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ[edit | edit source]

Ⲛⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲡⲁⲥ ⲡⲉ
kmmt
O49
km.t ⲁϫⲓ kūmat. Ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲟⲩⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲭⲁⲙⲉ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲗⲱⲓϩⲓ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ.

Ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲫⲣⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲕⲏⲙⲉ. Ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̀ⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲉⲩⲣⲱⲡⲏ ⲁⲩϭⲓ ⲉ̀ⲡⲟⲩϣⲁⲡ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲓⲛ ⲛ̀ⲁⲡⲁⲥ Αἴγυπτος (ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲟⲥ) ⲉⲧⲁⲩϭⲓ ⲉ̀ⲡⲟⲩϣⲁⲡ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲙⲉⲛϥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲉⲣⲓⲏⲓⲭⲱⲡⲧⲁϩ[5] ⲉ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲫⲱⲛϩ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲡⲁⲥ

O6t
pr
D28Z1p
t
H

ⲫⲏ ⲉ̀ϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲙⲉϥ ϫⲉ "ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲛ̀ⲭⲟ (ⲯⲩⲭⲏ) ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲑⲁϩ" ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲑⲁϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲉⲛϥⲓ.

Ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲙⲓⲥⲣ (ⲙⲁⲥⲣ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ) ⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲁϥ ⲟⲩⲅⲉⲛⲉⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲥⲏⲙ. Ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲁϫⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲥⲏⲙⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧϩⲉⲃⲣⲉⲟⲥ מִצְרַיִם (ⲙⲓⲧⲍⲣⲁⲩⲓⲙ) ⲓⲉ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛⲁⲭⲁⲇ ⲙⲓⲥⲣⲟⲩ ⲫⲏ ⲉ̀ϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲙⲉϥ ϫⲉ "ϣⲓⲏ, ⲑⲟϣ".

Ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩⲑⲉⲛⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ[edit | edit source]

Iⲥϫⲉⲛ 1971 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲉϥⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲡⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ (ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ: جمهورية مصر العربية ⲁϫⲓ ⲅⲟⲙϩⲟⲩⲣⲓⲉⲧ ⲙⲁⲥⲣ ⲉⲗⲁⲣⲁⲡⲉⲓⲁ).

Ϯⲥⲧⲟⲣⲓⲁ̀[edit | edit source]

Ϧⲁϫⲉⲛ ϯⲥⲧⲟⲣⲓⲁ̀[edit | edit source]

Ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̀ⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛⲡⲉⲧⲣⲁ ⲡⲁⲣⲁ ⲛⲓⲫⲟⲓ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲛ̀ϣⲁϥⲉ. Ϧⲉⲛ ⲓ̅ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧϣⲉ ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪ ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲱⲛϧ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲛⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̀ⲛⲁⲫⲣⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣϣⲉⲃⲓⲱ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲱⲛϧ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓϫⲉⲣⲏϫ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥⲱⲗⲓ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲃⲟϩⲓ. Ϯϣⲉⲃⲓⲱ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲉⲑⲏⲣ ϣⲁⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲗϩⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲙⲁ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲛⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩⲏ̅ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧϣⲉ ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛϣⲱϥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲛ̀ⲕⲟⲓ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲟⲩⲛⲕ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲥⲁϩⲣⲁ. Ⲛⲓϣⲱⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ϣⲗⲱⲗ ⲁⲩⲕⲓⲙ ⲙ̀ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ ⲛ̀ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲟⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲑⲟϧⲧⲉϧ ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ.[6]

Ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲩⲣⲁⲙⲓⲥ ⲑⲁϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲟⲥ

Ⲛ̀ⲁⲩⲋ̅ ⲙⲙⲉⲧϣⲉ ⲥ⳪ ⲁⲩϭⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲱⲛϧ ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲟⲗⲓⲑⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯϧⲉⲗⲗⲟⲧ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ.[7] Ⲉ̀ⲧⲓ ⲡⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲟⲗⲓⲑⲟⲥ ⲛⲓϫⲓⲛⲱⲛϧ ⲉⲧϧⲁϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲏⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲛϩⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ. Ⲁⲩⲙⲉⲩⲓ̀ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲓϫⲓⲛⲱⲛϧ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉⲕⲟϯ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲟⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲏⲟⲩ.

Ⲁⲩⲥⲉⲛⲧ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲧⲟⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲙⲏⲛ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩ3150 ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪.

Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲣⲭⲁⲓⲟⲛ[edit | edit source]

Ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲏⲓ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲁⲡⲁⲥ (2686–2181 ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪) ϣⲁⲛ "ⲡⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲡⲩⲣⲁⲙⲓⲥ" ⲉ̀ⲧⲉ ϥⲉⲣⲭⲱⲣⲓⲛ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲇ̅ ⲛ̀ⲏⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲥⲉⲛϥⲱⲣⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲕⲱⲧ ⲛ̀ϯⲡⲩⲣⲁⲙⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲁϩϭⲟⲩⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϣⲱⲟⲩϥ, ϣⲉϥⲣⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲙⲉⲛⲭⲉⲣⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲕⲱⲧ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣⲧ ⲙ̀ⲡⲩⲣⲁⲙⲓⲥ ⲑⲁϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲟⲥ.

Ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛⲑⲙⲏϯ ⲁϥϭⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲉ̀ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛ̀ⲁⲧⲥⲉⲙⲛⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩ150 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ. Ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲓⲁⲙⲏⲓⲣⲓ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲉⲣⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲁϥϭⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲉ̀ϯⲉⲩⲕⲁⲓⲣⲓⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲟⲩⲛⲕ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲑⲁⲑⲙⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲁⲩ2040 ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲫⲉϩ ⲧⲉϥϭⲓⲥⲓ ⲉ̀ⲧⲓ ϯⲙⲉⲧϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲁⲙⲉⲛⲉⲙϩⲏ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲅ̅.

Ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̀ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛⲑⲙⲏϯ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϩⲟⲩⲕϣⲱⲥⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϭⲣⲟ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓϩⲟⲩⲟ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲁⲩ1650 ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̀ⲃⲉⲣⲓ ϩⲟⲩⲱⲣ. Ⲁⲩⲓ̀ⲛⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲉϩⲑⲱⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϩⲁⲣⲙⲁ ϩⲁ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ. Ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟⲧⲃⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲁϩⲙⲟⲥⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲁ̅ ⲉⲧⲁϥϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲓ̅ⲏ̅ ⲛ̀ⲏⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲕⲓⲙ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙⲉⲛϥⲓ ⲉ̀ⲛⲏ.

Ⲁϥϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲙ̀ⲃⲉⲣⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲓ̅ⲏ̅ ⲛ̀ⲏⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲁⲥⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲱⲥ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲧⲉϣⲗⲱⲗ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲧⲟⲙⲃⲟⲥ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲉ̀ⲑⲱϣ ϣⲁ ϯⲥⲩⲣⲓⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ. Ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲁϣⲫⲏⲥⲓ, ⲑⲉⲑⲙⲟⲥⲓ ⲅ̅, ⲁϣⲛⲱⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲁϥⲑⲏϯ ⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ, ⲑⲟⲩⲁ̀ⲧⲁⲛϧⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲣⲁⲙⲥⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲃ̅ ⲁⲩⲉⲣⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ. Ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ⲥⲣⲁϩ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϯⲣⲉⲛⲥ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲓⲱⲓⲧ ⲁϥⲟⲩⲟⲛϩϥ ⲉ̀ⲧⲓ ϯⲙⲉⲧϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ⲁϣⲛⲱⲧ. Ⲁⲩϭⲣⲟ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲓⲁⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲉ̀ⲑⲁⲩϣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲉ̀ϣⲁⲩⲣ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲩ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲟⲧⲃⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ.

Ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲧⲱⲙⲧ ⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲕⲁⲙⲃⲩⲥⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲯⲁⲙⲙⲟⲩϫⲕ

Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲭⲁⲓⲙⲉⲛⲏⲥ[edit | edit source]

Ϧⲉⲛ 525 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲥⲁⲧϩⲉ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪ ⲕⲁⲙⲃⲩⲥⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲃ̅ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥϭⲣⲟ ⲉ̀ⲯⲁⲙⲙⲟⲩϫⲕ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲅ̅ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲗⲁϧ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϭⲣⲟ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ. Ⲁϥϯⲣⲉⲛϥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ⲟⲍⲉⲟⲥ ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ. ⲕ̅ⲍ̅ ⲛ̀ⲏⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲏϯ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲟⲛ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲙⲏⲇoⲥ (ⲉ̀ⲃⲏⲗ ⲁ̀ⲣⲏⲟⲩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉϯⲃⲁⲥϯ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲅ̅ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲟⲩⲃⲏⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ 522 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙⲡ̀⳪). Ⲁ̀ⲙⲩⲣⲧⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙⲥⲁⲓ̀ ⲁϥⲉⲣⲣⲉⲙϩⲉ ⲛ̀ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̀ⲕ̅ⲏ̅ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲕ̅ⲑ̅ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲏⲓ. Ⲛⲉ ⲗ̅ ⲛ̀ⲏⲓ ⲉ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓϣⲑⲁⲛⲃⲱⲟⲩ ⲁ̅ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓϧⲁⲉ ⲛ̀ⲏⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲫⲙⲁ. ⲛⲓⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲁⲩϭⲣⲟ ⲟⲛ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ 343 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲁϣⲧⲛⲏⲃϥ ⲃ̅ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲛ̀ⲁⲣⲧⲁⲝⲉⲣⲝⲏⲥ ⲅ̅. Ⲁϥϭⲣⲟ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲭⲁⲓⲙⲉⲛⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ 332 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪. Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲩ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲏⲗⲁⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲓⲛ ⲡⲧⲟⲗⲉⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲁ̅ ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ ⲁϥⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲧⲟⲗⲉⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ.

Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲧⲟⲗⲉⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲣⲱⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲭⲣⲓⲥϯⲁ̀ⲛⲟⲥ[edit | edit source]

Ⲡⲧⲟⲗⲉⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲁ̅ ⲡⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ

Nⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲙ̀ⲡⲧⲟⲗⲉⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲉ ϯⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̀ⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲁϣϥ ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϯⲥⲩⲣⲓⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ ϣⲁ ⲕⲩⲣⲓⲛⲛⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧ. Nⲉ ⲧⲉϥⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲉ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲓⲛ ⲁⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ̀ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲏϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϫⲓⲛⲱⲛϧ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲓⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲙⲉⲧϣⲱⲧ.

Ⲛⲉ ϯϧⲁⲉ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲙ̀ⲡⲧⲟⲗⲉⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲕⲗⲉⲩⲡⲁⲧⲣⲁ ϯⲙⲁϩⲍ̅ ⲧⲉ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϧⲟⲑⲃⲥ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓϭⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲟⲕⲧⲁⲃⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲅⲩⲥⲧⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁⲩⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ. Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲑⲱϣ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ.

Ⲡⲓⲗⲓⲙⲏⲛ ⲛ̀ⲅⲩⲯⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ϣⲓϩⲏⲧ

Ⲁⲩⲓⲛⲓ̀ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲭⲣⲓⲥϯⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲁ̅ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧϣⲉ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲙ̀ⲡ⳪ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲫⲏⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲙⲁⲣⲕⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁ̀ⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ. Ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̀ⲇⲓⲱⲅⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̀ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲓⲥϯⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉ̀ⲧⲓ ϯⲙⲉⲧϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ⲇⲓⲟ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ (284–305). Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲥⲩⲛⲟⲇⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲏⲇⲟⲛ ϧⲉⲛ 451 (167 ⳥) ⲁⲩϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̀ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ.

Ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲁⲩⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉ̀ⲛⲓϣⲁϥⲉⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲩ ⲉ̀ϣⲗⲏⲗ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉⲣϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲉⲣⲏⲧ ⲛ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲛϧ ⲉ̀ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ. Ⲛⲉ ⲧⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ ⲧⲉ ⲉ̀ⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲁⲫⲉ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲕⲗⲩⲥⲙⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϣⲓϩⲏⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲁϧⲱⲙ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲁⲃⲉⲛⲛⲏⲥⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲃⲱⲟⲩ.

Ⲛⲓⲉ̀ⲛⲉϩ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛⲑⲙⲏϯ[edit | edit source]

Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ 7 ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧϣⲉ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲁⲓⲟⲛ ⲁⲩϭⲣⲟ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲥ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲥⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲥⲁⲥⲁⲛ ϧⲉⲛ 619 (335 ⳥). Ⲁⲩⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲑⲱϣ ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲡⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲁⲣⲭⲱⲛ ϣⲁϩⲣⲃⲁⲣⲁⲍ ⲛⲉⲙ ϣⲁϩⲣⲁⲗⲁⲛⲓⲟ̀ⲍⲁⲛ.

Ⲡⲁⲗⲙⲁⲥϭⲏⲧ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲁⲙⲃⲣⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲩⲥⲧⲁⲧⲱⲛ

Ϧⲉⲛ 639–642 ⲛⲓⲙⲱⲥⲗⲏⲙ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ⲁⲩϭⲣⲟ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁⲙⲃⲣⲟⲥ ⲡϣⲏ ⲁⲗⲁⲥ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲓⲙⲗⲁϧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲛ, ⲫⲉⲗⲃⲉⲥ, ⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲱⲛ. Ⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲱⲣⲃ ⲉ̀ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̀ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ϧⲉⲛ 641 (357 ⳥) ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϫⲟⲡⲥ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲉⲡⲁⲣⲭⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ ⲕⲩⲣⲓ ⲡⲕⲁⲩⲭⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲡⲁⲕⲧⲱⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁⲩⲓ̀ⲛⲓ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲕⲏⲛⲥⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϯⲣⲉⲛϥ ⲛ̀ϫⲓⲍⲓⲁ ⲉ̀ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ϯϣⲉⲃⲓⲱ ⲛ̀ϯⲥⲕⲉⲡⲏ. Ⲛⲓⲙⲱⲥⲗⲏⲙ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲙ̀ⲃⲉⲣⲓ ⲫⲩⲥⲧⲁⲧⲱⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲕⲱⲧ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ⲁⲗⲙⲁⲥϭⲏⲧ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲩ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲥⲱⲥ.

Ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲇⲓⲁ̀ⲇⲟⲭⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲉⲩⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲓⲉ̀[edit | edit source]

Ⲛⲓⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ⲛⲓⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛⲡⲉⲙⲉⲛ ⲁⲩⲫⲱϩ ⲉ̀ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲱⲛϧ ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲩ. Ⲁⲩⲉⲣϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲅⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲁⲗⲁⲥⲱϯ ⲛ̀ⲧⲭⲱⲣⲁ.

Ⲉ̀ⲧⲓ ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲙ̀ⲡⲩⲣⲁⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲙ̀ⲙⲱⲥⲗⲏⲙ ⲁⲩⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲁⲙⲃⲣⲟⲥ ⲡϣⲏ ⲁⲗⲁⲁⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲛϩⲟⲧ ⲛ̀ⲁⲗⲙⲟⲩⲁ̀ⲃⲓⲁ̀ ϣⲁ ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲙⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ 664 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ.

Ⲉ̀ⲧⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲁϩⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲩⲣⲁⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲓϧⲁⲣⲓϫⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓⲃⲛ ⲁⲗⲥⲟⲩⲡⲉ̀ⲉⲓⲣ ⲁⲩϭⲓ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁ̀ⲇⲟⲭⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲓⲉ̀ ⲙⲉⲣⲟⲩⲁⲛ ⲁ̅ ⲁϥϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ ⲉ̀ϩⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̀ϫⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ 684. Ϧⲉⲛ 706 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲁⲩⲥⲉⲙⲛⲉ ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ϩⲱⲥ ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩⲑⲉⲛⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲅⲁⲛⲟⲥ.

Ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲇⲓⲁ̀ⲇⲟⲭⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲥ[edit | edit source]

Ⲡⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲥ ⲁϥⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲕⲏⲛⲥⲟⲥ ⲙ̀ⲃⲉⲣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̀ⲥⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓϣⲙⲟⲩⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲑⲱϣ. Ⲁⲩϫⲟⲕⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ 830 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲡⲓⲇⲓⲁ̀ⲇⲟⲭⲟⲥ ⲁⲗⲙⲁⲓⲙⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲏⲗⲁⲧⲏⲥ ⲁⲗⲁϥϣⲏⲛ.

Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲃⲱⲗ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲃⲁⲕⲧⲁⲛ ⲛⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲏⲗⲁⲧⲏⲥ ⲁⲩⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϩⲱⲥ ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ⲉϧϣⲏⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ⲧⲟⲩⲗⲟⲩⲛ.

Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲇⲓⲁ̀ⲇⲟⲭⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϥⲁϯⲙⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩⲝ[edit | edit source]

Ϧⲉⲛ 969 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲧⲩⲛⲓⲥ ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϥⲁϯⲙⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲍⲓⲝ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲕⲟⲩⲑⲁⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲏⲧⲗⲁⲧⲏⲥ ϫⲉⲟⲩϩⲁⲣ ⲡⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲥⲓⲕⲓⲗⲓⲁ̀ ⲁⲩϭⲣⲟ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲕⲉϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ ϩⲱⲥ ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ. Ⲛⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲩ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ϯⲙⲏϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϩⲱⲃⲥ ⲛ̀ϯⲁⲫⲣⲓⲕⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲁⲡⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲥⲓⲕⲓⲗⲓⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲁⲗⲁⲓⲥⲧⲓⲛⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲓⲟⲣⲇⲁⲛⲏⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲗⲓⲃⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲥⲩⲣⲓⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲱ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲉϫⲁⲍ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲙⲉⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲑⲁⲛ.

Ⲥⲉⲩⲏⲣⲟⲥ ⲡϣⲏ ⲡⲓϭⲁⲗⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϫⲱⲙ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ϯⲥⲧⲟⲣⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲁϥⲥϧⲁⲓ ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲥⲉⲕⲁϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲁⲛ ϫⲉ. Ϩⲁⲭⲓⲙ ⲡⲓⲁⲙⲣⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϥⲁϯⲙⲁ ⲁϥⲧⲁϩⲛⲟ ⲉ̀ⲉⲣⲭⲣⲁⲥⲑⲉ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ.

Ϧⲉⲛ 1168 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϥⲁϯⲙⲁ ⲛ̀ⲕⲩⲣⲇⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲥⲁⲗⲁϩⲁⲧⲏⲛ ⲓⲱⲥⲏⲫ ⲡϣⲏ ⲓⲱⲃ, ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϫⲡ ⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ⲓⲱⲃ. Ⲁϥⲉⲣⲙⲗⲁϧ ⲛⲓϥⲁⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲓⲉⲣⲟⲩⲥⲁⲗⲏⲙ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲗⲁⲓⲥⲧⲓⲛⲏ. Ⲁⲩⲟⲱϫⲡ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϧⲁⲉ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛⲓⲱⲃ ⲁⲗⲙⲱⲉⲍⲉⲙ ⲧⲟⲩⲣⲁⲛϣⲁϩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲏⲗⲁⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲟⲩⲣⲕⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲕⲟⲩⲝⲓⲥ ϧⲉⲛ 1250 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲉⲓⲥⲁⲧⲏⲛ ⲁⲓⲫⲁⲕ ⲁϥϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩⲝ ⲫⲁⲓ̀ⲁⲣⲟ. Ⲁϥⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲭⲁⲙⲉ 40 ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲓ̅ⲇ̅ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧϣⲉ.

Ⲡⲓⲉ̀ⲛⲉϩ ⲙ̀ⲃⲉⲣⲓ[edit | edit source]

Ⲛⲁⲡⲟⲗⲉⲱⲛ ⲁϥϭⲱⲧϥ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲁⲗⲁⲥⲱϯ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩⲝ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲙⲗⲁϧ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲡⲩⲣⲁⲙⲓⲥ, 21 ⲛ̀ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲓⲟⲥ 1798, ⲗⲟⲩⲓ-ϥⲣⲁⲛⲥⲟⲩⲁ ⲗⲉϫⲉⲛ

Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϩⲟⲩⲑⲙⲉⲛ[edit | edit source]

Ⲛⲓⲧⲟⲩⲣⲕⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϩⲟⲩⲑⲙⲉⲛ ⲁⲩϭⲣⲟ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ 1517 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲁⲓⲥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲑⲱϣ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ. Ⲁⲥⲃⲱⲗ ⲛ̀ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲉⲥ ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲉϩⲕⲟ ⲟⲩⲧⲉ 1687 ⲛⲉⲙ 1731.

Ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁ ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩⲝ ⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϣⲁ ⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲁⲡⲟⲗⲉⲱⲛ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲏⲗⲁⲏⲧⲥ ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲁⲅⲅoⲥ ϧⲉⲛ 1798. Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲧⲉϥϭⲟⲧⲡⲥ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲃⲣⲉⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ̀ ⲡⲓⲡⲟⲗⲉⲙⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩⲝ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲙⲓⲥⲑⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲁⲗⲃⲁⲛⲓⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲟⲩϭⲁⲩⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲙⲟϩⲁⲙⲉⲧ ⲁⲗⲏ ⲡⲁϣⲁ. Ⲁϥϭⲟⲧϭⲉⲧ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲕⲟⲩⲝ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲏⲓ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϣⲁ 1952 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ.

Mⲟϩⲁⲙⲉⲧ ⲁ̀ⲗⲏ ⲡⲁϣⲁ, ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ⲏ̀ⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ

Ⲙⲟϩⲁⲙⲉⲧ ⲁ̀ⲗⲏ ⲡⲁϣⲁ ⲁϥⲧⲱⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛϩⲱⲥⲓ ⲉⲧⲥⲁⲡⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ (1820–1824), ϯⲥⲩⲣⲓⲁ̀ (1833) ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲁⲛⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲓⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲗⲓⲁ̀ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲉⲩⲣⲱⲡⲏ ⲁⲩⲃⲓⲁ̀ⲍⲉ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲓⲟ ⲛⲁⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϩⲟⲩⲑⲙⲉⲛ. Ⲁϥⲥⲟϩⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲁ̀ⲗⲁⲥⲱϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲕⲱⲧ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϥⲟⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲁⲅⲙⲁⲧⲓⲁ̀.

Ⲁϥⲉⲣ ⲫⲙⲁ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟϩⲁⲙⲉⲧ ⲁ̀ⲗⲏ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲁⲃⲣⲁϩⲁⲙ ⲡⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲓ (ⲥⲉⲡⲧⲉⲙⲃⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̀1848) ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥϣⲉⲛ̀ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲥ ⲁ̅ (ⲛⲟⲉⲙⲃⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲛ̀1848) ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲥⲁⲉ̀ⲓⲧ (1854) ⲛⲉⲙ ⲓⲥⲙⲁⲏⲗ (1863) ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲥⲱϥ.

Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲏ̀ⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (1867-1914)[edit | edit source]

Ⲛⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲡⲓⲑⲱϣ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϩⲟⲩⲑⲙⲉⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲩⲧⲏⲓⲥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲏ̀ⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ϧⲉⲛ 1867.

Ⲁⲩⲕⲱⲧ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲟⲣ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲩⲥⲙⲁ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲫⲣⲁⲅⲅⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ 1869. Ϧⲉⲛ 1875 ⲡⲓⲏ̀ⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲓⲥⲙⲁⲏⲗ ⲁϥϫⲕⲟ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲏⲣⲟⲥ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲟⲣ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲃⲣⲉⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ̀ ⲉ̀ⲉⲣ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϣⲁⲧⲁⲣⲏⲃ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲫⲣⲁⲅⲅⲟⲥ ⲁⲩϭⲓⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ.

Ⲁⲩϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲟⲩⲏⲧ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲓϣⲗⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ 1879 ⲛⲉⲙ ⲁϩⲙⲉⲧ ⲟⲩⲟ̀ⲣⲁⲡⲓ ϩⲱⲥ ⲡⲟⲩϭⲁⲩⲙⲱⲓⲧ. Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛⲓϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲓϣⲗⲟⲗ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲙ̀ⲃⲣⲉⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ̀ ⲓ ⲉ̀ϧⲣⲏⲓ ⲉ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ 1882 ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲗⲁϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲑⲱⲙ. Ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲡⲁⲧⲣⲱⲛⲓⲁ̀ ⲙ̀ⲃⲣⲉⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ̀.

Ⲡⲓⲁϣⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲁⲩⲧⲟⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲛⲓⲁⲟⲩⲏⲧ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲓϣⲗⲟⲗ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ϯⲥⲩⲛⲧⲉⲭⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲙϫⲏⲩ ϧⲉⲛ 1906.

ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲕⲉϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ 1919. ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲥⲉⲱⲗⲓ ⲡⲓⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲑⲉⲣⲓⲗⲟⲛ, ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲇⲁⲩⲉⲓⲇ.

Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (1914-1922)[edit | edit source]

Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲱⲣ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϩⲟⲩⲑⲙⲉⲛ ⲥϣⲉ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲙ̀ⲃⲉⲧⲥ ⲛ̀ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ 1914 ⲉ̀ϫⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛⲑⲙⲏϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲏ̀ⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲁⲃⲃⲁⲥ ⲃ̅ ⲁϥϯ ⲛ̀ⲧⲟⲧⲥ. Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱⲥ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲃⲣⲉⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱϫⲡ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲉ̀ϧⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ̀ⲧⲉⲛ ϩⲟⲩⲥⲉⲉⲓⲛ ⲭⲁⲙⲓⲗ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲟⲛ.

Ⲁϥⲭⲁϥ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣⲉⲛ̀ϩⲟⲩⲑⲙⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϯⲣⲉⲛϥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ.

Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲙ̀ⲃⲉⲧⲥ ⲛ̀ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲥⲁⲁⲧ ⲍⲉϩⲗⲟⲩⲗ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥⲁⲟⲩⲃⲏⲧ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲓϣⲗⲟⲗ ⲡϩⲱⲃ (ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ: الوفد) ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̀ⲧⲟⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧⲥ ⲉⲧϯϩⲁⲡ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲃⲣⲉⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ ⲁⲩⲉ̀ⲝⲱⲣⲓⲍⲉ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟϥ ⲉ̀ⲙⲁⲗⲧⲁ. Ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲏ ⲁⲩⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ ⲛ̀ϯϣⲟⲣⲡⲓ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲁⲥⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ 8 ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲟⲥ 1919 ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲥⲣoⲙⲣⲉⲙ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲛⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲣⲉⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ ⲉ̀ϭⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙϩⲉ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ 22 ⲙ̀ⲫⲉⲃⲣⲟⲩⲁ̀ⲣⲓⲟⲥ 1922 ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲥⲁⲁⲧ ⲍⲉϩⲗⲟⲩⲗ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲛⲟϫ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛϫⲟⲙ.

Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (1922–1953)[edit | edit source]

Ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙϩⲉ ϥⲟⲩⲁⲇ ⲁ̅ ⲡⲓⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲁϥϯⲣⲉⲛϥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ.

Ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲛⲉⲣϣⲓϣⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲉⲣⲓ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϣⲉⲣⲡⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ 1923 ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲥⲩⲥⲧⲏⲙⲁ ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲛϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ. Ⲡϩⲱⲃ ⲡⲓⲁⲟⲩⲃⲏⲧ ⲁϥϭⲣⲟ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲙⲉⲧⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ 1923-1924.

Ⲛⲓⲁⲗⲁⲥⲱϯ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲃⲣⲉⲧⲁⲛⲓⲁ ⲁϥⲫⲱⲧ ϧⲁϫⲉⲛ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϧⲉⲛ 1936 ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲩⲟϩⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲓⲟⲣ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲩⲥⲙⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲧⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲟⲛ ⲉ̀ⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲛϩⲱⲥⲓ.

Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ (1953-ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ)[edit | edit source]

Ⲁϥϯ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲁ̀ⲝⲓⲱ̀ⲙⲁⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙϩⲉ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ 1952 ⲁⲩϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ ⲉ̀ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ. Ⲁⲩϣⲱϣⲧ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲁⲟⲩⲃⲏⲧ ⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲙⲟϩⲁⲙⲉⲧ ⲛⲉⲅⲓⲃ ϩⲱⲥ ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ϩⲩⲅⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ. Ϫⲉⲙⲁⲗ ⲁⲃⲇⲉⲗⲛⲁⲥⲥⲉⲣ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϩⲩⲅⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ 1956.

Ϯⲅⲉⲱ̀ⲅⲣⲁⲫⲓⲁ̀[edit | edit source]

Ϯϧⲉⲗⲗⲟⲧ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ ϧⲁⲧⲉⲛ ⲫⲱⲡⲓ

Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲁϩⲙⲁⲡ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̀ⲭⲱⲣⲁ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ ⲑⲏ ⲉⲧⲥⲉⲣ ⲉϫⲉⲛ 1,001,450 ⲛ̀ⲕⲓⲗⲟⲙⲉⲧⲣ ⲛ̀ϥⲧⲟⲩⲛ̀ⲭⲟϩ.

Ⲉ̀ⲃⲏⲗ ⲉ̀ϯϧⲉⲗⲗⲟⲧ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ ⲡⲓϩⲟⲩⲟ ⲛ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲓϣⲁϥⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲡϣⲱ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲁ̀ϣⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲁϩ ϩⲱⲥ ϯⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ, ϯⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲣⲃⲉⲣ, ϯⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲉⲧϩⲓϧⲟⲩⲛ, ⲥⲓⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲛ̀ϩⲏⲃ. Ⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲥⲉϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ϯϧⲉⲗⲗⲟⲧ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲭⲣⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲁ̀ⲙⲁⲓⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩ98 ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϥ̀ⲱⲛϧ ϧⲉⲛ 3 ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ.

Ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϯⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲥⲉⲁ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲧⲟⲕⲧⲓⲛ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲉ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲁϩⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲕⲓ, ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ, ϯⲕⲉϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲏⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲕⲓ, ϯϣⲁⲓⲣⲓ, ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ ⲉ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲙ̀ⲡⲩⲣⲁⲙⲓⲥ, ϯⲣⲁⲙⲛⲟⲥ, ⲫⲱⲡⲓ, ⲙⲃⲱ, ⲥⲉϥⲁϫⲁ, ϯⲉⲙⲣⲱ ⲛ̀ⲥⲁⲉ̀ⲓⲧ, ⲡⲓⲥⲫⲟⲧⲟⲩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϧⲉⲗⲗⲟ, ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲩⲥⲙⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲫⲓⲟⲣ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲕⲗⲩⲥⲙⲁ, ⲫⲁⲛⲓϫⲉⲕϫⲓⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲑⲙⲟⲛⲏ. Ⲛⲓⲙⲁⲛⲛⲁϣϯ ⲥⲉⲁ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲧⲟⲕⲧⲓⲛ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ϯⲁⲫⲉ ⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲥⲓⲇⲱⲛⲓⲟⲥ (ϯⲁⲫⲉ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟϩⲁⲙⲉⲧ), ⲟⲥⲧⲣⲁⲕⲓⲛⲏ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲥⲓⲟⲩⲁϩ.

Ⲡⲓⲁ̀ⲏⲣ[edit | edit source]

Ⲡⲓⲭⲓⲱⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲁⲓⲕⲁⲧⲉⲣⲓⲛⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲥⲓⲛⲁ

Ϣⲁⲥϩⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲏⲧ ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲱ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ. Ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲥⲟⲡ ϥ̀ⲛⲟⲛⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲭⲓⲱⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲥⲓⲛⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛⲡⲓⲥⲫⲁⲧⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲥⲁⲡⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ ϩⲱⲥ ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ, ⲡⲓⲛⲉⲡϯⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲯⲁϧⲡⲉⲣⲁⲛⲓ.

Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲥ̀ϧⲙⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲥ̀ⲧⲱⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲥⲉⲕⲥⲓⲕ ⲧⲉ. Ⲫⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲉϥ ⲛⲓϣⲓ ⲛ̀ϧⲉⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲥⲉⲉⲣϩⲟⲩⲟ̀ ⲉ̀40 ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲗⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲑⲟⲩⲣⲏⲥ.

ϯⲇⲏⲙⲟⲅⲣⲁⲫⲓⲁ̀[edit | edit source]

Ⲡⲓⲇⲉⲙⲟⲥ[edit | edit source]

Ϧⲉⲛ 2017 ⲙ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲟⲩⲓϯⲟⲩ ⲙ̀ⲙⲓⲗⲓⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲥⲉϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ. Ⲡϩⲟⲩⲟ̀ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲫⲙⲁ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ. Ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲥⲉϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ϫⲱⲧ ⲛ̀ⲑⲃⲁ ⲛ̀ⲉ̀ⲑⲁⲩϣ. Ⲛⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̀ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲓⲛ ⲛⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, ⲙⲁⲥⲁⲗⲁⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ϧⲉⲛ ϯϩⲓⲥⲧⲟⲣⲓⲁ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲛ ⲙⲏϣ.

Ⲡⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ϯϣⲁϥⲉ ⲛ̀ⲝⲏⲛⲏ

Ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ[edit | edit source]

Ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩⲑⲉⲛⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ. Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (ϯⲙⲉⲧⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ) ⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩⲑⲉⲛⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ̀ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϩⲁⲛⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲥⲉⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲥ. Ϩⲁⲛⲏⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲥⲉⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲉ̀ⲑⲱϣ ϧⲉⲛ ⲥⲁ ⲫⲣⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲍⲓⲝ ϧⲉⲛ ⲥⲓⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲡⲁⲣⲁⲧⲟⲛⲓⲟⲛ ⲡⲓⲑⲱϣ. Ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲣⲏⲥ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲑⲱϣ ⲙ̀ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ϩⲁⲛⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲥⲉⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲗϩⲙⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉ Ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲟⲩⲥ. Ⲁⲩⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲟⲙ (ⲓⲉ ⲧⲟⲙⲉⲣⲓ) ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲭⲉϩⲗⲓ ⲡⲓⲑⲱϣ[8].

Ϯⲑⲣⲉⲥⲕⲓⲁ̀[edit | edit source]

Ⲛⲉ ϯⲑⲣⲉⲥⲕⲓⲁ̀ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲫⲙⲁ ⲛ̀ⲁⲡⲁⲥ ⲧⲉ ϯⲑⲣⲉⲥⲕⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ. Ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲟⲩⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲙⲱⲥⲗⲏⲙ ⲛ̀ⲥⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙⲏⲧ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡϣⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲭⲣⲓⲥϯⲁ̀ⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ. Ⲛⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲧⲉ ϯⲭⲱⲣⲁ ⲛ̀ⲭⲣⲓⲥϯⲁ̀ⲛⲟⲥ ϣⲁ ⲡⲓϭⲣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲣⲁⲃⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲍ̅ ⲙ̀ⲙⲉⲧϣⲉ. Ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲥⲗⲁⲙ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲑⲣⲉⲥⲕⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲁⲩⲑⲉⲛⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓⲉⲁ̀ ⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̀ⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲛ̀ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̀ⲧⲓ ϯⲙⲉⲧϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁⲣ ⲁⲥⲁⲇⲁⲧ. 15 ⲙ̀ⲙⲓⲗⲓⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓⲥⲟⲩϥⲓ.

Ϧⲁϫⲉⲛ ϯⲙⲉⲧϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲥⲉⲣ ⲛⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛ̀ⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲭⲣⲓⲥϯⲁ̀ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲩⲟⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲓⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲁⲣⲙⲉⲛⲓⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲓⲧⲁⲗⲓⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲙⲁⲗⲑⲁ ⲛⲉ.

ϯⲁⲩⲑⲉⲛⲧⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϥ̀ⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ ⲡⲓϣⲟⲙⲧ ⲛ̀ⲑⲣⲉⲥⲕⲓⲁ̀ – ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲥⲗⲁⲙ, ϯⲙⲉⲧⲭⲣⲓⲥϯⲁ̀ⲛⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ. Ⲁⲩⲇⲓⲱ̀ⲕⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ ϩⲱⲥ ⲃⲉϩⲁⲓ ⲓⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁϩⲙⲉⲧ.[9]

Ⲡⲓⲗⲓⲙⲏⲛ ⲉⲧⲍⲱⲅⲣⲁⲫⲉⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲛⲑⲱϣ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ

Ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲉ ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ϫⲱⲧϣⲁϣϥ ⲛ̀ⲑⲱϣ. Ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲛⲣⲁⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲑⲱⲱϣ:

Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ[edit | edit source]

Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲛ̀ⲇⲏⲙⲟⲕⲣⲁⲧⲓⲕⲟⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲁⲩⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲁⲛⲙⲏϣ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲃⲁⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲇⲓⲕⲉⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ. Ⲡⲓϩⲩⲅⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲡⲧⲉⲗϥⲁⲧⲧⲁϩ ⲁⲥⲥⲓⲥⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲓⲛⲟϫ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛϫⲟⲙ ⲡⲉ ⲙⲟⲥⲧⲁϥⲁ ⲙⲁⲧⲫⲱⲗⲓ.

ϯⲡⲁⲓⲇⲓⲁ̀[edit | edit source]

Ϯⲙⲁϣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ Ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲧⲥϧⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ 25.9 ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲡϣⲉ. Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲉⲥ ⲡⲓⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧⲥ ⲉⲧϯⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ϧⲉⲛ 972 ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲙⲉⲩⲓ̀ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲉ̀ⲑⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲑⲟ ⲧⲏⲣϥ. Ⲡⲓⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧⲥ ⲛ̀ϯⲕⲉϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧⲥ ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ ⲛ̀ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛⲉⲩⲣⲱⲡⲏ ⲉⲧⲁⲩϩⲓⲥⲉⲛϯ ϧⲉⲛ 1908. Ϯⲡⲁⲓⲇⲓⲁ̀ ⲛ̀ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ ⲟⲩⲁⲧϩⲏⲧ ⲧⲉ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̀ⲥⲟⲡ ⲧⲉⲥⲙⲓⲛⲓ ⲉⲥϩⲱⲟⲩ.[10]

Ⲛⲉⲛϣⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ[edit | edit source]

Ⲛⲉⲛϣⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲃⲁⲕⲓ[edit | edit source]

Ⲛⲉⲛϣⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ⲑⲣⲉⲥⲕⲓⲁ̀[edit | edit source]

Ϩⲁⲛⲁⲣⲭⲏ[edit | edit source]

  1. "Population Estimates By Sex & Governorate 1/1/2015", Capmas.Gov - Arab Republic of Egypt, 21 March 2015.
  2. http://www.capmas.gov.eg/?lang=2 Population Clock Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics
  3. "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Egypt)", International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  4. "Human Development Report 2021/2022", United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  5. Paulus Ernestus Jahlonskius. Opuscula quibus lingua et antiquitas Aegyptiorum difficilia livrorum sacrorum loca et historiae ecclesiasticae capita illustrantur. Tomus primus. Lugduni Batavorum 1804, p. 416-417)
  6. Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  7. "The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BC Neolithic". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  8. Egypt - Languages | Ethnologue
  9. "Egypt: Events of 2005". Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  10. "Education in Egypt: Key Challenges" (PDF). Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012.