Talk:Wp/vi-nom/張正
From Wikimedia Incubator
[edit] language code
I don't think "chu-nom" should be the code for this Wikipedia. "chu" is already the ISO 639-2 code for Old Church Slavonic, which certainly isn't related to chữ Nôm. Instead, I think we should use "vi-nom", which would indicate its relation to the Vietnamese language (vi). The Classical Chinese Wikipedia is currently at "zh-classical", which indicates its relation to the Chinese Wikipedia (zh). – Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 19:28, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
- change. vi is the ISO 639-1 code for Vietnamese, and Nom (Chu-Nom?) is the script in wich it is written in this case. It conforms to the x-language convention. --Qtng 10:37, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
- I agree with Mxn's proposal for the use of "vi-nom" since (practically speaking) Chữ Nôm is basically the Vietnamese language written in logographic form. However, I wouldn't mind if the language code was simply called "nom". --Chữ Nôm 07:54, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
- vi-nom is fine, I can live with it. Just some other suggestions: It could be a good idea to refer to the language instead of the script, like vi-classical or vi-old. Which would give a hint at the fact that texts found in Chữ Nôm use wordings that are not used in contemporary Vietnamese. Also, it does not make the impression that only Nôm characters are used. Classical Vietnamese is a mixture of Nôm and Chữ Hán, Chinese characters. If referring to the script it could be vi-chunom or vi-hannom as well. Another point is that the script has not been called Chữ Nôm at the time when it was alive. Qtng 19:46, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
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- I like that idea; it'd be consistent with zh-classical:. – Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 00:15, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
Greetings from China! This wiki is so great! Wish you prosper! --GnuDoyng 09:01, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
By the way, we can also use zh-classical:Template:Num2Chinese and the related templates to translate the software-generated article count to the classical number system. – Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 09:18, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
Hello, I think Chu nom Wikipedia is very nice project. I wish you can succeed this project. But I think that 'vi-nom' has problem. Because every three letter code has possibility to be a ISO 15924 script code, and every four letter code has possibility to be ISO 639 code. That means if you want invent a code it should be more than five letters. Or how about 'vi-hani', hani means Chinese Character in ISO 15924. --Masoris 19:37, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
- I just read the discussion concerning the language code for the Korean Hanja Wikimedia. They dropped the inital "ko-hanja" in favour of the [ISO 15924] standard code "ko-hani" (general Han characters). Then, after the new "ko-kore" (Hangul+Han) code was released, they changed the code again. So, similarly, we have following possible codes for Vietnamese written in Chữ Nôm: vi-nom (nonstandard, as "ko-hanja"), vi-hani (includes Han characters, but not sure about Nôm, this article states that Hani includes Chữ Nôm as well), and hypothetical vi-nomm (similar to "Lao -> Laoo" and "Yi -> Yiii"), vi-viet or something like vi-hnnm (Han-Nôm), or any other combination of Han, Chu, Nom, etc. CJKV 09:45, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
What about the language code? What are the terms to get a valid language code? --TBC z87 18:39, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
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- I just found this incubator. Anyway, as has been suggested "vi-hani" is already a valid language code and in consistency with ISO 639 and ISO 15924 and BCP #47 (best current practice!) and therefore should be chosen. I wonder how this will turn out anyway. As far as I know there are currently very few who can still read and write Chu Nom. Who is going to translate everything into Chu Nom with no userbase? --Tauwasser 22:18, 23 September 2009 (UTC)
[edit] “Wikipedia”
Didn't Vietnamese in Chinese script have its own rules for transliteration, as its phonetics totally differs from the Chinese one? I mean, why is 'Wikipedia' here called the same way as in the Chinese language? — Smetač 14:11, 25 December 2006 (UTC)
- I copy-pasted that into here because I don't know chữ Nôm's transliteration rules. I think the Vietnamese tended to borrow transliterated words from Chinese for the most part, but we'd definitely have to contact an expert before creating a wiki for this little project. But I know for sure that the last two characters are 百科 bách khoa, since 百科全書 bách khoa toàn thư means "encyclopedia" in chữ Nôm. – Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 05:47, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
- “維基” is just a transcription of “wiki” in Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese). For Vietnamese feel free to use other words which sounds are like “wiki”. --✉Salvête, Omnês! Hello World! 17:42, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
- Before WWII, Vietnamese used Chinese/Japanese transliterations and vocabulary(sometimes word order would change or pronunciation localized to a more native Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation) for many NEW things. There was a big change afterwards as Vietnamese started learning Quoc Ngu. User:WandrerX - 12:57 16 August 2007 (EST)
[edit] Chunom
Anyone can tell me the Chunom of Vietnamese đồng, hào and xu? Thank you!--61.228.120.106
- See wikt:vi:đồng#Chữ Nôm, wikt:vi:hào#Chữ Nôm, wikt:vi:xu#Chữ Nôm. I don't know which of these many characters was the most common way to write these words in chữ Nôm. – Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 05:50, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
They are 銅,毫, and 樞 User:WandrerX- 02:07, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
[edit] Automatic Conversion
Is it possble to develop automatic converter (Chữ nôm+Hán Tự→Quốc ngữ) like Chinese Wikipedia? If possible, I think that adding the automatic Chữ nôm+Hán Tự→Quốc ngữ converter to vi: is better than opening Vi-nom Wikipedia. --Yes0song 14:32, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
- No, it's not possible. Besides the fact that modern Vietnamese (and thus the Vietnamese Wikipedia) contains many, many words that didn't exist even a century ago, there's the issue that every modern Vietnamese word has multiple, completely different meanings, and the same goes for chữ Nôm, where most characters were chosen for their pronunciation at the time. For example, the modern Vietnamese word đồng has nine meanings and 36 corresponding Nôm characters, with no way to determine which character goes where in the sentence. Imagine having to convert a pinyin wiki into Han.
:^)– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 06:10, 3 February 2007 (UTC) (Crossposted to User talk:Yes0song)
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- I said "Chữ nôm+Hán Tự→Quốc ngữ" not "Quốc ngữ→Chữ nôm+Hán Tự". I know "Quốc ngữ→Chữ nôm+Hán Tự" is impossible, but I think "Chữ nôm+Hán Tự→Quốc ngữ" is possible. Doesn't it?
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- Maybe, but will most Vietnamese be willing to write Chữ nôm+Hán Tự? ——虞海 08:26, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
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- This might be feasible, but there are some problems. The mapping between Nom and quoc ngu is many-to-many, not many-to-one; some characters might have multiple pronunications: 主 might be rendered as "chúa" (lord) or "chủ" (master), hence two different names for Sunday - 主日 - "Chủ nhật" and "Chúa nhật". 喃 can be "nam", "nôm", or "nêm". Such a translator won't have much use anyway. Nobody in their right mind would compose original text in Chữ nôm, and Chinese text converted to quoc ngu becomes indecipherable gibberish due to different vocabulary and syntax between Vietnamese and Chinese. It might be used in converting original Nom compositions into modern quoc ngu, but that's already been done for all major works. To see a primitive version of your proposed converter, see the Nom lookup tool (use the "Hán-Nôm" radio box and enter characters separated by space). DHN 00:40, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
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[edit] 張 vs 樁 for use of "trang(page)"
張 should be used as as 2 dictionaries of the times(when nom was used), "Dictionarium Annamitico Latinum" and "大南國音字彙", list 張 as the character. 大字典𡦂喃 and the actual meaning of the character from Chinese point to this as well. "Trang" is just a naturalized/variant/older pronunciation of Trương. User:WandrerX - 18:04, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
[edit] Was it stop?
In the long time, it was stopping. Anyone can get it "continue working" (Sorry, my English is not quite good) 123.19.232.178 03:14, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
- It had stopped because no one knew how to write in Chu-nom. If you know how to write Chu-nom then you can go ahead and create some Chu-nom articles. --Jose77 09:40, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
It continues now.--Sky Darmos 02:00, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
[edit] Traditional/Simplified characters in articles
Chữ Nôm is written in traditional characters, isn't it? I always use là 羅 (to be) instead of là 罗, because it's the simplified character, but I noticed that 罗 is used in some articles. Now, which one should we use? I'd prefer the traditional characters, as Chữ Nôm definitely doesn't use simplified chinese characters. What do you think?
- Agree, I think using simplified characters in Chữ Nôm is the same as using PRC characters in Japanese. CJKV 23:29, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
Maybe we should also make up a list for words that probably have more than one way to be written correctly. I only think of và (and) which has about 7 variants to write with. 吧 would probably be the most common variant.
So if there are different ways to write, we should choose one (which fits best, also for its translation) and use it here in Wikipedia. ;-) --Jamovi 16:13, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
- Yeah, a list with variant characters + usage recommendations would be great, at least for the most common ones :) CJKV 23:29, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
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- The Vietnamese Wiktionary has partially imported a database of Nôm characters and integrated it into our Vietnamese entries. – Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 10:48, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
[edit] Chữ Nôm Resources
Here is a list of resources that might be useful. CJKV 12:45, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
- Nôm Lookup Tool
- Vietnamese Wiktionary
- VDict Vietnamese Dictionary & Translator
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- WinVNKey Software for Quốc Ngữ and Chữ Hán/Nôm entry based on Vietnamese pronunciation input
- BabelPad Unicode editor with many useful features for Vietnamese/Nôm text editing
- Java applets for Nôm input
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- Institute of Vietnamese Studies Forum (Vietnamese)
- Han Characters Forum (Chinese)
[edit] Variant Characters
Maybe we should agree on some kind of a standard that we'll use in the Nôm Wiki. What do you think? I made a sample table with some variant characters and wrote down some ideas about how to choose the "proper" character. The "rules" are just a draft and rather an invitation to discussion :)
Left Phonetic preferred: If two variants characters exist that differ only in the order of their phonetic and semantic part, the one with the phonetic element on the left side should be chosen. Reason: very typical for Nôm characters + this will reduce the risk of overlapping with the general Han characters.
| Quốc Ngữ | English | Chữ Nôm / Hán Tự | Phonetic Element | Semantic Element | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chữ | writing | 𡨸 𡦂 字 | 宁 | 字 | Left Phonetic preferred ; 字 should be used for tự |
| một | one | 𠬠 沒 没 | ??? | ||
| ngày | day | 𣈗 𣈜 | 㝵 | 日 | Left Phonetic preferred |
| người | person | 𠊛 | 㝵 | 人 | Left Phonetic preferred |
| tay | hand | 𢬣 拪 | 西 | 手 扌 | (𢬣 looks more like a Nôm character than 拪, in my opinion) |
| tên | name | 𠸜 𠸛 | 先 | 名 | Left Phonetic preferred |
| tự | character | 字 | Sino-Vietnamese = Hán Tự |
CJKV 17:04, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
I can not agree to this convention. Most Signific (or Radikals) lay in the left or top side of the character. If we use different rules for chu han and chu nom one can not know for sure what the phonetic part is, and what the logical part is.
我不能同意以上的協定。大多數義符（或部首）是在文字的左邊或上面。 如果我們爲了喃字用不同的規則，那麽我們就不能知道哪一邊是音符哪一邊是義符。所以我建議以左上義符，右下音符為主。
| 漢喃 | 同源同義字 | 義符 | 聲符 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 𡦂 chữ | 字 tự | 字 | 宁的訛化 trữ |
| 𠬠 một | 一 nhất | - | 没的草寫 một |
| 𣈜 ngày | 日 nhật | 日 | 㝵 ngày |
| 𠊚 người | 人 nhân | 人 | 㝵 ngày |
| 𢬣 tay | 手 thủ | 手 | 西 tây |
| 𠸛 tên | 名 danh | 名 | 先 tiên |
我還建議按照以下的規則：
1. 爲了使一個義符變成聲符要轉換位置，反之亦然。
2. 部首要均勻的分配。
3. 最好用同源同義詞做義符。
4. 選擇音符最接近字音的字。
5. 加偏旁以避免假借字的使用。
6. 選擇最常用的字。
7. 選擇至少讀音的字。
8. 部首所常見的減少字形只能表示意義的範圍，意義的類別。 爲了強調一個文字的義符同時是它的同義字要用全體字形。
--Sky Darmos 09:16, 28 September 2009 (UTC)
𡨸 𡦂が表示されません。--123.48.15.195 11:41, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
- フォントを変えた。𡨸 𡦂が表示されますか。CJKV 19:12, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
まだ𡨸 𡦂が表示されません。--124.18.78.127 22:52, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
- このフォントをインストールしないとだめです。
- → http://vietunicode.sourceforge.net/fonts/fonts_hannom.html
- それが働くことを望む。CJKV 18:43, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
The most important rule to choose characters should be:
1. Choose the characters with the fewest readings.
Lets use this rule one some examples:
For chữ we get 4 characters. How many readings does everyone of them have?
chữ: 𡦂(1)𡨸(2)𡨹(2)字(3)
So we choose 𡦂, because it has just one reading. What other readings does the four characters have? giữ, tự and tợ. We do the same with this readings.
giữ: 㑏(1)𡨸(2)𡨹(2)𡨺(2)𢬇(1)𧵤(1)佇(2)拧(3)貯(3)
Here we have 3 characters with only one reading: 㑏, 𢬇 and 𧵤. They correspond to the tree han characters: 佇, 拧 and 貯. We should choose the one with the most meaningful radical: 𧵤. However, someone might prefer 𡨹, because it has an real phonetic part.
tự is the standard hanviet reading for 字, so we just use 字.
tợ has not an own character, so we use 字.
chữ: 𡦂 giữ: 𧵤（㑏、𢬇） tự: 字 tợ: 字 --Sky Darmos 17:21, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
[edit] 名古屋
Wp/vi-nom/名古屋 のフォントが変わっています。私はできません--118.104.187.59 10:12, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
[edit] Word ordering for proper place names and titles.
I believe Han order must be used for proper place names (especially foreign) as before the war people used Han ordering when saying and speaking most proper place names including for instance Asia which was called 亞洲 instead of 洲亞 or how England was 英國 rather than 渃英. Pre-war most organization names and book titles (for Nom books) used Han ordering even when writing their names in Quoc Ngu. Han ordering should be considered for proper place names and titles unless the goal is to only translate modern Vietnamese into modern Nom. After the war this ordering was gradually phased out but listening to the speech of many of the educated war refuges and also reading books from the time period one will notice that Han ordering was used until closer to the end of the war. I shall not make any changes unless there is discussion and general consensus though. WandrerX 12:08, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
- I agree with your proposal. In fact, Âu châu is still at least as prevalent in the United States as châu Âu; likewise, with many other placenames. – Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 23:26, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
[edit] Personal problem
I'v linked my font "PMingLiU-ExtB" and my "PMingLiU 5.00" support Ext-A but why I can't view this website properly without Template:Wp/vi-nom/NomHover or Template:Wp/vi-nom/Nom? ——虞海 08:18, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
- Without NomHover or Nom, it's properly in IE but not properly in Firefox. ——虞海 08:22, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
[edit] 字符支持相關
越南語文字系統中的部分國語字字母及喃字在某些操作系統中不能直接顯示，此處提供一些越南語文字支持的相關介紹。
[edit] 檢測
如果你在下段文字中看到了方框、問號、亂碼或無顯示的文字，你的電腦可能需要安裝越南語字符支持，從而正常顯示越南語的文字。（如果您使用的是谷歌瀏覽器，在越南語字符支持安裝完成後，可能某些字符仍然無法正常顯示，使用IE瀏覽器或火狐貍瀏覽器時則可以正常顯示。）
以下為一段越南語的文字（上面的為國語字文版，下面的為漢喃文版）：
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Tất cả mọi người sinh ra đều được tự do và bình đẳng về nhân phẩm và quyền.
Mọi con người đều được tạo hóa ban cho lý trí và lương tâm và cần phải đối xử với nhau trong tình bằng hữu.
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畢哿每𠊛生𦋦調得自由𠄧平等撝人品𠄧權。
每𡥵𠊛調得造化扳朱理智𠄧良心𠄧懃對䖏𠇍𠑬𡧲情朋友。
下圖為上面的文字的正常顯示效果：
[edit] 喃字字庫
- 海峰網提供的UNICODE大字符集，包括七万多中日韩越汉字：下載地址
- 到winvnkey（[1]）下载「Han Nom」字体，安装後即可顯示喃字。它分为「Han Nom A」、「Han Nom B」两个字体，分别对应Unicode CJK Ext A/B中的字型。另外，Unicode中没有收录的“là”对应汉字“罗”的越南写法“”也被收入。 winvnkey的网站是网上可免费获得的喃字资源最多的地方。下载它的输入法，解压后可以找到里面的汉喃数据库，包含了几乎所有汉字的越南读音及喃字的读音。
[edit] 喃字輸入
[edit] 軟件輸入
[edit] WinVNkey輸入法
WinVNkey的官方網址為：http://winvnkey.sourceforge.net
WinVNkey喃字輸入法下載地址：http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/winvnkey/wvnkey5.3.424-winnt-with-HanNom.exe
如果下載不了，可以到這裡（[2]）的“WinVNKey Official Releases”表中自行下載。
對應的喃字字型字庫支持：安裝好WinVNkey喃字輸入法後，電腦中需要安裝有喃字字庫和字體文件（Han-Nom A 和 Han-Nom B；Arial Unicode MS，如果不能下載，可以在Google.com中搜索“download aruniupd.exe”來下載該文件）。
- 使用方法：
- 打開WinVNkey主軟件，點擊左下角的“Run”（之前最好將軟件語言選擇為英語），然後選擇“Type Han Nom”。
- 接著可能會出現一個警告，提示你要預先安裝“Han-Nom A”“Han-Nom B”“Arial Unicode MS”的字型字庫文件。
- 點擊“OK”後（先將上述3個文件安裝好），會彈出Han-Nom Mannager的輸入框。
- 可以根據自己的需要在“Options”下拉菜單中做調節，也可以不調。
- 打開Word，輸入越南語國語字，如“tam”，緊接著輸入在“tam”後輸入“/”，如“tam/”。
- 這樣 Han-Nom Mannager 將顯示出所有發音為“tam”的漢字和喃字，接著只需用鼠標指針點擊這個字或輸入其相對應的序號（1、2、3……或a、b、c……）。
- 如果想一次選擇多個漢字或喃字，則可以在“/”後緊接著輸入“=”或“|”。
[edit] 其他軟件
- HanNomIME
官方網址：http://viethoc.com/hannom/bango_intro.php
下載地址：http://www.trangnhahoaihuong.com/HanNomIME.zip
- Vietnamese Keyboard Set
Mac OS X 上的喃字輸入法。
網址：http://homepage.mac.com/herr/
[edit] 線上輸入
- 線上喃字輸入（可以把網頁保存在電腦裏，不用連綫打開網頁也可以輸喃字）。
「學㗂越𠫾」网站：http://nom.ghoxy.com/editor.php?surrogates=no
- 修改的在綫喃字輸入（新增字）
請參考：http://www.gophor.com/cjkv/read.php?tid=7099
[edit] 通過字典查詢
這種方法需要事先知道該喃字或漢字的越南語讀音，然后根據讀音，在在線字典中查詢對應的漢字或喃字。一些較為常用的越南語漢字喃字字典如下：
- 漢字相關
- Tu dien Viet-Han-Nom／Tu dien Han Viet Thieu Chuu（「字典越-漢-喃」）
- tra cứu Nôm（Nôm Lookup Tools）（含英文版。可直接輸入傳統漢字來查詢）
- 漢字、漢越詞->國語字查詢（此非漢語-越南語詞典）
- Tra cứu Tự Điển - Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt（輸入國語字查對應的漢字、喃字）
- Hán Việt Từ Điển Trích Dẫn 漢越辭典摘引
- 越文維基词典
- 喃字相關
- tra cứu Nôm（Nôm Lookup Tools）（含英文版。可直接輸入喃字來查詢）
- Tra cứu Tự Điển - Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt（輸入國語字查對應的喃字）
- 越文維基词典
- 英文維基词典
- 翻譯工具
- Google 翻译（支持中日韓越四語互譯，建議在翻譯越南文時，先「越語->英語」，然後再從英文翻譯，該翻譯工具的越英翻譯比較完善。）
- VDict.com - Vietnamese Dictionary and Translation - Từ điển và dịch tiếng Việt（支持英法越互譯）
[edit] 文字系統
[edit] 文字
歷史上，越南語曾使用漢字與喃字表記，現代則使用以拉丁字母為基礎，添加若干個新字母及聲調符號的國語字書寫。
漢字在越南被稱為「儒字」（Template:Vie）、「漢字」（Template:Vie、Template:Vie），是越南语中曾經被用來書寫汉越詞的文字，而其他固有詞由喃字来书写，汉字教育在古代越南比較被重視，官方和知識份子通常能读写汉字。
喃字（Template:Vie），是一種過去在越南通行，以汉字为素材，运用形聲、會意、假借等造字方式来表达越南语固有詞的文字，其在越南古代文字系統中的地位和作用與朝鮮的諺文、日本的假名相似，都被用來表示本民族固有詞彙；他們的不同點是，由于喃字非表音文字，其不能用來表記由古漢語傳入的漢源詞，而作為表音文字的諺文和假名則可用于表記漢源詞。
越南語國語字（Template:Vie）基於拉丁字母而成。1651年法国传教士亞歷山德羅（Alexandre de Rhodes）作成的「越南語-拉丁語-葡萄牙語辞典」是越南语用罗马字表记的起源。越南成为法国殖民地後，公文大多使用这种以罗马字为基础的国语字，并逐渐普及，一直使用到現在。國語字使用了變音字母和9個變音符號。其中4個變音符號用來添加元音，另外5個符號以表示越南語的音調。由於越南語常常在同一字母使用多於一個變音符號，使得越南語很易便可認出。
- 国语字的字母表：
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A Ă Â B C D Đ E Ê G H I K L M N O Ô Ơ P Q R S T U Ư V X Y a ă â b c d đ e ê g h i k l m n o ô ơ p q r s t u ư v x y
[edit] 文書系統
歷史上，越南共出現過三種文書系統，包括：漢文、漢喃文和國語字文。
漢文（Template:Vie）是越南封建时代官方的主要採用的文書系统，貴族、知识分子也多使用汉文写作。汉文（文言文）也是古代東亞諸國的共通文書系統，在中國、韓國、日本也同樣被使用。然而，它完全由漢字組成，與越南本民族的越南語差異較大，在書面上與越南人的口語上難以達到統一。
隨著希望書面表達本民族語言的意識的提升，喃字最晚在13世紀被發明。喃字的出現，完成了越南語書面文同口語的統一，表記越南語的漢喃文也因此出現。漢喃文的出現，加快了越南國語文學的發展，很多優秀的文章也多也漢喃文，如，15世紀的阮廌，他的很多漢喃詩歌至今仍被人們欣賞。越南文學在18世紀迎來了一個高峰，涌現了阮攸的漢喃文著作《金雲翹傳》以及胡春香的漢喃詩等。由于是用漢喃文寫作的，便于越南人理解記憶，這些文學作品在越南民間以口頭的形式廣泛流傳（DeFrancis 1977:44-46）。
19世紀下半葉以來，法國殖民者開始禁止阮朝官方文書漢文（文言文）的使用，并廢除了1915年以及1918年至1919年的科舉考試。漢字、漢文地位的降低，也導致了與漢字關系緊密的喃字的地位下降（DeFrancis 1977:179）。在20世紀上半葉，喃字和漢喃文逐漸沒落，而法國殖民者推行的拼音化文字國語字和國語字文開始標準化并在越南通行。
[edit] 語音系統
越南語和漢語類似，構詞絕大多數以單音節（或稱字）爲單位。和多數漢語方言一樣，越南語的音節可由聲母、介音、元音、韻尾、聲調五部分構成。
[edit] 聲母
| 拉丁字母 | 國際音標 | 漢越音對應中古漢語聲母 | 備註 |
| 零聲母 | 影 | ||
| b | b | 幫、並 | 或吸氣音[ɓ] |
| c, k, q | k | 見、群 | 在e, ê, i(y)前拼作k，帶合口介音時拼作qu，其餘拼作c |
| ch | c | 章 | |
| d | z | 以、明（重鈕四等） | |
| đ | d | 端、定 | 或吸氣音[ɗ] |
| g, gh | ɣ | 在e, ê, i(y)前拼作gh，其餘拼作g | |
| gi | z | 見（開口二等） | |
| h | h | 曉、匣 | |
| kh | x | 溪 | |
| l | l | 來 | |
| m | m | 明 | |
| n | n | 泥、娘 | |
| ng, ngh | ŋ | 疑 | 在e, ê, i(y)前拼作ngh，其餘拼作ng |
| nh | ɲ | 日、疑（開口二等） | |
| ph | f | 滂、幫（輕脣）、並（輕脣） | |
| r | 河内音z
，西貢音ʐ ，外來語r （顫音）|||| |
||
| s | 河内音s
，西貢音ʂ |
徹、初、崇、生、俟 | |
| t | t | 精、從、心、邪、幫（重鈕四等）、並（重鈕四等） | |
| th | tʰ | 透、清、章、常、書、船、滂（重鈕四等） | |
| tr | 河内音c
，西貢音tʂ |
知、澄、莊 | |
| v | v | 明（輕脣）、云 | |
| x | s | 昌、清、常、溪（開口二等） |
[edit] 元音
越南語的主要元音共11個，其中兩對爲長短音對立（a和ơ爲長音，ă和â爲短音）：
| 前不圓脣 | 央不圓脣 | 後圓脣 | |
| 高 | i, y /i/ | ư /ɯ/ | u /u/ |
| 半高 | ê /e/ | ô /o/ | |
| 半低 | e /ɛ/ | ơ /ɤ:/
â /ɐ/
|
o /ɔ/ |
| 低 | a /a:/
ă /a/
|
- 此外，越南語有三個雙元音，即ia, ua和ưa，後面有韻尾時拼作iê, uô和ươ。
[edit] 介音
介音/w/ 寫作u或者o，可以附於除脣音外多數聲母之後和除ư, o, ô, u之外的字母之前。在與i或者ia, iê拼時寫作uy。
[edit] 韻尾
和中古漢語一樣，越南語有i或y /j/ , u或o /w/ , m, n, ng /ŋ/ , p, t, c /k/ 八個韻尾。其中ng和c在前元音之後拼作nh和ch。
[edit] 介音、元音和韻尾拼合關係
| -i | -u | -m | -n | -ng | -nh | -p | -t | -c | -ch | |
| a | ai | ao | am | an | ang | ap | at | ac | ||
| oa | oai | oao | oam | oan | oang | oap | oat | oac | ||
| ay | au | ăm | ăn | ăng | ăp | ăt | ăc | |||
| oay | oăm | oăn | oăng | oăp | oăt | oăc | ||||
| ơ | ơi | ơm | ơn | ơp | ơt | |||||
| uơ | ||||||||||
| ây | âu | âm | ân | âng | âp | ât | âc | |||
| uân | uâng | uât | ||||||||
| ư | ưi | ưu | ưng | ưt | ưc | |||||
| o | oi | om | on | ong / oong | op | ot | oc / ooc | |||
| ô | ôi | ôm | ôn | ông / ôông | ôp | ôt | ôc / ôôc | |||
| u | ui | um | un | ung | up | ut | uc | |||
| e | eo | em | en | eng | anh | ep | et | ec | ach | |
| oe | oeo | oem | oen | oanh | oet | oach | ||||
| ê | êu | êm | ên | ênh | êp | êt | êch | |||
| uê | uêu | uên | uênh | uêt | uêch | |||||
| i / y | iu | im | in | inh | ip | it | ich | |||
| uy | uyu | uyn | uynh | uyp | uyt / uit | uych | ||||
| ưa | ươi | ươu | ươm | ươn | ương | ươp | ươt | ươc | ||
| ia | iêu | iêm | iên | iêng | iêp | iêt | iêc | |||
| uya | uyên | uyêt | ||||||||
| ua | uôi | uôm | uôn | uông | uôt | uôc |
- 聲母q後，原本介音寫o的改作u。
[edit] 聲調
越南語共6聲調（如按漢藏語系習慣將入聲獨立，則爲8調），即平聲、玄聲、問聲、跌聲、銳聲、重聲。
| 序號 | 越南語名稱 | 漢譯名稱 | 漢越語對應中古漢語聲調 | 調值描述 | 例字 |
| 1 | ngang | 平聲（陰平） | 清平、次濁平 | 44，平，長，類似普通話陰平聲 | ma |
| 2 | huyền | 玄聲（陽平） | 全濁平 | 31，中降，長，類似普通話去聲 | mà |
| 3 | hỏi | 問聲（陰上） | 清上 | 21(4)，低降或低降後升，長，緊喉，類似普通話上聲 | mả |
| 4 | ngã | 跌聲（陽上） | 次濁上 | 32/4，中，緊喉且中斷 | mã |
| 5 | sắc | 銳聲（陰去、陰入） | 清去、清入 | 45，高升，短 | má |
| 6 | nặng | 重聲（陽去、陽入） | 濁去、全濁上、濁入 | 21，低降，短 | mạ |
- 以塞音-p, -t, -c, -ch結尾的字相當於漢語入聲，只能爲銳聲或者重聲。
- 聲調標在元音上。在有多個元音字母時，標在主要元音上。雙元音ia, ua, ưa標在前面的元音上。
[edit] 詞匯構成
越南語的詞彙相當豐富，与韓語和日本语一樣都是漢源詞（漢越詞）非常豐富的語言，所以根据詞彙的來源，越南語的詞彙可以被分做四种：固有詞、漢越詞、外來語、混種詞。
固有詞是越南語本身就存在的，而非從外國語言（如漢語）中傳入的詞匯。這些词汇多是日常生活中常用的動、名词。
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đi／𠫾- 去
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cơm／𩚵- 飯
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nước／渃- 水
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越南語的漢越詞非常多，其比重不低於60%。在這些漢字詞中，比較少的單音節漢字詞被直接當作詞彙來用；多數的漢越詞由兩個或兩個以上漢字組成。另外，由于漢字的傳入，越南語中也產生了一些與中文意義相異的漢越詞。漢越詞中的漢字的發音，大多為標準漢越音，除此以外，有少量漢越詞中的漢字發音為漢喃音，其包括古漢越音和越化漢越音。雖然漢越詞是從古漢語傳入的，但由于時間久遠，在讀音及使用上已經越化，因此其不被視為外來語。
-
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lịch sử／歷史- 歷史 （意義與中文同字詞匯相同的漢越詞）
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văn phòng／文房- 辦公室、寫字樓 （意義與中文同字詞匯相異的漢越詞）
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khẩu trang／口裝- 口罩 （越制漢越詞）
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Tết／節- 節日 （漢喃音漢越詞）
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越南語的外來詞主要指來自近代、現代的法語、英语的詞匯，也有少量来自其他语言的。由于此種類的詞匯傳入時間多為近現代，通常較少存在對應的漢字或喃字。
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ga- 火車站 （來自法語的「gare」）
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混合词是以上三种词的混合型。
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vôi hoá／化- 鈣化 （「vôi」為固有語素“鈣”，「hoá」為漢越語素“化”）
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ôm kế- 歐姆表、歐姆計 （「ôm」為外來語素“歐姆”，「kế」為漢越語素“-{計}-”）
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nhà băng- 銀行 （「nhà」為固有語素“家、房”，「băng」為外來語素“銀行”）
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[edit] 相關鏈接
[edit] change of mind
First I thought we should avoid the usage of a big amount of chữ nôm, by using chữ hán with same etymological origin.
I changed my mind for the following reasons:
1. chữ nôm already have enough different readings, so that it would not be advisable to add more.
2. The words of same etymological origin often sounds quite different.
3. The Etymologies given in http://www.vny2k.com/hannom/tunguyen.asp are very arguable.
4. There can be more then one origin for one word.
5. For words which sounds obviously similar to their hán việt equivalent it is already allowed to use the chữ hán. For example: It is allowed to represent all the tree words nên, năm and niên by the character 年.
Now I have to correct all my hán nôm articles.--Sky Darmos 18:06, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
